Normative theory holds that strategy should favorably align an organization with its environment. The primary purpose of this study was to provide a test of the contingency effect that environmental munificence may have on the relationship between strategic posture and performance at the level of the business unit. Following the suggestions of Venkatraman (1989) and others (cf. Van de Ven and Drazin, 1985) due consideration was given to developing a precise theoretical position and adopting an appropriate form of fit. In so doing, a secondary purpose was to enhance construct validity and to effect triangulation among measures. This study adopted the independent restaurant establishment as the unit of analysis. A nation-wide sample of 311 independent restaurateurs representing a response rate of 20.7% responded to a mail-out survey. Multi-item scales and multiple methods (representing within-method triangulation) were adopted to measure the primary constructs of strategic posture, munificence, and performance. Moderated regression analysis was used to assess the independent effects as well as the contingency relationships or interaction between the predictor (strategic posture) and the moderator (environmental munificence). The results suggest that both strategic posture and environmental munificence are significant independent predictors of performance. The moderating role of environmental munificence on the effect of strategic posture on performance was not established. However, the independent and additive effects of both strategic posture and environmental munificence were significant. Given the consistency of the results across different operationalizations, these results may be interpreted as being robust. Specifically, in tenus of strategic posture, competitive aggressiveness and a propensity towards risk-loving policies tended to have a negative effect on performance while quality service, as might be expected, tended to have a positive impact on performance. With respect to munificence, growth oriented environments were much better predictors of performance. Taken together, munificence explains a greater proportion of the variance in performance than does strategic posture. Given the nature of the restaurant industry, and the evidence suggesting that environment may be the primary determinant of performance, success for independent restaurateurs may perhaps be more serendipitous than strategic. / Ph. D.

Cette recherche, menée auprès de PME manufacturières françaises, étudie les relations entre stratégie, innovation et performance. Plus précisément, il s'agit de comprendre si des configurations spécifiques d'alignement entre la posture stratégique et le type d'innovation influencent la performance. Ce travail étudie à travers trois essais l'influence de la posture stratégique sur le profil d'innovation, l'influence de « l'effet industrie » et de « l'effet firme » en tant que contingences sur la posture stratégique, le profil d'innovation et l'alignement stratégie-innovation, et enfin, l'existence d'alignements stratégie-innovation privilégiés, en relation avec la performance. Le champ d'analyse de cette relation est étendu aux dimensions techniques, marketing et organisationnelles de l'innovation. Le modèle utilisé, fondé sur le cycle d'adaptation permanente développé par Miles et Snow, explore à la fois les conditions nécessaires pour générer un avantage concurrentiel et la dynamique de l'avantage concurrentiel dans les PME. Les résultats confirment l'existence d'alignements spécifiques entre les caractéristiques entrepreneuriales, engineering et administratives des postures stratégiques de Miles et Snow et les caractéristiques des profils d'innovation associés, et valident ainsi le rôle prédictif de la stratégie compétitive sur les comportements d'innovation des entreprises. En second lieu, les résultats soulignent l'influence distincte et complémentaire des contingences spécifiques liées au secteur d'activité et aux capacités stratégiques des entreprises sur la relation stratégie-innovation / This doctoral research, conducted on French manufacturing SMEs, investigates the relationship between competitive strategy, innovation, and