A técnica de localização móvel utilizando o sistema celular recebeu especial atenção por parte de empresas fabricantes e operadoras de telecomunicações, devido à necessidade de se cumprir as exigências estabelecidas para chamadas de serviços de emergência e outros serviços de apelo comercial. Neste trabalho são analisados os principais métodos de localização propostos na literatura, incluindo, para cada um, a formulação matemática envolvida no cálculo da localização, os principais algoritmos utilizados e suas limitações. É analisada, também, a modelagem do canal de propagação no ambiente celular baseada na proposta do relatório do COST 259. A partir desta análise pode ser encontrada uma correlação entre o atraso médio do sinal e o seu espalhamento, que motivou sua utilização em um novo algoritmo para estimativa de localização. Esse novo algoritmo, particularmente eficiente para os casos em que uma ou mais estações rádio-bases não apresentam visada direta com a unidade móvel (NLoS), é apresentado neste trabalho, e diversos resultados de simulação são analisados, comparando-se o seu desempenho com outros algoritmos amplamente aceitos e reconhecidos. Para melhorar a estimativa de posição final, a filtragem de Kalman também é aplicada ao algoritmo proposto. / The mobile location technique using the cellular system received a special attention from the telecommunication manufacturers and operators, regarding the need of accomplishing the established demands by the emergency service calls and other commercial ones. This study analyzes the main location methods proposed in the literature, including, in each one, the mathematical formulation involved in the location calculus, the main used algorithms and their limitations. Also, it is analyzed the modeling of the propagation channel based on a cellular environment proposed in COST 259 report. After this analysis we can find a correlation between the signal mean delay and its delay spread, which motivated the use of a new algorithm for location estimative. A new algorithm, especially efficient for the cases where one or more base stations don\'t have Line-of-Sight (NLoS) with mobile station, is presented and several simulation results are analyzed and compared with other algorithms widely accepted and recognized. In order to improve the final position estimation, the Kalman filtering is also applied to the new proposed algorithm.

The diploma thesis was focused especially on train station service supplies and on the potential offered by unutilized or misused spaces of a train station hall. The main goal was to find, define and examine this potential in a chosen station within Trade and Tourism development in a chosen place. The railway station in Ceske Budejovice became the chosen train station. The thesis contains a mapping of the given place, a marketing research carried out among train passengers travelling with the Czech Railway company, as well as on social networks through an on-line survey. The secondary objective was a determination of several possible suggestions to improve the train station, out of which one main suggestion was chosen and subsequently analysed.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a Ãpoca de estaÃÃo de monta que proporcione condiÃÃes climÃticas para melhores Ãndices reprodutivos em ovelhas Santa InÃs criadas no municÃpio de IgarapÃ-aÃu, nordeste do ParÃ, durante os perÃodos seco e chuvoso. Utilizou-se 96 fÃmeas separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, A: 38 animais e B: 58 animais. O Grupo A foi submetido à estaÃÃo de monta no perÃodo seco com pariÃÃo no perÃodo chuvoso ocorrendo o oposto com o Grupo B. As taxas reprodutivas foram submetidas ao teste do Qui-Quadrado ou teste Exato de Fisher e utilizou-se anÃlise de variÃncia atravÃs do teste t de Student para as variÃveis de peso, pelo pacote estatÃstico SAS (1993). A distribuiÃÃo de estro nÃo apresentou diferenÃa significativa entre as Ãpocas do ano (P>0,05). Os Grupos A e B, respectivamente, apresentaram taxas de 86,8% e 93,1% para prenhez, 76,3% e 79,3% para parto, 9% e 7,4% para abortamento, 86,8% e 89,6% para fecundidade, 103,4% e 113% para natalidade, 113,8% e 113% para prolificidade, 2,6% e 13,8% para mortalidade das matrizes e 26,6% e 48% para mortalidade das crias atà 10 dias. Somente a taxa de mortalidade das crias mostrou diferenÃa significativa atravÃs do teste Qui-Quadrado (P<0,05). As matrizes apresentaram diferenÃa apenas nos pesos ao final da estaÃÃo de monta e no terÃo final de prenhez (P<0,05), apresentando melhores resultados os animais com acasalamento na Ãpoca seca. PorÃm, os pesos no inÃcio da estaÃÃo de monta, no pÃs-parto e o peso do borrego ao nascer nÃo diferiram entre as Ãpocas do ano (P>0,05). A Ãpoca do ano em que a estaÃÃo de monta foi realizada pareceu nÃo influenciar de forma evidente no desempenho reprodutivo das ovelhas criadas nessa regiÃo devendo-se, no entanto, privilegiar a pariÃÃo durante o perÃodo chuvoso, o qual garantiu maior Ãndice de sobrevivÃncia das crias / The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive performance of ewes submitted to reproductive station in the dry and rainy periods and to identify the best period of the year to perform reproductive and birth station in IgarapÃ-aÃu county,, Parà northeastern. Was used 96 ewes randomly separated in two groups (Group A: 38 animals and Group B: 58 animals). Group A was submitted to the station reproductive in the dry season and birth station in the rainy season with the opposite occurring with the Group B. The reproductive rates were submitted to Chi-square or Fisher Exact test and analysis of variance by t-Student to weight the variables by statistical package SAS (1993). The distribution of estrus showed no significant difference between the seasons (P>0,05). Groups A and B, respectively, showed rates of 86,8% and 93,1% for pregnancy, 76,3% and 79,3% for kidding rate, 9% and 7,4% for abortion rate, 86,8% and 89,6% for fecundity rate, 103,4% and 113% for birth rate, 113,8% and 113% for prolificacy rate, 2,6% and 13,8% mortality rate of ewe and 26,6% and 48% for mortality rate of lambs until 10 days. Only the mortality rate of lambs until 10 days was shown to be statistically different (P<0,05). The matrices showed only difference in weights to the end of the reproductive station and the in the last 45 days of pregnancy (P<0,05),showing better results with animals mating in the dry season. However, no differences between seasons were found on weights at the beginning of breeding season, postpartum and lamb birth weight (P>0,05). The seasons seemed not influence the reproductive performance of ewes reared in this region, however, the ewes must give birth during the rainy season which would ensure higher survival of lambs

