Les pratiques addictives aux substances psychoactives sont caractérisées par une dépendance révélée par l’impossibilité répétée de contrôler un comportement et la poursuite de ce comportement en dépit de la connaissance des conséquences négatives. Au-delà du problème considérable de santé publique, la question intéresse directement le monde du travail. Curieusement, le sujet reste un tabou, ou alors, n’est abordé que sous un angle moralisateur. Qu’elle soit à l’origine de ces conduites ou uniquement un des lieux d’expression des problèmes en découlant, l’entreprise ne peut plus faire l’impasse sur cette question. Si l’employeur, tenu à des impératifs de production, peut, parfois, tirer des bénéfices secondaires de certaines conduites addictives (« boulimies » au travail), cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur l’efficacité de sa structure (absences, accidents, baisse de productivité …). L’employeur peut également être tenu responsable pénalement dans les cas d’introduction de substances illicites dans l’entreprise. Au surplus, étant responsable des dommages causés par ses salariés, il devra s’assurer que ces derniers ne représentent pas un danger pour les tiers. Enfin, et peut être surtout, l’employeur est responsable de la santé de ses salariés. La consécration prétorienne d’une obligation de sécurité de résultat a d’ailleurs considérablement renforcé l’intensité de cet objectif. Afin de remplir ses obligations, l’employeur dispose de différentes mesures de contrôle, et jouit d’un double pouvoir de répression et de prévention en la matière. Mais les actions de l’employeur dans le domaine des addictions viennent se heurter à l’inaliénable liberté individuelle des salariés. Il est alors nécessaire de savoir jusqu'où la politique de prévention des entreprises du risque addictif en milieu de travail peut-elle aller sans interférer dans la vie privée des salariés. / Addictive behaviors related to psychoactive substances are characterized by a dependence revealed by the repeated impossibility to control behavior and the continuation of the said behavior despite the subject being aware of its negative consequences. Over and beyond the significant public health issue, this topic directly concerns the world of work. Surprisingly, it remains taboo or is only approached from a moralizing angle. Should a company be the source of such behaviors or only one of the places where they are exhibited, it cannot ignore the issue. Although employers may sometimes see secondary benefits of some addictive behavior for productivity reasons (e.g. « workaholism »), this may result in a loss of efficiency of their workforce (absenteeism, accidents in the workplace, drop in productivity). Employers may be held criminally liable in the event of illicit substances being brought into the workplace. What is more, being liable for any damage or injuries caused by their employees, they must make sure they do not represent a threat to others. Last, but not least, employers are responsible for the health of their employees. This objective has been considerably strengthened by the definition of the employer’s safety obligation, by the Court of cassation, as an obligation of safety performance. In order to fulfil these obligations, employers have various control measures at their disposal and enjoy dual powers of repression and prevention. However, any action taken by the employer in the field of addiction comes up against the inalienable right to individual freedom of the employees. An employer is not omnipotent: where is the limit between the management of addictive risks in the workplace and an employee’s privacy, taking into account an employer’s obligation of safety performance.

