Las industrias colaboran con la degradación gradual del planeta y la industria hotelera no está exenta de ello. Por ello, se observan algunos cambios de actitud y políticas por parte del sector hotelero con respecto a su impacto ambiental; sin embargo, aún no existe un plan específico de acción que dirija a los hoteles a desarrollar una gestión sostenible. Actualmente, el sector hotelero mantiene un modelo económico lineal basado en usar y desechar; el cual se plantea reemplazar por uno circular que permite utilizar y optimizar los recursos evitando dejar residuos y/o desperdiciarlos aportando valor a la empresa y a su entorno para poder alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Esta investigación busca detallar a profundidad la realidad acerca del enfoque de la economía circular y su aplicación en la hotelería a nivel mundial para su posible implementación en los hoteles en Perú. Se empleó la metodología de revisión bibliográfica descriptiva y evaluativa partiendo de fuentes académicas como artículos científicos, tesis, entre otros; teniendo en cuenta las fechas de publicación del 2015 al 2020 con respecto a la economía circular y su aplicación en el sector hotelero a nivel mundial. A partir de ello se identifica que el sector hotelero mundial actualmente no utiliza el enfoque de la economía circular y en el sector hotelero peruano aún no se realiza mucha investigación sobre esta temática por lo cual se requiere ampliarla y realizar la respectiva experimentación que proporcione argumentos a favor o en contra de implementar la economía circular. / Industries collaborate with the gradual degradation of the planet and the hotel industry is not exempt from it. Therefore, there are some changes in attitude and policies on the part of the hotel sector regarding its environmental impact; however, there is still no specific action plan that directs hotels to develop sustainable management. Currently, the hotel sector maintains a linear economic model based on use and discard; which is proposed to replace by a circular one that allows to use and optimize resources avoiding leaving waste and / or wasting them, adding value to the company and its environment in order to achieve sustainability. This research seeks to detail a depth of reality about the circular economy approach and its application in the hotel industry worldwide for its possible implementation in hotels in Peru. The descriptive and evaluative bibliographic review methodology was used based on academic sources such as scientific articles, theses, among others; considering the publication dates from 2015 to 2020 regarding the circular economy and its application in the hotel sector worldwide. Based on this, it is identified that the world hotel sector does not currently use the circular economy approach and in the Peruvian hotel sector much research is not done on this issue yet, so it is necessary to expand it and carry out the respective experimentation that provides arguments to favor or against implementing the circular economy. / Trabajo de investigación

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta a importância da Termoeletricidade a gás para o País, abordando a caracterização do setor elétrico brasileiro, as especificidades e seus impactos. Demonstra a importância da gestão ambiental e a conceitua em diversos cenários. São abordados os aspectos legais e institucionais, inerentes ao licenciamento específico para unidades geradoras. É feita a caracterização da UTE Macaé, objeto de estudo da gestão ambiental. A análise crítica da implementação do sistema de gestão ambiental identificou diversas lições aprendidas nos diversos períodos do empreendimento. / [en] The present work aims the importance of gas thermoelectricity for the country, considering the Brazilian electrical sector characterization, specificities and their impacts. Demonstrate the importance of environmental management and concepts it in several scenarios. Issues regarding legal and institutional aspects, mainly permitting process for generator units. It was presented a characterization of Macae Power Plant, the object of our environmental management studies. A critical approach to the implementation of the environmental management system of UTE Macaé has identified several lessons learned during different project periods. We have the historical evolution of thermoelectrical plants in Brazil in order to understand the type of energy matrix available. In 2001, the country faced problems due lack of rain when the whole Country was supplied by Hydro plants needed to save energy. The lack of energy tied the Country development. Immediately the Brazilian government take action with the using a gas from Bolivia-Brazil pipeline putting emergencial gas power plants as a fast track project In order to implement an alternative energy source based on natural gas, it was considered the lesser impact alternative source and more reliable for the power plants in case of lack of rain that supplies the Hydro plants. The characterization of Brazilian energy sector, verifying the main characteristics and specificities of thermoelectrical plants and their environmental impacts, are the most critical paths in order to implement a projects. To develop any project or specific projects such power plants it is necessary to understand the culture and specific environmental and social issues in order to avoid any impact to the project. Other specifities regarding hydro plants and gas power plants such environmental and social impacts generate by each specific type of generation was brought up. During the development of this work is highlighted the environmental management concept analyzing the national and international guidelines regarding environmental management, some of them are already well accepted however all the organizations should be aware that not just a good recognized management system will guarantee an excellent results of environmental , health , safety and production. Knowledge and commitment is required from everyone in the organization. It is impossible not mention and discuss in a work like that, the legal and institutional aspects related with natural gas power plant emphasizing environmental licensing