Plus de 80% du Groenland est recouvert de glace. Sa fonte contribue à l’augmentation du niveau des océans. Cette fonte peut être accélérée ou ralentie par les nuages qui modulent le rayonnement qui atteint la surface. Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les mesures du satellite CALIPSO (produit GOCCP) pour documenter les nuages au-dessus du Groenland et éclaircir leur rôle sur la fonte de surface.Comparer ces observations avec des mesures radar et lidar réalisées à la station sol de Summit, au centre du Groenland, a montré que dans GOCCP les nuages optiquement très fins (τ < 0.3) ne sont pas détectés. Nous avons ensuite étendu l’analyse sur l’ensemble du Groenland et mis en évidence que la région nord est moins recouverte de nuages que la région sud en hiver et qu’en été, Summit, est l’une des régions les plus nuageuses en nuages liquides notamment.Pour comprendre cette particularité et les conditions favorables à la formation de nuages, nous avons utilisé des classifications en régime de temps. Cependant cette étude n’a pas mis à jour de liens entre la variabilité des nuages et la circulation atmosphérique ce qui montre la complexité de ces interactions et la nécessité d’accumuler plus d’observations sur des périodes de temps longues.Enfin nous avons évalué la représentation des nuages dans des observations lidar synthétiques, simulées à partir des sorties de modèles de climat CMIP5. Plusieurs biais qui empêchent les modèles de reproduire l’influence des nuages sur la fonte ont été identifiés. Les modèles sous estiment les températures de surface et les couvertures nuageuses. Les nuages simulés sont soit trop opaques soit trop fins pour accélérer la fonte. / Over 80% of Greenland is covered by ice. Melting of this ice contributes to the sea level rise. By modulating the radiation reaching the surface, clouds can accelerate or slow down the melting. Through this thesis, we use CALIPSO satellite measurements (GOCCP product) to document clouds over Greenland, including their vertical structure, and understand their role in surface melting.We compare these observations with radar and lidar measurement taken from the Summit ground station in the middle of Greenland. The comparison shows that GOCCP does not include optically thin ice clouds (τ < 0.3). Extending this analysis over all Greenland shows that cloudiness follows different cloud annual cycles in North and South regions, and that Summit is one of the cloudiest regions of the Greenland especially for the liquid cloud cover.To understand the atmospheric conditions favorable to cloud formation, we follow two weather regime classification approaches. We do not find a clear relationship between cloud variability and atmospheric circulation. These results show the complexity of the interactions between clouds and synoptic circulation and highlight the need to accumulate more data over long time periods.Finally, we evaluate cloud representation over Greenland in simulated lidar profiles over output from CMIP5 climate models. We identify several biases that lead to models being unable to simulate surface melting. Models underestimate the surface temperature and the cloud cover. Also when clouds are simulated they are either too opaque or too thin to affect surface melting.