Le fonctionnement du morphème polyfonctionnel d= en syriaque des Évangiles de la Peshiṭta est décrit morphosyn-taxiquement et dans une perspective typologique, en synchronie et par comparaison, pour certains points, avec d’autres versions et avec d’autres langues sémitiques. Ancien démonstratif en proto-sémitique, d= est un relateur à plusieurs niveaux syntaxiques : support de détermination, marqueur des relations génitivales et relatives, introducteur de complétives et adverbiales. Un critère syntaxique distingue sémantiquement les syntagmes génitivaux aliénables et inaliénable même si cette distinction tend à s’estomper, à des degrés différents selon les catégories sémantiques d’inaliénables, termes de parentés et parties du corps. Si les structures syntaxiques sont semblables pour les relatives restrictives et les non-restrictives, il est impossible de relativiser ces dernières pour les relatives objet, dative et adjointe. La stratégie à trou syntaxique constitue la stratégie primaire dans la hiérarchie d’accessibilité, et toutes les fonctions de la tête dans la matrice, sauf l’objet de comparaison, sont relativisables.Les fonctions de complémenteur de d= sont plus larges qu’en sémitique ancien. d= s’emploie avec 12 des 14 types de prédicats de la classification typologique de Noonan au lieu de 3 en sémitique ancien. Le syriaque est conforme à la hiérarchie implicationnelle, Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Le critère syntaxique de saturation de la valence verbale et des critères sémantiques et contextuels permettent de distinguer les adverbiales des complétives. Lorsque d= forme des locutions conjonctives avec des prépositions ou des adverbes, la polysémie des valeurs est désambigüisée grâce au contexte, à l’exception de la conjonction monosémique temporelle mo d=. Dans le discours rapporté, le discours Reproduit est majoritairement introduit sans d=, alors qu’il l’est avec d= pour le discours Reformulé. Le grec n’a eu aucune influence sur son utilisation. / The behaviour of the polyfunctional morpheme d= in the Syriac language of the Gospels of the Peshiṭta is described in a typological perspective, in synchrony and in comparison, for some properties, with other varieties of Syriac and with other Semitic languages. d=, a former demonstrative in Proto-Semitic, is a relator at various syntactic levels: a determination place-holder, a genitival and relative marker, an introducer of completive and adverbial clauses.Chapter 1 introduces the topic of the study and the theoretical framework and chapter 2 discusses the state of art.Chapter 3 is dedicated to the study of the genitive phrase. We discovered that a syntactic criterion allows to distinguish semantically between alienable and inalienable phrases, to different degrees according to the semantic categories of the inalienable set, i.e. kinship and body part terms.In chapter 4, we showed that even though syntactic structures are similar for restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, it is impossible to relativize the latter for object, dative and adjoint relatives clauses. The syntactic gap strategy constitutes the primary strategy in the accessibility hierarchy and all the functions of the head in the main clause, except the object of comparison, are relativizable.Chapter 5 deals with the functions of d= as a complementizer and an introducer of adverbial clauses. The complementizer uses are wider than in Old Semitic. d= is employed with 12 of the 14 types of predicates of Noonan's typological classification as against 3 in Old Semitic. Syriac conforms to the implicational hierarchy named Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. For adverbial clauses, the syntactic criterion of saturation of the verbal valency as well as semantic and contextual criteria permit to distinguish adverbial clauses from complement clauses. When d= forms conjunctive locutions with prepositions or adverbs, the polysemy of values is disambiguated thanks to the context. Only the conjunction mo d= is monosemous (with a temporal meaning).In the last chapter (chap. 6) on reported speech, we showed that direct reported speech is mostly introduced without d=, whereas it is always the case for indirect speech. Greek did not have any influence on the use of d=. / Il funzionamento del morfema polifunzionale d= del siriaco nei Vangeli della Peshiṭta è descritto in una prospettiva tipologica, in sincronia e attraverso la comparazione, in alcuni punti, con altre versioni e con altre lingue semitiche. Tale morfema deriva dal pronome dimostrativo proto-semitico *ḏV e funge da relatore in diversi livelli sintattici: supporto di determinazione, indicatore delle relazioni genitivali e relative, introduttore delle proposizioni completive e avverbiali. Il capitolo 1 introduce la problematica della ricerca e dell’ambito teorico; il capitolo 2 presenta uno stato dell’arte sull’argomento.Il capitolo 3 è consacrato allo studio del sintagma genitivale. Un criterio sintattico ha permesso di distinguere semanticamente i sintagmi genitivali alienabili e inalienabili, anche se questa distinzione tende ad attenuarsi, in diversi punti, secondo le categorie semantiche d’inalienabile, termini di parentela e parti del corpo.Nel capitolo 4 abbiamo mostrato che, se da una parte le strutture sintattiche sono simili per le relative restrittive e le non-restrittive, dall’altra è impossibile relativizzare le ultime per le relative complemento oggetto, complemento di termine e complemento circostanziale. La strategia con gap sintattico è la strategia primaria nella gerarchia d’accessibilità e tutte le funzioni della testa nella proposizione matrice, tranne l’oggetto della comparazione, sono relativizzabili.Il capitolo 5 tratta le funzioni di d= come complementatore e introduttore di proposizioni avverbiali. Gli impieghi del complementatore sono più ampi rispetto al semitico più antico. Il morfema d= si impiega infatti per 12 dei 14 tipi di predicato della classificazione tipologica di Noonan invece dei 3 del semitico più antico. Il siriaco è conforme alla gerarchia implicativa, Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Per le proposizioni avverbiali, il criterio sintattico di saturazione della valenza verbale e dei criteri semantici e contestuali permettono di distinguere le avverbiali dalle completive.Quando d= forma delle locuzioni congiuntive con delle preposizioni o degli avverbi, la polisemia dei valori è disambiguato grazie al contesto, fatta eccezione della congiunzione monosemica temporale mo d=Nell’ultimo capitolo, sul discorso indiretto, mostriamo che il discorso “riprodotto” è introdotto senza d= nella maggior parte dei casi, mentre si usa d= nel discorso “riformulato”. Il greco non ha alcuna influenza sul suo utilizzo.