problems. The Brazilian legislation is pretty new and all the time has some changes that usually can impact the project. During the our case of study UTE Macaé, we were learning together with the environmental agency because this was one of the first gas power plants built in Brazil. The UTE Macaé – Power Plant our case of study is well characterized with all project details. In the process side there is a good description, energy generation process, basic sources “water and natural gas “. Operational and project characteristics is aligned with all information needed to understand the project are described in this work. Considering our case of study UTE Macaé we went through all the experience and each specific area including: Environmental management system, mitigation programs and a really huge monitoring program that covers whatever deviation that could appear due any operation. With all the experiences before us established a lessons learned to be shared with you in order to avoid future environmental, social or economic impacts in other Gas power plant implementation worldwide. It is good to be clear that two separated phases area explained and both are very important, construction and operation. The Environmental Management analysis of Macaé Power Plant was identified in the previous paragraphs and concluded with the lessons learned giving a really good supporting a critical approach of implementation of the environmental management system of UTE Macaé. Create a good interaction between competent project manager and integrated project team. Define on time with good anticipation HSE resources necessaries as following: people, budget and time.

Food security and eutrophication are two issues proven to have severe impacts on both humanity and the environment. This study suggests improving the local food security by utilizing phosphorus and nitrogen, available in severe eutrophic small lakes, in local food production, thus turning eutrophication from a problem into a resource. The study theoretically experiments the possibility of using eutrophic water in a greenhouse, where hydroponics is used as a cultivation method. The eutrophic water is pumped from the lake into the greenhouse, and then to the hydroponic system, which is expected to remediate the water, returning clean water to the lake. The objective of this process is to phytoremediate eutrophic water and simultaneously, produce edible commercial plants. Finding the best matching lake and plant nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratio, is of key importance to optimize the remediation process. Based on data from a literature review, edible plants N:P ratios are found lower than typical lake N:P ratios, suggesting that, in some cases, edible plants in the hydroponic system would require additional nutrients to grow optimally. Finding the best matching lake and plant N:P ratio is thought to optimize the remediation process. Matching the lake and plant N:P ratio was conducted in Python.

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é propor um modelo de autoavaliação de desempenho de Centros de Difusão de Ciência, Educação e Cultura (CDCEC), na perspectiva da sustentabilidade e com base na Norma ABNT NBR ISO 9004:2010. Busca-se demonstrar que a ferramenta de autoavaliação proposta na Norma ABNT NBR ISO 9004:2010, se adaptada, pode ser utilizada de maneira efetiva para medir o nível de maturidade dos sistemas de gestão de CDCEC. A pesquisa pode ser considerada aplicada, descritiva e metodológica. Quanto aos meios de investigação, a metodologia compreende pesquisa bibliográfica e documental; construção do modelo de autoavaliação de desempenho de CDCEC em sustentabilidade; uso do método analítico hierárquico (AHP) para definição dos pesos dos elementos de avaliação; estudo de caso da FPCRJ para demonstração da aplicabilidade do modelo de autoavaliação; análise e interpretação e análise dos resultados da autoavaliação da FPCRJ; e formulação das conclusões da pesquisa e recomendações. Destaca-se como resultado principal um modelo inovador de autoavaliação de desempenho em sustentabilidade para CDCEC, compreendendo oito elementos-chave e 40 elementos detalhados. O estudo de caso da FPCRJ demonstrou ser viável determinar o nível de maturidade do sistema de gestão de um CDCEC, a partir de adaptações na ferramenta de autoavaliação definida na Norma ABNT NBR ISO 9004:2010. Permitiu ainda identificar oportunidades de melhoria que poderão ser objeto de ações por parte da alta liderança da Fundação, visando alcançar níveis superiores de sustentabilidade. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to propose a self-assessment model for evaluating the sustainability performance of Centers for Diffusion of Science, Education and Culture (CDSEC), based on the Standard ABNT NBR ISO 9004:2010. The research seeks to demonstrate by a case study within the Fundação Planetário da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (FPCRJ) that the self-assessment tool included in the in the referred standard (if adapted) can be effectively used for assessing management systems of CDSEC. This research can be considered applied, descriptive, and methodological. The methodology encompasses literature review and documentary research; development of a self-assessment model for evaluating organizational performance of CDSEC, from the perspective of corporate sustainability; application of the hierarchical analytical method to define the weights of the evaluation criteria; development of a case study within the FPCRJ for demonstrating the applicability of the purposed model; analysis and interpretation of the FPCRJ results; and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. The main result of this research is an innovative self-assessment model for evaluating performance of CDSEC, from the perspective of corporate sustainability, encompassing eight key elements and 40 detailed elements. Particularly, the results of the case study of the FPCRJ could demonstrate that the purposed model can be effectively used for assessing sustainability performance of CDSEC and allowed to identify improvement and innovation opportunities towards high performance of corporate sustainability.