performance. More specifically, the purpose of this work is to understand whether specific patterns of alignment between competitive strategy and innovation influence firm performance. We propose to explore, in three essays, firstly, the influence of strategic posture on innovation behavior, and the existence of strategy-innovation alignments. Secondly, we explore the influence of industry effects and firm's specific effects on strategic posture, innovation behavior, and on strategy-innovation fit. Thirdly, this research investigates the implication of fit between strategic posture and innovation behavior from a performance perspective. The research enhances the scope of analysis of this relationship to the technical but also marketing and organizational dimensions of innovation. Our model, stemming from the rationale of Miles and Snow's adaptive cycle (1978), contributes to further understanding the content - the conditions for achieving competitive advantage - and the process - the dynamics – dimensions of competitive advantage in small businesses. First, results confirm the existence of differentiated alignments between the Entrepreneurial, Engineering and Administrative characteristics of Miles and Snow's strategic postures and the characteristics of their respective innovation behavior, thus supporting the predictive validity of competitive strategy on firms' innovation behavior. Second, results highlight the influence of distinct but complementary industry and firm contingencies on the strategy-innovation relationship

2008年，中國實施勞動合同法與爆發全球金融海嘯，使大陸各行各業在遭受訂單下滑的同時，也面對人工成本增加的雙重考驗。隨著2009年7月的景氣增溫，以及中國政府擴大內需的政策，企業的訂單雖增加，但卻又發生勞工短缺的問題。2010年第一季以來，中國各地又開始陸續調漲最低工資，造成許多勞力密集的產業面臨外移或西進的抉擇。大陸台商在所歷經的重重挑戰，其實都是商業世界的常態，企業必須因應外界局勢的轉變，調整策略方向，並將策略貫徹校準到組織、流程及每一位員工的身上，方可淬鍊出新的競爭優勢與抵抗力，在下一波變局的挑戰中克服衝擊並開創新局。 個案公司為某專業五金產品設計、製造之大陸台商，在1994年即已進入中國大陸設立生產製造的據點。個案公司之產品具有產業環境快速變化、市場競爭、產品生命週期短、產品組合少量多樣等特性。本研究首先針對個案公司當前所面臨的挑戰與管理議題進行說明，然後運用策略形態分析法，重新擬定策略方向，再以平衡計分卡的精神，從財務、顧客、內部流程與學習成長四個構面引導出符合策略方向的策略性議題，制定策略性目標與關鍵績效指標，以提供管理階層與全體員工明確的量度，做為未來績效薪酬的考核依據，以確保組織行動與策略方向一致。最後並針對每個策略性目標提出初步行動方案，做為個案公司啟動變革的行動藍圖。 / Law of The People’s Republic of china on Employment Contracts has been effective since 2008, which inevitably increases the labor costs for all companies. In the same year, all the industries suffered the steep downturn of incoming orders caused by the worldwide financial crisis. Although corporate received more orders since July of 2009 resulting from the minor recovery of economy and the policy of internal expansion, the shortage of labor issue appeared. Since the first quarter of 2010 and onward, the minimum wage was set to higher level again, which makes those labor-intensive industries confront the decision of either move out of China or relocate to the west. These challenges to the companies in mainland China are nothing but common to the business world. Corporate must cultivate its capability to adjust its strategy and align its organization, processes people and resources with its strategic direction so as to confront the fast changing environment and gain its competitive advantages. The subject company in this research is a Taiwanese company specialized in providing design and manufacturing service of sheet metal. The subject company set up its manufacture facility in mainland China since 1994. Currently the product line is characterized with fast changing, competitive, and low volume high mix. This research first analyzes the challenges and management issues faced by the Company, followed by the development of new strategy base on an application of the strategic posture approach. By a further use of a balance scorecard framework, the strategic issues for finance, customer, internal process, and learning and growth perspectives are derived. With the development of the strategic performance indicators, a clear strategy-focused performance management framework is provided and referenced for future assessment of incentive-based compensation system. With organizational behavior aligned with the strategic direction, the initial action plans for every strategic target would be proposed as an action blueprint for corporate revolution of the company.