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como os adolescentes significam suas relações afetivas e situações de conflito/violência no namoro, bem como a participação da rede de apoio social em seu enfrentamento. O cenário em que essa violência eclode é caracterizado pela vigência da ideologia machista entremeando as relações de gênero, tendo como resultante a naturalização da dominação masculina como forma de violência simbólica. A relevância do presente estudo é trazer subsídios para elaborar estratégias que considerem o contexto de socialização dos adolescentes, abrindo espaços para novas articulações, capazes de recompor as fronteiras entre papéis, funções e qualidades para cada gênero, modificando as atuais ideologias. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado é inspirado na teorização de Pierre Bourdieu sobre poder, violência e dominação simbólica; incorporando-se as referências conceituais de gênero de Joan Scott, muito imbricadas no processo de análise. A abordagem qualitativa possibilitou apreender a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, e o recorte empírico foi constituído por 19 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, que se encontravam na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos, cursando o 2º ano do ensino médio de uma escola estadual de Ribeirão Preto/SP, no ano letivo de 2014. Para a construção dos dados, foram utilizados o grupo focal, a entrevista e o Diagrama de Escolta Social, respeitando-se os aspectos éticos para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com seres humanos e iniciando a construção dos dados somente após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Por meio do método de interpretação de sentidos, baseado na perspectiva hermenêutico-dialética, deu-se a análise dos dados e depreenderam-se três categorias temáticas centrais com seus respectivos núcleos de sentido: Os significados das relações afetivas dos adolescentes (Os sentidos de ficar e namorar e suas relações com ciúme, gênero e violência simbólica; Isolamento social - \"se você não pode o outro também não pode\"), (Des)igualdades de gênero no namoro: da (des)construção da violência simbólica à expressão de outras formas de violência (Posicionamento da mulher frente à dominação masculina; As situações de violências física, sexual e psicológica no namoro: quem realmente é o agressor?), A (re)estruturação da família e sua função na rede de apoio social do adolescente (O mosaico familiar do adolescente contemporâneo e a funcionalidade da família como rede de apoio; Participação da família nos processos sexuais e reprodutivos do adolescente; Violência intrafamiliar - naturalização). Entendemos que atuar sobre a origem da violência já no início dos relacionamentos dos adolescentes talvez seja a melhor forma de combatê-la ou minimizá-la. Os desafios são muitos: enfretamento de políticas, profissões e disciplinas historicamente setoriais, fragmentadas e parcializadas; enfrentamento dos modelos hegemônicos de gênero, fortemente naturalizados no senso comum; e a inclusão de adolescentes e famílias em um debate que envolve valores, intimidades e mudança de crenças. Apesar dos desafios, pretendemos instigar a reflexão e a discussão para o combate deste tipo de violência, visando ainda à democratização das relações de gênero e à prevenção da violência conjugal / This study aimed to understand how adolescents internalize their emotional relations and conflict/violence situations in dating relationships, as well as the participation of the social support network in coping with it. The scenario in which this violence breaks out is characterized by the force of sexist ideology interspersing gender relations, resulting in the male domination being considered natural and as a form of symbolic violence. The relevance of this study is to provide support to develop strategies that consider the context of socialization of the adolescents, creating room for new articulations able to restore the boundaries among roles, functions and qualities for each gender, modifying the current ideologies. The theoretical framework used is inspired by the theory of Pierre Bourdieu on power, violence and symbolic domination, incorporating the conceptual references of gender by Joan Scott, much intertwined in the analysis process. The qualitative approach enabled grasping the complexity of the phenomenon studied and the empirical design was made up of 19 adolescents, of both sexes, aged 15 to 19 years, attending the 2nd year of a public high school in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, in the academic year of 2014. Focus group, interview and the Social Convoy Diagram were used for data collection, considering the ethical aspects for human research development and starting the data collection only after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. Data analysis was carried out using the method of interpretation of meanings, based on the hermeneutic-dialectic perspective, and three central thematic categories