This study aims to create a sustainable tourism stakeholder framework for hotels in Vlora, a popular tourist destination in southeast European country Albania. As tourism is one of the major driving forces towards better social and economical conditions in Albania but simultaneously poses threats towards nearby ecosystems and protected areas, local traditions and cultures and small suppliers, the importance of sustainability in the industry has risen as a top priority. Conducted on behalf of UNDP Albania, the stakeholder framework aims to function as an outline for a sustainable management plan, leading to future eco-certi cation for hotels. The stakeholder framework, which includes  five-key stakeholder categories; operational, employees, clients, suppliers and local community, each with well tested CSR-practices linked to them, aims to promote sustainable development for the entire destination. The hotel, placed in the center, isused as a driving force towards closer collaborations with other stakeholder categories. The framework was tested on Vlora's largest hotel actor, Regina Hotel Group, through a questionnaire and interviews with four top management executives. The key findings show that Regina Hotel Group has come far in their social sustainability, in particular regarding employees and local suppliers, but lack in sustainability training, leading to lower awareness and sustainability mainly being implemented for financial reasons. Lastly, a recommendation with examples of short- and long-term implementations is presented for the hotel, connected to each stakeholder category. / Denna studie kommer att undersoka hållbar turism i den populära turistdestinationen Vlora, i södra Albanien. Turism är en av två näringar som bidrar mest till socioekonomisk utveckling i regionen. Samtidigt kan alltför stor och oreglerad turistindustri hota bevarandet av omkringliggande natur, kultur, traditioner och små, lokala företag. Med detta i åtanke är hållbarhet en viktig aspekt för Vloras framtida turiststrategi. Genomförd på uppdrag av FN:s utvecklingsprogram, UNDP Albania, tar studien fram ett intressentramverk, som ska ligga till grund för ett eko-certiferingssystem för FN:sutvecklingsprogram. Fem kategorier av nyckelintressenter, teknik, anställda, kunder, leverantörer och lokalsamhälle, har intressentramverkets kopplat CSR-praktiker (Corporate Social Responsability), väl testade för hotells hållbarhet, till. Ramverket använder sedan hotellet, placerat i mitten, som drivkraft för att främja hållbar utveckling i hela destinationen. Genom ett frågeformulär och uppföljande intervjuer med fyra chefer från Vloras största hotellaktör, Regina Hotel Group, kristalliserades fem huvudslutsatser. Först, Regina Hotel Group har kommit låangt i sitt sociala hållbarhetsarbete, speciellt vad gäller anställda och lokala leverantörer, men de saknar utbildning i hållbarhet, vilket leder till låg medvetenhet och därför implementeras hållbara lösningar genom finansiella argument. Avslutningsvis, presenteras en rekommendation med exempel på kort- och långsiktiga lösningar som är kopplade till varje intressentkategori.