面對競爭激烈的經營環境，如何以優質的企業決策及執行力獲取競爭優勢，成為經營管理層重要的管理議題。本研究以國內某公司為個案研究對象，透過(1)檢視個案公司的策略內容，了解企業本身之策略形態(條件、環境與目標)、功能政策、組織方式與結構以及各項行動方案與績效衡量等之關聯性，(2)策略點態勢分析及平衡計分卡，診斷企業管理缺口並發展未來的策略方向及行動方案。(3)透過策略地圖與平衡計分卡之概念，將願景、策略內容與目標及衡量指標之因果關係轉化成策略執行的架構，以達成策略執行及目標績效管理的整合效果，協助個案公司建立一套有效的策略管理制度。(4)以相關係數分析驗證績效指標與策略目標間之關聯性，以作為未來改善之基礎。 本研究之主要研究結論包括： ㄧ、經由分析個案公司的現行策略與經營形貌，體認在缺乏明確的公司願景及目標下，有限資源的分配順序無法產生共識，造成企業內部溝通成本過高及組織績效不彰的問題，個案公司有必要進一步釐清策略定位並規劃長期性的目標，將事業單位之目標與公司整體目標相聯結，以增進績效指標與策略目標之達成。 二、以策略形態之分析結果提供個案公司各單位主要主管對話之基礎，並經由內部整合會議之溝通討論，基於個案公司之核心能力及優勢，決議短期內將公司定位為產品追隨者，將企業目標聚焦於核心產業，長期則將以全方位方案解決提供者為企業目標，在事業與總體策略上，強調品牌業務經營之強化及快速擴大專案代工規模以獲得製造之規模經濟，並強化功能性產品與機械之開發能力，適度調整功能性架構，以強化橫向溝通及資源之整合綜效。在網絡定位策略上形成之共識包括增加價值鏈項目活動與深化專案代工業務之核心競爭力，增強在產業中的主導實力。 三、在建置組織績效管理架構上，則初步建構出組織績效各構面之衡量指標，並採用相關分析驗證現行績效指標與策略目標間之關聯程度，以作為個案公司日後進行策略管理之建議與未來持續改善之基礎。相關係數分析顯示，聯結程度不顯著之績效指標充分反映個案公司經由策略整合分析後，決議強調之策略發展方向。 / Obtaining a competitive advantage via a well thought out strategy and its execution for value creation is one of the most important tasks for executives in today's cutthroat market place. A listed Taiwanese enterprise was chosen as the subject company for this study. Focused efforts were directed to analyze the relationship between the subject company's strategy and its actions in pursue as well as to diagnose its overall management performance. The results of this study were summarized in hope to provide the firm an organized framework for refining and mapping its strategic plans and developing its performance measuring system. The approach of this study is guided in four sequential steps: 1. Examine the subject company's strategic insight to understand the firms strategic posture (capability, environment, goal), functional policy, organization structure, and relationship between its action plans and measuring system; 2. Diagnose, by applying the methodology of Strategic Posture Analysis, the subject company's performance management system and identify gaps between actions and its strategic direction for the corporate and its individual business units; 3. Develop the subject company’s strategy map and translate the mission and strategy of corporate and individual business units into a set of measuring build around the four perspectives within the framework of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a template for investigating the subject company's performance in relationship to its objectives; and 4. Test empirically the correlation between the key performance drivers and its strategic objectives to provide a gap analysis as the basis for its improvement planning. The major findings and results from the study are summarized as follows: 1. The assessment on the subject company's current strategies and its actual operations in practice revealed that its vision and mission have not been clearly communicated and consensus was lacking on priority of resource deployment among its executives. As a result, the subject company suffers from high communication cost and lagged performance. It is imperative that the subject company clarify its corporate vision and mission statement and long term strategic objectives to realign individual business units' actions to corporate long term strategic postures. 2. Through multiple interviews with its officers and their participation in analysis of the subject company's overall strategic posture, consensus on strategies for both short term and long term were eventually achieved. Playing follower to the leading brands in the short term will continue while, in the long run, it will prepare itself to be a total solution provider in its selected markets. Dedicated efforts to strengthen its functional materials and equipment engineering platform as well as to expand its front end customer service capability were suggested. Due to the nature of its diverse business unit operations, the business unit executives agreed on a combined strategy portfolio–focusing branded business activities in value building; expanding OEM business for economies of scale while steering toward ODM; and adding E-Channel to broaden its communication and connection vehicles to the market and consumers. Organization may need to be restructured in such a way as to allow resource sharing and leveraging for better synergy. It was well recognized that increasing activities in the value chain together with enlarged OEM/ODM scale will naturally enhance the subject company's driving position in its industrial network. 3. A strategy map in the framework of BSC was developed for correlation analysis between the current performance drivers and key strategic objectives. Weak correlations were identified in many of the subject company's key activities which suggest the needs for further review upon its strategy setting and execution practice before a BSC concept-based strategic performance management system could be applied effectively to integrate performance across organization.

