<p>This thesis examines how two narrators construe their experiences of the same events differently through the linguistic choices that they make, through a systemic functional analysis, as well as a genre analysis of two testimonies. The Human Rights Violations (HRV) hearings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) allowed testifiers to tell stories of their experiences during apartheid. The selected testimonies refer to the events that led up to the arrest and eventual torture of Faried Muhammad Ferhelst, as told by himself and his mother, Minnie Louisa Ferhelst. Theframeworks used to analyse the testimonies are drawn from the transitivity and genre theories of Systemic Functional Linguistics. A clausal analysis of the transitivity patterns is used to compare the ways in which the testifiers construct their identities and roles when recounting their stories. The transitivity analysis of both testimonies shows that both Mrs Ferhelst and Faried Ferhelst construe themselves as the Affected participant through Material, Mental and Verbal clauses, and construe the police as the Causers, mostly through Material clauses. A genre analysis revealed that both testimonies took the form of narratives, in particular the Recount, a typical genre for relating narratives of personal experience. This research project also explores how the original Afrikaans versions of the testimonies differ from the translated English versions, available online on the TRC website. The Afrikaans versions were transcribed by the researcher from&nbsp / audio-visual records. A transitivity analysis reveals that the interpretation of the Afrikaans testimonies is fairly accurate, with a minimum loss of meaning. Thus in the case of these testimonies, the&nbsp / actual online record in English is an accurate reflection of their stories.</p>

Η γνωσιακή ψυχοθεραπεία είναι ένα είδος θεραπείας που στηρίζεται στην παραδοχή ότι οι σκέψεις των ανθρώπων είναι εκείνες που επηρεάζουν τη συμπεριφορά και τα συναισθήματά τους. Πρόκειται για μια επικοινωνιακή περίσταση με βασικό της εργαλείο το λόγο. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία θελήσαμε να εξετάσουμε διεξοδικά τη χρήση της γλώσσας στο συγκεκριμένο ψυχοθεραπευτικό πλαίσιο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας ήταν η εξέταση των γλωσσικών επιλογών που συντελούνται στο πλαίσιο της γνωσιακής ψυχοθεραπείας και ο βαθμός στον οποίο αυτές οι επιλογές επηρεάζουν τη θεραπευτική σχέση και τη χρήση των θεραπευτικών τεχνικών. Για την επίτευξη αυτού του σκοπού, υιοθετήθηκε η οπτική της συστημικής λειτουργικής γλωσσολογίας, σύμφωνα με την οποία η γλώσσα αποτελεί πόρο νοήματος σε συνάρτηση με το κοινωνικό- πολιτισμικό περιβάλλον. Δόθηκε έμφαση στη διαπροσωπική διάσταση της γλώσσας, επομένως η γνωσιακή ψυχοθεραπεία αντιμετωπίστηκε ως ένα είδος διάδρασης. Το διαπροσωπικό νόημα της γλώσσας είναι εκείνο που μας επιτρέπει να αντιληφθούμε τους ομιλιακούς ρόλους που επιλέγουν οι μετέχοντες στο θεραπευτικό πλαίσιο, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους και τη μεταξύ τους σχέση. Όσον αφορά το μεθοδολογικό πλαίσιο, έγινε ανάλυση λόγου σε αποσπάσματα από γνωσιακές συνεδρίες που αφορούσαν όλα τα στάδια της θεραπείας. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο μεθοδολογικά εργαλεία: το σύστημα Λειτουργίας του Θεραπευτικού Λόγου (system of Therapeutic Speech) και το σύστημα της Αποτίμησης. Το σύστημα Λειτουργίας του Θεραπευτικού Λόγου προέκυψε από τη σύνθεση των βασικών σημείων δανεισμένων από δύο διαπροσωπικά γλωσσολογικά συστήματα, το διαπροσωπικό σύστημα (Interpersonal System) των Halliday & Hasan (1989) και το σύστημα των Γλωσσικών Λειτουργιών (system of Speech Function) των Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) σε συνδυασμό με την τυπολογία του Labov (1997). Τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης λόγου ανέδειξαν γλωσσικά μοτίβα που διέπουν το θεραπευτικό λόγο γενικά, καθώς και γλωσσικά μοτίβα που αφορούν ειδικά το γνωσιακό ψυχοθεραπευτικό λόγο. Επιπλέον, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι γλωσσικές επιλογές των μετεχόντων φαίνεται να διαμορφώνουν τη μεταξύ τους σχέση και να συμβάλουν στη χρήση των θεραπευτικών τεχνικών. / Cognitive psychotherapy is a type of therapy based on the premise that people's thoughts are those that affect their behavior and feelings. It is a communicative circumstance with discourse as its main tool. In the present thesis we wanted to examine in detail the use of language in that particular psychotherapeutic context. More specifically, the thesis’ goal was the