Hållbarhet har aldrig vart mer aktuellt än vad det är idag. Jorden får utstå merpåfrestningar än vad den klarar av och ansvaret ligger på oss som bebor den härplaneten för att lösa detta allvarliga problem. För att värna om varandra och vårnatur behöver alla ta sitt ansvar för att tillsammans skapa en hållbar utveckling.Organisationer kan sägas räknas till den grupp som har mest negativ påverkanpå naturen men även de som har möjlighet att ha stor positiv påverkan. Debesitter ofta resurser och möjligheter som kan resultera i stor skillnad.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur revisionsbyråer använder sig avverksamhetsstyrning för att uppnå hållbarhet. Vårt val av att undersöka justrevisionsbranschen härstammade från ren nyfikenhet. Hållbarhet är inte någotsom borde vara ett främmande koncept för revisionsbyråer, då fler och flerorganisationer upprättar hållbarhetsrapporten som även de behöver granskas.Revisionsbyråer hör inte till den branschen som har mest påverkan på miljönmen det är viktigt att belysa det klassiska talesättet “ingen kan göra allt, men allakan göra något”. Med vår studie vill vi kunna inspirera andra företag inomliknande branscher att arbeta för att delta i förändringen mot hållbarhet. Vi valdeatt undersöka revisionsbyråers verksamhetsstyrning ur perspektiven formell ochinformell styrning.Studien baseras på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt där vi genomförtsemistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Totalt genomfördes sexintervjuer med respondenter från olika revisionsbyråer inom Sverige.Respondenterna besatt olika positioner inom revisionsbyråerna med dengemensamma faktorn att de hade god kunskap om deras verksamhetsstyrningoch hållbarhetsarbete. I studiens resultat noteras det att revisionsbyråer främstanvänder sig av formell verksamhetsstyrning för att uppnå hållbarhet.Hållbarheten för revisionsbyråerna innebär främst de sociala aspekterna, därmycket fokus ligger på att värna om personalen. Kommunikationen spelarvidare en väsentlig roll för att säkerställa att verksamhetsstyrningen leder tillhållbarhet, oavsett om det handlar om miljömässig-, social- eller ekonomiskhållbarhet / Sustainability has never been more relevant than it is today. The earth has towithstand more pressure than it can take, and we who live on this planet isresponsible to make sure that we solve that problem. To take care of each otherand our nature, we all need to take our responsibility to together create asustainable development. Organizations could be seen as one of the sourceswho has the worst impact on the environment, but they also have the possibilityto have positive impact. Organizations have resources and possibilities whichcan be transformed to make a big difference.The aim of this study is to explore how audit firms use management control toachieve sustainability. Our choice to examine this area, descended from purecuriosity. Sustainability should not be a foreign subject to audit firms since moreand more businesses need to prepare a sustainability report, which also need tobe reviewed. Audit firms may not be the business to have a lot of effect on theenvironment, but it is important to shed light to the popular saying “nobodycan do everything, but everyone can do something”. With our study, we wantto inspire more businesses within similar industries to participate in the changetowards sustainability, we chose to examine audit firms and their managementcontrol through the perspective of formal and informal controls.The study is based on a qualitative approach where we conducted semistructured interviews as a data collection method. A total of six interviews wereconducted with respondents from various auditing firms in Sweden. Therespondents occupied various positions within the audit firms with the commonfactor that they had good knowledge of their management control andsustainability work. The results of the study note that auditing firms primarilyuse formal control to achieve sustainability. The sustainability of the audit firmsmainly involves the social aspects, where a lot of focus is to care for the staff.Communication also plays an important role in ensuring that corporategovernance leads to sustainability, regardless of whether it concernsenvironmental, social, or economic sustainability.