South Africa is more than ever, in need of a public transport system integrated within its surroundings. A successful transportation network needs an environment where users can change transport systems with ease and peace of mind. The ultimate goal is to achieve a pedestrian orientated city. This dissertation will attempt to address these problems by redesigning Loftus Metrorail Station located in Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa. Within the transport node, Loftus station, the challenge is to combine the different movement systems intersecting at this point, reinforcing connectivity and accessibility. The transition from public to private needs to be clear and legible - this can be achieved through the appropriate design of the building interface, and clearly defining spatial boundaries. The sense of place is lacking in this area, already containing various landmarks associated with Hatfield. These landmarks assist with the legibility of the project area. This orientation device assists with ease of movement and circulation within the area. The defragmentation of facilities in the Loftus precinct area is due to the large scale of the city block. Loftus station becomes a barrier between the University of Pretoria and Loftus Versfeld Stadium. It is an isolated site – dislocated from its surroundings. The lack of facilities has lead to the station becoming underutilized and dilapidated. By dividing the study area into human scaled city blocks, the area becomes manageable. This division reinforces already existing pedestrian movement patterns. The activation of edges and transparency of the structure ensures a secure environment. The different movement systems at this node influenced the design and choice of materials used in the project. The user requirements had to be satisfied. The careful integration of commerce within the station and surroundings ensure not only a transition space, but also a controlled and activated destination place. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted

This thesis is focused on the opportunities of conceptual development of the local distribution system Prototypa, a.s. At first, there is descripted condition of the current substations and internal electricity distribution system. Practical part of the thesis is dedicated to the evaluation of the construction of new transformer station and projection proposals of connection of the high-power charging station and new electric power supply.

Different paths for trains throughout a railway system are more or less convenient, where intersecting train paths require a safety margin in time between different trains to reduce the risks of accidents. Intersecting train paths are just as much of a challenge on a railway station, especially when multiple trains are entering the station close in time. Some trains might have to wait before entering the station area, which as a result create delays that can affect other trains and passengers. One method of reducing the delay is by allocating trains efficiently to different platforms on the station, which makes it possible for more trains to be at the station at the same time. The purpose of this report was to investigate the effect of different platform allocation strategies in regard to the punctuality of trains, passengers’ convenience, travel time in the system as well as the delay compared to arrival and departure times. Three research questions were formulated to answer to the purpose, which included how a reduction in platforms affect the railway system, how different strategies affect walking time for passengers and whether it was possible to prioritize different train types to different platforms. To investigate how different platform allocation strategies affect the railway system, simulation as a method was used. With simulation, a model could be constructed similar to the real system, which made it possible to perform different experiments quickly without any impact on the real system. Linköping Central Station was chosen as a test case as it was both reasonably large and geographically close for observations. Four experiments were constructed, with four separate platform allocation strategies, all aimed to answer some part of the purpose. Before conducting the experiments, a base scenario was tested that attempted to mimic the current platforming strategy as much as possible and was used to compare the different experiments to. This thesis demonstrates that several different platform allocation strategies are possible to be used in the test case, where a risk of train delays were present when the number of tracks used were decreased. With the help of the experiments, the three research questions and therefore the purpose of the study have been answered. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

This master’s thesis is the design of the system of the differential GPS, creation of the software for basic wireless communication between 2 GPS receivers, and practical tests of the designed system. Parameters and characteristics of system were determined and they should inform us better about the appropriateness of the designed system for navigation of a mobile robot in outside conditions.