investigation of the language choices that occur in the context of cognitive psychotherapy and the extent to which those choices affect the therapeutic relationship and the use of therapeutic techniques. To achieve this goal, the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics was adopted, according to which language is a resource of meaning in relation to the socio-cultural environment. Emphasis was given at the interpersonal dimension of language therefore cognitive psychotherapy was treated as a kind of interaction. The interpersonal meaning of language is that which allows us to understand the speech roles chosen by participants in the therapeutic context, their characteristics and their interrelationship. Concerning the methodological framework, a discourse analysis of extracts from cognitive sessions, involving all stages of treatment, took place. Two methodological tools were used: the System of Therapeutic Speech and the Appraisal System. The System of Therapeutic Speech resulted from the synthesis of main elements adopted from two linguistic systems, the Interpersonal System of Halliday & Hasan (1989) and the system of Speech Function of Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) in combination with Labov’s typology (1977). The results of discourse analysis revealed linguistic patterns governing the therapeutic discourse in general as well as linguistic patterns specific to the discourse of cognitive psychotherapy. Furthermore, the results showed that the linguistic choices of the participants seem to shape their relationship and contribute to the use of therapeutic techniques.

<p>This thesis examines how two narrators construe their experiences of the same events differently through the linguistic choices that they make, through a systemic functional analysis, as well as a genre analysis of two testimonies. The Human Rights Violations (HRV) hearings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) allowed testifiers to tell stories of their experiences during apartheid. The selected testimonies refer to the events that led up to the arrest and eventual torture of Faried Muhammad Ferhelst, as told by himself and his mother, Minnie Louisa Ferhelst. Theframeworks used to analyse the testimonies are drawn from the transitivity and genre theories of Systemic Functional Linguistics. A clausal analysis of the transitivity patterns is used to compare the ways in which the testifiers construct their identities and roles when recounting their stories. The transitivity analysis of both testimonies shows that both Mrs Ferhelst and Faried Ferhelst construe themselves as the Affected participant through Material, Mental and Verbal clauses, and construe the police as the Causers, mostly through Material clauses. A genre analysis revealed that both testimonies took the form of narratives, in particular the Recount, a typical genre for relating narratives of personal experience. This research project also explores how the original Afrikaans versions of the testimonies differ from the translated English versions, available online on the TRC website. The Afrikaans versions were transcribed by the researcher from&nbsp / audio-visual records. A transitivity analysis reveals that the interpretation of the Afrikaans testimonies is fairly accurate, with a minimum loss of meaning. Thus in the case of these testimonies, the&nbsp / actual online record in English is an accurate reflection of their stories.</p>

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur bilder förhöll sig till verbaltexten samt hur bild och text fungerade som stödstrukturer i läromedel för svenska och svenska som andraspråk kurs 1, 2 och 3. I studien, som utgick ifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet, utfördes en kvalitativ analys där en analysmodell sammanställdes utifrån två tidigare modeller för kategorisering av bild-textfunktioner. Läromedlen valdes ut efter aktuell läroplan (Lgy 11). Analysen utgick från att de multimodala resurserna kan betraktas som stödstrukturer och resultatet visade att det förekom olika förhållanden mellan bild och verbaltext i läromedlen Sätt full fart (SVA) och Guldspår i språket (SV). Merparten av bild-text-förhållandena var kompletterande och symmetriska, alltså typer av förhållanden som kan fungera som stödstrukturer vilket underlättar förståelsen. Men det förekom även motstridiga förhållanden vilka kan försvåra förståelsen. Detta belyser vikten av att bilder i läromedel används genomtänkt och att det kan finnas ett behov av metasamtal om stödstrukturerna.