Tropical forests have existed for up to one hundred million years, and today provide many ecosystem services vital for human well-being. They also harbour great biodiversity, which, in addition to its intrinsic value, plays a key role in the functioning of these ecosystems. Despite their local to global significance, there are still many knowledge gaps concerning the dynamic processes that govern the functioning of tropical forests. Rapid rates of deforestation and landscape conversion, predominantly for logging and industrial agriculture, are limiting the time and opportunity available to collect the information needed to fill these gaps. This research aims to shed light on the long-term ecological functioning of tropical forests, specifically investigating the history of disturbance in these ecosystems and the response of forest vegetation to past perturbations. The carbon-rich tropical peat swamp forests found along the coast of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, are a central focus of this study. For these forests in particular, a large deficit of knowledge surrounding their history and unique ecological functioning is coupled with some of the highest conversion rates of all tropical forest ecosystems across the world. In this thesis, palaeoecological data has been used to reconstruct temporal variability in forest vegetation coincident with external perturbations in order to identify changes in the resilience of these ecosystems through time, via indicators such as slowing rates of recovery and reduced regeneration of forest vegetation. Results suggest that tropical forest ecosystems have, for the most part, shown resilience to natural disturbances in the past, ranging from instantaneous localised tree-fall to longer-term regional climatic change; but that recent anthropogenic disturbances, of novel forms and greater intensities, are jeopardizing the potential for forest recovery and thus compromising ecosystem resilience. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecology of tropical peat swamp forests, and tropical forests more broadly. They also provide a context for contemporary tropical forest management, allowing for predictions on future responses to disturbance and enabling more ecologically sustainable landscape planning.

Cette thèse traite de la situation actuelle de la forêt marocaine. Dans le cadre de ce travail, deux études ont été réalisées à l’échelle nationale, au Maroc. La première a concerné le pâturage des troupeaux en forêt, et la seconde a porté sur la quantification du volume de bois de feu directement prélevé en forêt, et consommé en zone rurale et en zone urbaine. Les résultats trouvés ont été très préoccupants. Dans les deux situations, les prélèvements réels de fourrage et de bois de feu, dépassent de 3 à 4 fois la possibilité biologique de la forêt. Les populations rurales exercent une énorme pression sur la forêt marocaine, ce qui conduit à sa dégradation et menace sa pérennité.Ce travail de thèse a également estimé la valeur économique des différents biens et services de la forêt marocaine, en vue d’en déterminer la valeur économique totale (VET). Cela a démontré que la valeur économique de la forêt marocaine reste très sous estimée, ce qui encourage son défrichement et son remplacement par d’autres usages.Ce travail a aussi mis en évidence le faible taux de réussite des opérations de reboisement qui sont menées au Maroc, depuis plus d’un demi-siècle. Une nouvelle stratégie de gestion durable de la forêt est proposée dans le cadre du Plan Forestier National. Pour atteindre cette gestion durable, le PNF devra résoudre les principaux problèmes urgents qui menacent la pérennité de la forêt, et donner un rôle primordial aux acteurs de la société civile et aux populations rurales pour la supervision de cette nouvelle stratégie forestière, avec la participation du service forestier, pour faire de la forêt marocaine un modèle de gestion forestière durable, à l’échelle de la région Méditerranéenne. / This thesis deals with the actual situation of the Moroccan forests. Within the framework of this work, two studies were carried out at national level, in Morocco. The first concerned grazing in forest and the second the quantification of fuel wood directly collected from forest and consumed in both rural and urban areas. The results found were very disquieting. In both cases, the total volume of fodder and fuel wood, effectively collected from forest, are 3 to 4 times the biological possibility of the forest.The rural populations exert a huge pressure on the Moroccan forest, which causes its degradation and puts in jeopardy its perenniality.This thesis work also estimated the monetary value of the various goods and services of the Moroccan forest, towards the valuation of the total economic value (TEV). This showed that the economic value of the Moroccan forest is very underestimated, which encourages its degradation and clearing.This research work also demonstrated the weak success rate of the reforestation activities, which were carried out in Morocco, during the last half century. A new strategy towards a sustainable forest management in Morocco is proposed, within the framework of the National Forest Plan.To reach this sustainable forest management, the NFP should resolve the major urgent problems which threaten the Moroccan forest, and should give a role of prime importance to the civil society actors, and to the rural populations for the supervision of this new strategy, with the participation of the forest service, in order to make of the Moroccan forest a model of sustainably managed forest, at the level of the Mediterranean region.