L'augmentation massive du trafic cellulaire pose de sérieux défis à tous les acteurs concernés par la diffusion de contenu sans fil. Alors que la densification du réseau permet d’accéder à des utilisateurs supplémentaires, les liaisons de transport à grande vitesse et à grande capacité sont coûteuses. La mise en cache du contenu populaire en bordure du réseau permettra de décharger le trafic utilisateur de ces connexions, susceptibles d'être encombrées, ainsi que des centres de données du réseau fédérateur. Cette thèse propose un modèle économique dans lequel un opérateur de réseau mobile (Mobile Network Operator, MNO) pré-installe et entretient des caches sur son équipement sans fil (stations de base avec cache, CBS). L’espace mémoire ainsi que les capacités de calcul sont ensuite loués aux fournisseurs de contenu (CP) qui souhaitent rapprocher leur contenu de l'utilisateur. Pour une compensation financière, un CP peut alors décharger le trafic de son centre de données et améliorer la qualité de service des utilisateurs. Le CP prend des décisions de placement de contenu en fonction des données prédictives sur le trafic des utilisateurs et la popularité du contenu. Dans la phase de livraison, un utilisateur peut être desservi à partir des caches pour le cas où il serait associé à une station sur laquelle le contenu demandé est mis en cache. Ce travail examine trois aspects du modèle économique proposé : La première question de recherche porte sur l'association des utilisateurs en tant qu'élément central du schéma de mise en cache à la bordure du réseau. Les stratégies d'association des utilisateurs prenant en compte le cache peuvent permettre aux utilisateurs dans des zones de chevauchement de couverture d'être associés à une CBS contenant le contenu demandé plutôt que conventionnellement à celui qui fournit le signal le plus puissant. La thèse propose un algorithme décentralisé original pour une association d'utilisateurs appelée Generalized Bucket-filling qui permet des gains au-delà de la maximisation du taux de réussite. Les mesures de performance telles que le débit du réseau et l'équilibrage de la charge des utilisateurs parmi les CBS sont prises en compte. Les expériences montrent que l'association des utilisateurs au cache augmente le taux de réussite sans surcharger les CBS uniques tout en fournissant un débit élevé du système. Le deuxième problème traité concerne un seul CP qui doit décider de l'espace de cache à louer à chaque CBS pour un prix fixe et du contenu à placer. Ses choix doivent être basés sur des estimations de la popularité des fichiers ainsi que sur la politique d'association des utilisateurs du MNO. Le problème de leasing et de placement du contenu du cache est formulé sous la forme d'un problème non linéaire mixte en nombres entiers (NLMIP). Dans sa solution, le problème est séparé en un sous-problème linéaire discret et un sous-problème continu non linéaire utilisant la décomposition de Benders. Le CP et le MNO coopèrent, aidant le CP à prendre des décisions optimales qui profitent aux deux parties : Le CP maximise ses économies grâce à la mise en cache tandis que le MNO peut trouver le prix de cache optimal et recevoir la compensation financière maximale. Une troisième question de recherche élargit la portée de l'interaction entre plusieurs CPs et un opérateur de réseau mobile. Désormais, le MNO ne fixe pas de prix fixe par unité de mémoire, mais réagit aux demandes des CPs en matière d'espace mémoire en fonction des économies réalisées grâce à la mise en cache. / The massive increase in cellular traffic poses serious challenges to all actors concerned with wireless content delivery. While network densification provides access to additional users, high-speed and high-capacity backhaul connections are expensive. Caching popular content at the network edge promises to offload user traffic from these congestion prone connections as well as from the data centers in the backbone network. This thesis proposes a business model in which a mobile network operator (MNO) pre-installs and maintains caches at its wireless equipment (Cache-equipped Base Stations, CBSs). Memory space together with computational capabilities is then leased to content providers (CPs) that want to bring their content closer to the user. For a financial compensation, a CP can then offload traffic from its data center and improve user Quality of Service. The CP makes content placement decisions based on predictive user traffic and content popularity data. In the delivery phase, users can be served from the caches in case they are associated to stations that have the requested content cached. This work investigates three aspects of the proposed business model: The first research question focuses on user association as a central element to the edge caching scheme. Cache-aware user association policies can allow for users in coverage overlap areas to be associated to a CBS that holds the requested content rather than conventionally to the one that provides the strongest signal. The thesis proposes an original decentralized algorithm for user association called Generalized Bucket-filling that allows gains beyond maximizing the hit ratio. Performance metrics such as network throughput and load balancing of users among CBSs are taken into account. Experiments show that cache-aware user association a) increases the hit ratio b) without overloading single CBSs while c) providing high system throughput. The second problem treated considers a single CP that needs to decide how much cache space to lease at each CBS for a fixed price, and what content to place. Its choices should be based on estimates of file popularity as well as MNO user association policy. The cache leasing and content placement problem is formulated as a non-linear mixed-integer problem (NLMIP). In its solution, the problem is separated into a linear discrete CP subproblem and a nonlinear continuous subproblem using Benders decomposition. The CP and the MNO cooperate, helping the CP to make optimal decisions that benefit both parties: The CP maximizes its savings from caching while the MNO can find the optimal cache price and receive the maximum financial compensation. A third research question widens the focus to the interaction between several CPs and one MNO. Now, the MNO does not set a fixed price per memory unit but instead reacts to CP demands for memory space that depend on the savings they can achieve from caching.

During the 1960’s, the urban infrastructure prioritized the car. With today’s view of what is essential, regarding public accessibility, human activity and sustainability, I discovered a gap between the site and these principles. As over 35% of the population uses their bike as a primary vehicle, it’s time for a change. My project is a search for a functional and vibrant Södra Station, created for the individual. A resurrection of a dull and inactive spot in an urban area. A resurrection aligned with the peoples will. / Under 1960-talet prioriterades bilen i den urbana stadsplaneringen. Med dagens syn på vad som är essentiellt angående hållbarhet, allmänhetens tillgänglighet, och mänsklig aktivitet så upptäckte jag ett gap mellan min site i Örebro och dessa principer. Idag använder över 35% av befolkningen i Örebro sin cykel som primärt färdmedel, det är dags för en förändring. Mitt projekt är ett sökande för ett funktionellt och vitalt Södra Station, skapat för individen.   En återupplivning av en matt och inaktiv plats i ett urbant område. En återupplivning i linje med folkets vilja.