were identified with their respective units of meaning: The meanings of the emotional relationships of adolescents (The meanings of making out and dating and their relationships with jealousy, gender and symbolic violence; Social isolation - \"if you cannot the other also cannot\"), Gender (in)equalities in dating relationships: from the (de)construction of symbolic violence to the expression of other forms of violence (Women\'s position in face of the male domination; Situations of physical, sexual and psychological violence in dating: who really is the aggressor?), Family (re)structuring and its role in adolescents\' social support network (The family mosaic of contemporary adolescents and the functionality of the family as a support network; Family participation in adolescents\' sexual and reproductive processes; Intra-family violence - naturalization). It is understood that acting on the source of violence at the beginning of adolescents\' relationships may be the best way to fight or minimize it. Several challenges are recognized, such as the following: coping with policies, professions and subjects that are historically sectorial, fragmented and partial; confronting the hegemonic gender models, which are strongly considered as natural by the common sense; and the inclusion of adolescents and families in a debate that involves values, intimacy and changing beliefs. Despite the challenges, the study intends to instigate reflection and debate to combat this type of violence, also seeking the democratization of gender relations and the prevention of conjugal violence

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As modificações nas relações de prestação de serviço, decorrentes da sofisticação da sociedade pós-industrial, são notórias. Os trabalhadores dos dias atuais ainda são homens e mulheres que vivem da venda de sua força de trabalho, contudo, além do trabalhador operário há o surgimento de uma nova classe de trabalhadores: o trabalhador autônomo. Com isso a subordinação se tornou um importante elemento diferenciador das relações de trabalho. A visão do trabalho subordinado, um dos elementos da relação de emprego, foi construída a partir de um modelo tradicional de trabalhador. Logo, o que se pretende analisar no decorrer desta pesquisa é se o critério da subordinação presente na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho ainda pode ser capaz de representar todas as relações de trabalho subordinada. Isto porque está se desenvolvendo uma prática de prestação de serviço na qual o profissional liberal presta o seu serviço com restrição na sua autonomia, o que denotaria a subordinação do trabalhador intelectual, mas que não se concretiza em virtude do ato formal que reveste essa relação. Estes profissionais recebem a nomenclatura de autônomo-subordinados, porque apesar de serem contratados como autônomos desempenham a sua função de modo subordinado. Esta prática possui desdobramentos negativos, como a ausência de direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários aos trabalhadores autônomo-subordinados, além da confusão social a que estão submetidos. Tais aspectos serão abordados no decorrer deste estudo, o qual utilizou como método de abordagem o dedutivo-indutivo, e também o método de procedimento bibliográfico dissertativo-argumentativo. Ao final deste trabalhou chegou-se a conclusão de que o conceito clássico de subordinação precisa ser readequado para atender a uma nova realidade do trabalho, a do trabalhador autônomo-subordinado. / The changes in the relations of service, resulting from the sophistication of post-industrial society, are notorious. The workers of today are still men and women living selling his labor power, however, beyond the labor worker there is the emergence of a new class of workers: the self-employed. With this subordination has become an important differentiating element of labor relations. The vision of paid employment, one of the employment relationship of elements, was built from a traditional model worker. Soon, to be examined during this study is the criterion of this subordination in the Consolidation of Labor Laws may still be able to represent all labor relations subordinate. This is because is developing a practice of service in which the liberal professional provides its service with restrictions on their autonomy, called this work of self-subordinate, which would denote the subordination of knowledge worker, but that is not realized due the formal act that covers this relationship. This practice has negative consequences, as the lack of labor and social security rights to self-subordinate workers, and social confusion they face. Such aspects will be widely discussed during this study, which used as a method of approach deductive-inductive, and also the method of argumentative-argumentative literature procedure. At the end of this work we came to the conclusion that the classical concept of subordination must be reconfigured to meet a new reality of work, the autonomic-subordinate worker.