Le Tassili n’Ajjer est notre région d’étude, situé à l’extrême Sud - Est algérien, caractérisé par une remarquable interaction de l’homme et son environnement et comprenant des phénomènes naturels d’une beauté exceptionnelle et d’une culture saharienne spécifique. Ce dernier est ainsi mal organisé et insuffisamment protégé et géré. Notre étude s’articule ainsi autour de trois grands axes. Le premier axe est réservé à la présentation des spécificités et les particularités du territoire du Tassili n’Ajjer. Le second axe est consacré à l’analyse de toutes les composantes et les potentialités de cette zone d’étude et spécifiquement l’activité touristique à développer. Une série d’enquêtes et d’entretiens menés auprès des acteurs locaux (public et privé) portant sur les questions et les préoccupations de développement local dans la région du Tassili, nous ont aidé d’aboutir à une série de propositions permettant une meilleure gestion durable et une protection efficace de ces richesses spécifiques de la région. Ces propositions feront ainsi l’objet de détail dans le dernier axe de thèse. / The objective of this thesis is to consider a strategy for sustainable management of natural resources and cultural resources in the territory of Tassili n'Ajjer. This makes the proposal and the incorporation of new activities to the fabric of society Saharan to achieve sound economic development and effective protection of this space. Tassili n'Ajjer our study area, located in the South - Eastern Algeria. It characterized by a remarkable interaction between man and his environment including natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and culture specific Saharan Africa. It is poorly organized and inadequately protected and managed. This contribution is organized around three major axes. The first line is reserved for the presentation of the specificities and particularities of the territory of Tassili n'Ajjer. The second axis is devoted to analyze the components and the potential of this specific study area and tourist activity to develop. A series of surveys and interviews with local actors (private and public) on the issues and concerns of local development in the region of Tassili helped us to achieve a series of suggestions for better Sustainable management and efficient protection of species richness in the region. These proposals will be retail and in the last line of argument.

À l'échelle mondiale, la pêche maritime est caractérisée par une surexploitation des ressources disponibles dans les différentes pêcheries ayant des impacts très importants sur l'écosystème marin et côtier. Cette surpêche est facilitée par le progrès technique et par une demande de consommation en constante augmentation, notamment dans les pays développés. Pour faire face à cette évolution, des politiques de gestion durable de ces ressources halieutiques sont progressivement mises en place, allant des approches conventionnelles (gestion des stocks exploités) à l'approche écosystémique des pêches qui prône la réconciliation de l'exploitation durable et de la conservation de l'écosystème. Notre thèse aborde les conditions de développement d'une telle gestion durable de la pêche dans le cas précis des provinces de l'Estuaire et de l'Ogooué Maritime au Gabon. Le diagnostic établi met en évidence une exploitation désordonnée des ressources halieutiques et une détérioration générale de l'état des écosystèmes côtiers, nécessitant des mesures d'ajustement de la pression de pêche. Cependant, beaucoup de lacunes restent à combler (politique d'exploitation durable, formation des acteurs, évaluation des ressources et de l'écosystème, etc.) pour une meilleure compréhension et un suivi plus rigoureux des mutations qui affectent la durabilité des pêcheries et la vulnérabilité globale des écosystèmes côtiers. Dans ces deux provinces du Gabon, nous montrons que l'application de l'approche écosystémique des pêches, prenant la forme d'une gouvernance concertée dans le secteur des pêches et de l'aquaculture, apparaît comme une nécessité pour donner à ce secteur une place de choix dans ce pays. / Globally, the maritime fishing is characterized by overexploitation of resources available in the various fisheries have major impacts on the marine and coastal ecosystems. This overfishing is facilitated by advances in technology and consumer demand steadily increasing, especially in developed countries. To cope with this development, policies for sustainable management of fisheries resources are gradually implemented, ranging from conventional approaches (management pf exploited stocks) to the fisheries ecosystem approach with promotes reconciliation and sustainable conservation of the ecosystem. Our thesis addresses the conditions for the development of such a sustainable management of fisheries in the specific case of province of the Estuary ans the Maritime Ogooué in Gabon. The diagnosis revealed a disordely exploitation of fisheries resources and a general deterioration of the state of coastal ecosystems, requiring measures to adjust fishing pressure. However, many gaps remain (sustainable policies, training of stakeholders, assessment of resources and ecosytems, etc...) for a better understanding and a more rigourous monitoring of mutations that affect the sustainability of fisheries and the overall vulnerability of coastal ecosystems. In these two provinces of Gabon, we show that the application of the ecosystem approach of fisheries, taking the form of collaborative governance in the fisheries and aquaculture appears as a necessity to give the sector a place in this country.