生技產業為典型知識產業，同時也因醫藥研發的突破，而使國人受惠享受健康的生活，惟因與人類健康相關，涉及複雜的知識領域、道德倫理、法規管理、產業合作及商業化等過程。近年來國內新設生技公司莫不以開發新藥為職志，且都有其獨特經營哲學與營運模式來達成其企業終極目標。 本研究以國內開發新藥的生技公司為研究對象，採個案研究方法透過分析個案公司之過去策略發展，實地訪問經營團隊以描述策略形態及勢態，發展策略地圖及平衡計分卡四大構面具體內容並進而以相關係數驗證各策略衡量指標與策略目標間之關聯性，最後試圖連結PwC企業價值報告中價值平台，據以建構個案公司內部策略態勢與策略管理報導。 本研究之主要研究結論包括： 一、 個案公司已有明確的企業願景，亦已積極分析未來的策略形態，除定期性財務資訊外，應系統化建置一策略管理報導，使組織資源聚焦，形成共識，改善組織策略執行力。 二、 經由驗證相關分析，現階段策略形態的部分衡量指標間呈現顯著正相關，亦有大多數衡量指標因產品商品化時間過長尚無明確關聯，故個案公司應持續追縱現行策略衡量指標因果關聯狀況。 三、 個案公司可運用內部策略管理報導具體呈現策略活動執行結果，建立評估策略目標達成程度之價值管理報表，成為內部策略檢討會議之共同基礎，利用策略思考、澄清與共識之達成。而長期系統化之分析比較，除可提供更具攸關內部價值報告及管理資訊外，亦可作為外部報導企業價值資訊的基礎。 / Pharmaceutical industry is a typical knowledge industry. At the meantime, people can enjoy healthy life because of the breakthrough of medicine research and development. However, this industry is closely connecting to human health, thus there are various and complex domains involved, including knowledge, ethics, laws and regulations, collaboration of industry and commercialization, and etc. In recent years, local newly established pharmaceutical companies set their goals in developing new drugs, and have their own unique operating philosophy and operating models in order to reach their ultimate corporate goals. The object of this study is a local new drug developing pharmaceutical company. Through the analysis of strategic development of the past based on the methodology of case study and describing strategic posture and strength via interview with the managing team, the strategic plan and contents of four scopes for balanced scorecard are developed. Further, the relationship between strategic measurement indicators and strategic objectives are verified through correlated coefficients. And lastly, linking to the value platform of PwC Corporate Value Reporting in order to construct internal strategic move and strategic managerial reporting of the case company. The conclusions of this study including: 1. Case company has clear business vision, and is actively analyzing future strategic form. In addition to periodic financial information, the case company should construct a strategic managerial reporting in order to focus organizational resources, draw consensus, and improve organizational strategic executive. 2. Based on the correlation coefficient analysis, there is positive correlation among partial measurement indicators of current strategic posture. However, there is no clear correlation for most of the measurement indicators due to long span for product commercialization. The case company should continuously follow up the correlation for current strategic measurement indicators. 3. The case company can apply its internal strategic managerial reporting to specifically present the results of its operations, and establish value managing statements for assessing the achieving of strategic targets, to formulate the common basis for internal strategic review meeting, and utilize strategic thinking, clarification and reaching of consensus. In addition, long-term systematic analysis and comparison can be used not only for more relevant internal value reporting and managerial information, and be the basis for external corporate value reporting.