Cette thèse propose une approche explicative de la « concordance des temps » en espagnol médiéval grâce à l'apport de la théorie des modes développée par Gilles Luquet. Nous avons tout d'abord synthétisé les apports des grammaires et des linguistes sur ce phénomène syntaxique. Mais la controverse toujours en vigueur sur l'existence d'une règle – la « new rule » de Jerzy Kowal date de 2007 –, ses contradictions et ses insuffisances (exemples « non concordants ») sont autant de facteurs qui nécessitent de repenser les paramètres qui conditionnent véritablement le choix des formes verbales. Les exemples, issus de corpus informatisés, ont été classés selon la terminologie traditionnelle entre subordonnées substantives, adjectives et adverbiales. Nous avons cherché à déterminer les raisons qui sous-tendaient l'alternance, l'émergence ou la disparition de certaines formes verbales. L'analyse des variations – diachroniques, diaphasiques, diastratiques et diatopiques – est également au cœur de cette étude. L'approche quantitative a pour objectif de déterminer la représentativité des occurrences et la fiabilité des évolutions constatées.Il ressort de cette étude que le locuteur médiéval n'était pas plus contraint à une « concordance des temps » fondée sur un accord mécanique que le locuteur d'aujourd'hui. Il pouvait au contraire (in)actualiser les éléments de son discours en fonction de sa visée discursive. / This thesis provides an explicative case study method to explore the "sequence of tenses" in Old Spanish thanks to the theory of moods developed by Gilles Luquet.We first examined the contributions of grammars and linguists on this syntactic phenomenon. Nevertheless, the ongoing controversy on the existence of a rule – the 2007 "new rule" proposed by Jerzy Kowal –, its contradictions and weaknesses ("violations") are all factors that make it essential to rethink the criteria that determine verbal forms. The collected data, drawn from linguistic databases, were classified according to the traditional terminology of embedded clauses : substantive, adjective and adverbial clauses. We attempted to determine the factors underlying the alternation, the emergence or disappearance of certain verbal forms. Variations – diachronic, diaphasic, diastratic and diatopic variations – were also analyzed. Statistics were used to fix the magnitude of the patterns and to guarantee the reliability of the observed evolutions.This study reveals that the medieval speaker wasn't more governed by a ''sequence of tenses'' based on mechanical congruence than the actual speaker. On the contrary, the speaker himself was able to (in)actualize parts of his speech in function of specific communicative purpose.

Ce travail étudie l'autonomie professionnelle des médecins du travail en France entre 1970 et 2010. Il explore le sens de l'injonction indigène et règlementaire d'indépendance, alors que ces médecins sont liés aux employeurs par un contrat de travail, c'est-à-dire une relation de subordination. Ce-faisant, il offre un éclairage sur la faillite du système français de prévention des atteintes professionnelles à la santé. La combinaison du dépouillement d'archives inédites et d'une enquête ethnographique multi-sites auprès de praticiens en activité met en évidence les variations de la problématique de l'autonomie selon le contexte d'exercice (forme du service, nature des interlocuteurs). La coexistence apparente de l'autonomie et de la subordination passe toujours par la distinction pratique entre un côté " médical " de l'activité (sur lequel les praticiens disposent en droit d'une indépendance totale), et un côté " administratif " (sur lequel la subordination est légitime). Or, l'enquête montre que cette distinction est le produit instable d'une négociation permanente entre les médecins et leur entourage (autres composantes du service ou de l'entreprise, autres médecins...). Plus encore, la définition même du métier, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des tâches qui peuvent être exercées de manière légitime au nom de la médecine du travail, apparaît elle aussi comme le résultat précaire de négociations permanentes dans chaque service. La question de l'autonomie se joue non seulement dans le contrôle sur le travail, mais également dans le processus de définition de ce dernier. Cette thèse montre ainsi les limites de la définition classique de l'autonomie professionnelle comme contrôle sur les activités de routine lorsque la nature du travail qu'il y a à faire n'est pas donnée d'avance, mais est l'objet de conflits. Elle donne également à voir la tension entre dépendances légitimes et illégitimes, subordination consentie et abus de pouvoir, qui est au cœur de la relation salariale.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie om över- och underordning i heterosexuella pars vardag. Carin Holmbergs (1993) avhandling " Det kallas kärlek" är min största hjälp och det är från den jag hämtat större delen av de teorier jag använt. Holmbergs (1993) teorier om könsmakt är min utgångspunkt. Det var hennes avhandling som lade grunden och väckte mitt intresse för att göra en liknande studie. Jag gjorde fyra gruppintervjuer med en mindre observation. De slutsatser jag kan dra utifrån det empiriska materialet är att kvinnorna i regel är underordnade männen ifråga om att det är kvinnorna som tar på sig det största ansvaret för hemmet sysslor och befriar männen från att ta ansvar. Männen är de som valt bort vissa sysslor hemma och kan då göra de saker de själva tycker är roligast. Jag kan inte se något tydlig över- och underordning i mina informanters sätt att agera under intervjuerna.