Este estudo investiga a Matriz de Referência e 117 itens de provas de Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias, do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem), no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2013, a fim de se estabelecerem relações entre os enunciados de comando dos itens e as ações requeridas do participante, focalizando-se especialmente os processos verbais. A leitura do material teórico-metodológico que constitui o Enem revela uma visão sociointeracionista de língua, centrada no desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades que levarão o aluno ao domínio da língua, importante fator de representação e inclusão social. Por extensão, tal concepção permite compreender a prova do Enem como um ato de interação entre o agente público organizador e os participantes do exame. Como principal referencial teórico, elegeu-se a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004), enfocando-se especialmente a metafunção ideacional do sistema de transitividade, por ser ela a reveladora da experiência e da representação de mundo, sendo capaz, portanto, de expressar os sentidos de aprendizagem linguística e de ação por meio da língua materna/linguagem. Dois objetivos orientaram este estudo. O objetivo específico consistiu em verificar a relação entre os processos verbais mais recorrentes na Matriz e nos itens analisados, a fim de compreender a relação entre o comando do item e a ação de um cidadão letrado, competente e hábil para a produção e recepção de textos em língua materna. Como objetivo geral, espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir para o ensino da Língua Portuguesa, a partir da análise e das reflexões desenvolvidas. Percorreu-se do suporte legal que dá origem ao Enem à configuração do item como um gênero textual para, então, passar-se ao exame do corpus. O exame da Matriz de Referência para a área de Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias e dos itens selecionados apontou a predominância de processos materiais, mentais e relacionais nos enunciados de comando, que, por sua vez, deflagram ações mentais cognitivas nos participantes. Esse resultado indica que dominar a língua para atuar na sociedade com autonomia e competência implica, principalmente, a mobilização interna e intelectual do indivíduo, com base em seus conhecimentos e reflexões. / This study investigates the Matrix of Reference and 117 items of exams regarding Languages, Codes and its Technologies, of the National Secondary Education Exam (Enem) in the period between 2009 and 2013, in order to establish relations between the wordings of command of the items and the actions required from the participants, focusing especially on the verbal processes. The reading of the theoretical-methodological material that constitutes the Enem reveals a socio-interacionist point of view of language, focusing on the development of skills and abilities that will lead the student to the mastery of the language, an important factor of social representation and inclusion. By extension, this concept allows to understand the examination of Enem as an act of interaction between the public agent that organizes it and the participants. As the main theoretical reference, was elected to Systemic Functional Linguistics (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004), with a especial focus on ideational metafunction of the system of transitivity, being in the revealer of experience and worlds representation, being able, therefore, to express the meanings of the mother tongue/language. Two intents have guided this study. The specific intent was to verify the relation between the most recurrent verbal processes in the Matrix and in the analyzed items, in order to understand the connection between the items command and the action of a literate, competent and skilled citizen, for the production and reception of texts in the mother tongue. The general intent, it is hoped that this study will contribute to the teaching of the Portuguese Language, from the developed analysis and reflections. If has covered from the legal support that gives rise to the Enem to the setting of the item as a textual genre to, then, pass to the examination of the corpus. The examination of the Matrix of Reference for the area of Languages, Codes and its Technologies and of the selected items pointed out the predominance of material, mental and relational processes in the wordings of command, which, in turn, trigger cognitive mental actions in the participants. This result indicates that dominate the language to work in society with autonomy and competence implies, mainly, the internal and intellectual mobilization of the individual, based on their knowledge and reflections

Segundo os PCN, o ensino de Inglês deve contribuir para a formação de indivíduos questionadores e autônomos, que sejam capazes de fazer uso da linguagem como prática social. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta para desenvolver o letramento crítico através da leitura (KLEIMAN, 1995; SOARES, 2006), de forma a atender essa necessidade. Para tanto, indico, nesta dissertação, formas de abordar textos multimodais didaticamente, através da Análise Crítica do Discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003) usando os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos e as categorias analíticas oferecidas pela Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional. A relevância do estudo de textos com imagens na escola está na possibilidade de trazer para esse ambiente a discussão de como essas semioses expressam diferentes modos de acesso ao conhecimento. Além disso, apesar da existência de trabalhos dedicados à habilidade de leitura em Inglês (RAMOS, 2004; BAMBIRRA, 2007; VIAN JR., 2009) e, por outro lado, de pesquisas acerca da