本研究是以 司徒達賢教授「產業價值鏈」、「策略形態分析法」及「網絡定位分析法」做為分析架構，試圖分析一家新創貿易商的事業策略及網絡定位，並探討其策略成功之環境前提與條件前提。 個案選擇雖是一家特定公司在特定市場的成功案例，並不足以作一般化的推論，但仍可供參考。主要之初步結論如下： 1. 貿易商創立極為不易，但若能找到自己所擅長的市場和產品，藉著本身既有快速、彈性、機動的條件，針對某些價值活動和特定的目標市場作深入的掌握和聚焦，必能獲得成功。 2. 貿易商可以藉由交易對象的選擇與組合，以創造有利的網絡 定位。上、下游交易對象的家數多、規模小、向前或向後整合的 能力或意願低，則貿易商較能確保其有利的生存空間。 關鍵詞:策略管理 貿易商 衛浴產業 策略形態 產業價值鏈

由於無線通訊相關應用持續蓬博發展，使得為關鍵零組件的射頻前端元件及模組相關產業於2006年開始獲利；以及化合物半導體於此領域的元件及模組為矽產業較難取以代，雖其製造流程相似，但其經營環境與矽產業有所不同，故值得深入探討其產業發展是否與矽產業有其不同之處。 本研究乃是針對化合物半導體產業於無訊通訊領域進行描述與分析來達成下列目的：第一、詳細地描述此產業現況及台灣廠商經營模式以提供各界參考；第二、在此產業發展已較為成熟時，檢視和分析此產業是否如矽產業採專業分工，以及找出影響產業垂直整合程度的關鍵因素為何；第三、運用產業矩陣進行產業分析，以供後續研究參考如何運用產業矩陣。 本研究採用司徒達賢教授所提出的產業矩陣分析法進行產業分析與描述，如此將能對此產業能有更系統化、周延且細緻地了解，並透過策略形態分析法深入了解各公司的策略構想為何，來協助釐清此產業較為重要的產業特性為何。 研究結果顯示，化合物半導體於無線通訊產業的IC設計與IC製造是否朝向專業分工，與IDM廠及專業晶圓廠的製程水準有關；以及在手機持續往輕薄短小、高頻率、以及3M(多頻、多模、多媒體)的方向發展下，對各價值單元的影響皆不同。

近年來出現許多只透過網路發行，沒有傳統媒體在背後支持，也不屬於任何媒體集團的網路原生新聞網站。本研究旨在分析網路原生新聞網站在不同階段的策略形態，其策略與環境條件如何配合，以及可能會遭遇的困難。 本研究透過個案研究法來進行資料的搜集，以近年來興起的網路原生新聞網站《風傳媒》為例，透過對《風傳媒》總編輯的深度訪談來搜集資料，並且以司徒達賢教授的「策略形態分析法」與「策略矩陣分析法」，來解析《風傳媒》在不同時期的策略形態。 本研究的研究結論如下所示：（一）策略與環境、條件前提的適當配合能創造良好效益：《風傳媒》在成立初期選擇以政治新聞為主要的網站主題，配合即將到來的重大選舉，使《風傳媒》在初期便獲得可觀的流量以及粉絲數；（二）以特色新聞主題切入市場再發展多元內容：《風傳媒》在成立初期以政治新聞與調查報導先建立一定的流量與粉絲之後，再發展多元化的新聞內容，來更廣泛的閱聽眾；（三）《風傳媒》發展過程中遭遇的挑戰：1.有限的資源與人力：重要性相對較低的新聞內容，可以採取較低成本的方式產製；2.必須拿捏好與Facebook之間競爭又合作的關係：從Facebook而來的流量是網路原生新聞網站的重要流量來源，但是Facebook同時也是網路原生新聞網站最大的替代品威脅來源。（四）人力資源是網路原生新聞網站重要的資產：資深記者與編輯的專業、經驗與人脈，會對網路原生新聞網站有很大的貢獻。 / In recent years, some native online news sites, which don’t belong to traditional media or media groups, entered the market. The research focuses on the strategic posture and forms in different stages of native online news site, and how the strategy fits environmental and organizational conditions, and the challenge that native online news sites may have. The research is conducted by case study method and takes the promising native online news site, Storm Media Group as my case study. To collect the information, there was an in-depth interview with the chief editor, and the strategies of Storm Media Group in different periods were analyzed by Dr. Seetoo’s ‘’strategic posture and form analysis method’’ and ‘’strategic matrix analysis method’’. The conclusions are showing below. First, great fits between strategies, environmental and organizational conditions could benefit company very well. Storm Media took politic news and investigation reports as the feature of its site when they entered the market, and this move brought great traffic and fans to Storm Media. Second, it used featured topics to enter market and then diversify the topic of news. Third, the limitation of resources and how to handle the co-optetion with Facebook are the challenges of Storm Media. The news which is less important is produced by low-cost ways. Though Facebook is the important traffic source of native online news sites, Facebook is a great threat of replacement to the site, too. Forth, talented people are important assets to the native online news sites. Experienced journalists and editors can make great contributions to Storm Media.