<p>One of the focuses of John Howard Yoder's theology is Christian nonviolence. From the teaching and example of Jesus, who dealt with the evil in the world and defeated it through obedience to the will of God to the point of dying on the cross, Yoder derives the normative Christian stance of nonviolence. It is expressed in the life of the disciples in their suffering with Christ the hostility of the world as bearers of the kingdom cause and in their living out the suffering servanthood in place of dominion. For Yoder, subordination is how Christ's model of servanthood is carried out into the concreteness of family life, and it is most extensively explored in his essay, "Revolutionary Subordination," in The Politics of Jesus.</p><p>This dissertation is an attempt to read household codes in the New Testament, especially Col. 3:18-4:1, together with Yoder, with a special emphasis on the husband/wife relation. Due to an exceptionally controversial character of Yoder's essay, it seeks to understand his main points, while identifying the elements that have caused strong opposition. The fact that these Haustafel texts have been historically abused to legitimate oppression and exploitation of persons poses a warning in one's endeavor to interpret them. Particularly telling is Americans' experience around slavery during and after the Civil War. The conflicting interpretations of the Bible between the proslavery camp and the abolitionists leave us in a hard place in addressing the issue of women's status in the household and in society.</p><p>Through examining key debates on the Haustafeln in the biblical scholarship focused on James Crouch and David Balch; two alternative views on the subject in theological ethics - Yoder and Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza - and further discussions of their views aided by theologians such as Gordon Kaufman, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Jeffrey Stout, this study addresses issues found in Yoder and Schüssler Fiorenza. It concludes that Yoder's undue reliance on David Schroeder and his refutation of Martin Dibelius have led him to overlook the preexisting schema that was adopted and Christianized by the early church, and that he fails to name patriarchy a sin. Schüssler Fiorenza's problems are found in the areas of the biblical canon, tradition and democracy. The relevance of the slavery debates to this study is revisited through discussions of Mark Knoll and Dale Martin, and Yoder's nonviolent kingdom ethic is compared to Paul Ramsey's just war theory and backed up by Rowan Williams, Bernd Wannenwetsch, and Sarah Coakley.</p> / Dissertation

L'étude du système verbal du tibétain littéraire présente un intérêt typologique à plus d'un titre. D'une part, elle permet d'observer l'évolution du système verbal, notamment les constructions avec un auxiliaire et les connecteurs verbaux, sur une période de plus de mille ans. Cette langue classique a l'avantage d'avoir quasiment préservé la même orthographe au cours de cette très longue période. J'ai choisi de me concentrer sur la période du quinzième siècle en choisissant pour corpus principal une œuvre très célèbre : la biographie de Milarépa. J'ai ensuite comparé le système verbal de cette période avec le tibétain littéraire contemporain. La principale raison qui a motivé cette étude, est l'émergence en tibétain moyen d'un système d'auxiliaires indiquant l'évidentialité, c'est-à-dire la grammaticalisation de la source épistémologique et de l'accès à l'information. Le tibétain est la seule langue littéraire d'Asie ayant une grande ancienneté qui ait développé un système verbal évidentiel complexe. Outre l'étude de la sémantique grammaticale, la deuxième motivation à l'origine de cette étude est la syntaxe des constructions avec un auxiliaire et des connecteurs du tibétain moyen et leur évolution en tibétain littéraire contemporain. Les données du tibétain littéraire et les analyses synchronique et diachronique sont susceptibles d'apporter une contribution à la typologie aussi bien en ce qui concerne l'évidentialité et les modalités épistémiques qu'en ce qui concerne la syntaxe des auxiliaires et des connecteurs.