leitura de imagens e ensino (SARDELICH, 2006: OLIVEIRA, 2006), poucos são os trabalhos que contemplam a leitura crítica em língua estrangeira no que diz respeito à integração da linguagem verbal e visual para a produção de sentidos. Para investigar as escolhas linguísticas e imagéticas e sua relação, responsáveis pela mensagem a ser negociada com o leitor, foram estudados dezessete textos, separados em quatro grupos representando quatro gêneros textuais compostos pelo verbal e pelo visual: cinco artigos de revista, três resenhas, cinco tirinhas e quatro anúncios publicitários. Eles foram examinados separadamente através de algumas das seguintes categorias dentro das três metafunções: a ideacional, principalmente pela análise dos Processos (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004; KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006) e da Representação dos Atores Sociais (VAN LEEUWEN, 1997 e 2008); a interpessoal, pela Valoração (MARTIN e WHITE, 2005) e as instâncias de Contato, Distância Social e Atitude no visual (KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006); a textual, somente na imagem, quanto à Saliência, ao Valor Informacional e à Moldura (KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006). A partir da descrição e discussão dos resultados das análises de cada gênero, proponho algumas atividades para exemplificar a aplicação da LSF em contexto escolar. A construção dos exercícios baseou-se principalmente no artigo de Ramos (2004) sobre a implementação de gêneros em sala de aula. Assim, o trabalho com os corpora se dividiu em três momentos, usando cada gênero de uma vez: 1) descrição do gênero em seu contexto situacional e considerações sobre o contexto cultural; 2) análise do corpus aplicando a LSF e 3) exemplificação de atividades a partir da análise. Os resultados indicam que verbal e visual tendem a se complementar nos gêneros estudados e os ferramentais teóricos utilizados se mostraram como um generoso ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de atividades de leitura crítica / According to the PCN, the teaching of English should contribute to the formation of inquisitive and autonomous individuals, who should be able to make use of language as social practice. This work aims at presenting a proposal to develop critical literacy through reading (KLEIMAN, 1995; SOARES, 2006) in order to fulfill this need. To reach such goal, I indicate forms to approach multimodal texts didactically through Critical Discourse Analysis (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003) by using the theoretical-analytical framework and the categories offered by Systemic Functional Linguistics. The relevance of studying texts with images at school is the possibility to bring to this environment the discussion of how the two semioses express different ways to access knowledge. Besides, although much has been researched about teaching reading in English (RAMOS, 2004; BAMBIRRA, 2007; VIAN JR., 2009) and, on the other hand, on how to teach reading images (SARDELICH, 2006: OLIVEIRA, 2006), there are few works that encompass critical reading in foreign languages integrating the verbal and the visual aspects in the production of meanings. To investigate the linguistic and visual choices and their relationship, which is responsible for the messages to be negotiated with the reader, seventeen texts were studied, which were divided into four groups of multimodal genres: five magazine articles, three movie reviews, five comic strips and four print advertisements. They have been examined separately through some of the following categories within the three metafunctions: ideational, mainly through the analysis of Processes (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004; KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006) and the Representation of Social Actors (VAN LEEUWEN, 1997 e 2008); interpersonal, by the Appraisal Theory (MARTIN e WHITE, 2005) and the visual instances of Contact, Social Distance and Attitude (KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006); textual, only in the images, regarding Salience, Informational Value and Framing (KRESS & VAN LEEUWEN, 2006). From the description and discussion of the results of the analysis in each genre, I suggest some activities to exemplify how to implement the principles of LSF in the school context. The construction of activities was based on Ramos article (2004) about the use of genres at school. Therefore, the work with the corpora was divided into three moments, using each genre at a time: 1) description of the genre in its situational context and some comments on its cultural context; 2) analysis of the corpus applying the LSF and 3) exemplification of activities made from the analysis. Results have pointed to the complementation between visual and verbal elements in the construction of meanings and the theoretical-analytical framework used has proven to be a generous starting point for the development of critical reading activities