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study analyzes the organization, the production and the units peasants' reproduction in the municipal districts of Ribeirópolis and São Domingos-SE, connected to the general product system of goods in the trajectory 1975 - 2005. In the two municipal districts a high land concentration verified due to the insertion of the capital in the field, and with an economy turned back to the external market, becoming necessary the amplification of the grass for the cattle creation, assisting to the interests of the capital. Though, the more the capitalism moves forward, at the same time that, persists the unit productive peasant that resists the with the using by force of family work, cultivating the cassava, the corn and the bean, besides the small raise rear. The cassava with the processing of the flour and the commercialization of its surplus became one of the fundamental elements of the reproduction and resistance of that peasant workers in the field. The units of production possess a low modernization level, because the traditional techniques of production still prevail with the using of instruments of handmade work as the hoe and pesticides for the combat to the ants and plagues. For analysis effect, the peasant field of the two municipal districts was divided in partial " peasants " and exclusive " peasants ". The partial ones characterize for little land and it doesn't produce enough for its reproduction, needing complementary the family income selling manpower. However, considered them exclusive they possess area of enough land to produce and to guarantee its survival without appealing to the rented work. However, the subordination of the peasant workers to the capital is still very strong, and the omission of the State generates what we denominated of orphan " peasants " of the public politics joining a series of problems faced by the peasant workers, for example of the productive chain that is disjointed in the two municipal districts favoring the middlemen's action in the commercialization of the cassava flour. Actually it is in the phase of the circulation that the capital subordinates and appropriates itself of the surplus of the work of the peasant workers, reproducing a contradictory system, and appropriates itself of the surplus of the work of peasant works , where for one hand subordinates the work of flour-man peasant the circulation and, on the other hand it resists, in that characteristics as affection to the land, exclusive use of forcing by the family work and control of the necessary work, they still persist. / O estudo analisa a produção e a reprodução das unidades camponesas nos municípios de Ribeirópolis e São Domingos-SE, integrado ao sistema geral do ciclo do capital produtor de mercadorias na trajetória 1975 - 2005. Nos dois municípios verifica-se uma alta concentração fundiária decorrente da inserção do capital no campo, e com uma economia voltada para o mercado externo, tornando-se necessária à ampliação das pastagens para a criação de gado, atendendo aos interesses do capital. Todavia, quanto mais o capitalismo avança, paralelamente, persiste a unidade produtiva camponesa que resiste com o uso da força de trabalho familiar, cultivando a mandioca, o milho e o feijão, além do pequeno criatório. A mandioca com o beneficiamento da farinha e a comercialização do seu excedente tornou-se um dos elementos fundamentais da reprodução e resistência desse campesinato no campo. As unidades de produção possuem um baixo nível de modernização, pois ainda predominam as técnicas tradicionais de produção com o uso de instrumentos de trabalho artesanal como a enxada e praguicidas para o combate às formigas e pragas. Para efeito de análise, o campesinato dos dois municípios foi dividido em camponeses parciais e camponeses exclusivos . Os parciais caracterizam por pouca terra e não produz o suficiente para a sua reprodução, necessitando complementar a renda familiar vendendo força de trabalho. Contudo, os considerados exclusivos possuem área de terra suficiente para produzir e garantir a sua sobrevivência sem recorrer ao trabalho alugado. Entretanto, a subordinação do campesinato ao capital é ainda muito forte, e a omissão do Estado gera o que denominamos de camponeses órfãos das políticas públicas agregando uma série de problemas enfrentados pelo campesinato, a exemplo da cadeia produtiva que é desarticulada nos dois municípios favorecendo a ação dos intermediários na comercialização da farinha de mandioca. Na verdade é na fase da circulação que o capital subordina reproduzindo um sistema contraditório e se apropria do excedente do trabalho do campesinato, onde, de um lado subordina o trabalho do camponês-farinheiro na circulação e, de outro, resiste, em que características como afeto à terra, uso exclusivo da força de trabalho familiar e domínio do trabalho necessário ainda persistem.