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as características da linguagem no Twitter, focalizando (i) seu propósito comunicativo, (ii) seus participantes discursivos e (iii) suas relações interpessoais. Por acreditar que a linguagem é um recurso sistemático e que somente através dela expressamos significados em determinados contextos, encontramos na Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF) uma base teórica que se encaixa à pesquisa. Para Halliday(1994), a linguística é o estudo de como as pessoas negociam sentido através do uso da linguagem. Assim, encontramos no Twitter, um corpus diversificado que reforça ainda mais a teoria da LSF, quando afirma sermos nós, falantes da língua, os únicos responsáveis por nossas escolhas lexicais, tendo consciência de como e onde, contextualmente falando, podemos aplicar em uma atividade linguística em que estivermos engajados. O material de pesquisa foi constituído mediante a coleta inicial de 671 comentários postados no Twitter em 2010. Dados obtidos a partir da análise desta coleta confirmam o argumento de Crystal (2011), de que a expressão de opinião é o principal propósito comunicativo das mensagens postadas no microblogging. Assim, após recortes no corpus para coleta exclusivamente de opiniões, 201 tuítes resultantes de duas coletas realizadas em datas e situações diferentes foram analisados: uma, após notícia de agressão a uma professora; a segunda, momentos antes e durante a Copa Mundial de 2010. Os resultados apontam diferenças entre as amostras, principalmente em função de aspectos do contexto de situação: pois embora o tom seja de indignação nas amostras com tuítes opinativos, apenas na amostra futebol há tentativa de se orientar a ação do outro. Quanto às relações interpessoais, foram identificadas marcas de interação face a face nas duas amostras, mas apenas na amostra futebol identificou-se uso de linguagem de baixo calão. Finalmente, em relação às características gerais do Twitter, observa-se o uso de linguagem reduzida na forma de caracteres emotivos ou de abreviações, o uso de interjeições e pontos de exclamação. Observou-se ainda o uso recorrente de léxico valorativo, de ironia e de perguntas retóricas para expressão de indignação, mas estes traços parecem ser afetados por aspectos do contexto de situação, mais do que por características do Twitter / The aim of this research is to investigate the characteristics of language on Twitter, focusing on (i) its communicative purpose, (ii) its discursive participants and (iii) its interpersonal relations. In the belief that language is a systematic resource for the production of meaning, we found in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) a theoretical foundation for the research. Halliday (1994) argues that linguistics is the study of how people exchange meanings through language. Thus, we find in Twitter a varied corpus which further reinforces the theory of SFL, when it states that we, language speakers, are the only ones responsible for our lexical choices, knowing how and where, contextually speaking, we can apply a linguistic activity we are engaged. The research material is made up of the compilation of 671 comments posted on Twitter in 2010. Data obtained from the analysis of this compilation confirms the argument by Crystal (2011) that the expression of opinion is the main communicative purpose of tweets posted on the microblogging service. Thus, after selecting only tweets which express exclusively opinion, we ended up with 201 tweets resulting from two surveys, carried out at different points in time and in different social situations: one, after the news about an incident of aggression against a teacher; the second, moments before and during the World Cup 2010. The results point to differences between the samples, mainly due to the discursive topic. Although a tone of indignation characterizes both samples, only in the soccer sample is there an attempt at guiding the actions of other people. Still within the domain of interpersonal relationships, the use of features that characterize face to face interaction is present in both samples, but only in the soccer sample does one notice the use of swear words. Finally, regarding the overall characteristics of Twitter, the following language features were identified: the use of reduced language, in the form of emoticons or abbreviations; the use of interjections and exclamations; the use of evaluative language, irony and rhetorical questions for the expression of indignation, but the latter three features seem to be affected by aspects of the context of situation, rather than by characteristics of Twitter

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as representações de professores de língua inglesa de um curso livre de idiomas no Rio de Janeiro, acerca de sua própria profissão e de outros aspectos relacionados ao ensino desta disciplina, procurando identificar a maneira como o discurso destes profissionais constrói suas identidades. Buscamos apontar como são construídas e negociadas no discurso características identitárias dos professores de inglês a fim de compreender como estes professores se veem ou constroem uma imagem de um bom professor de inglês. Para realizar a análise recorremos ao Sistema de Avaliatividade proposto por Martin & White (2005), cujos princípios têm origem na metafunção interpessoal da Linguística Sistêmico Funcional (Halliday, 2004), além de algumas importantes noções da Análise do Discurso Crítica (Fairclough, 2003), especialmente no que diz respeito à concepção de linguagem, discurso e sua relação com as práticas sociais. O conceito de representação utilizado nesta pesquisa foi fundamentado em Minayo (1994) e Fairclough (2003) e a noção de identidade baseia-se em Fairclough (2003) e Hall (2000), observando que as identidades não são apenas representadas no discurso, mas construídas nele, além de terem um caráter instável, mutável, multifacetado e inacabado. O Corpus analisado consiste em transcrição de uma discussão entre oito professores de inglês e foi coletado através da técnica de Grupo Focal. Foram selecionados 20 trechos de falas desta discussão e agrupadas em três temas: a) O professor nativo / Experiência no exterior; b) Ser professor de língua inglesa / O valor da profissão; e c) Como me vejo como professor/a de inglês. Analisamos as avalições feitas segundo os subsistemas de Atitude e Engajamento. Os resultados da análise mostraram que este grupo de professores utiliza preferencialmente avaliações negativas de julgamento de capacidade quando se trata de avaliar o professor nativo, avaliações positivas de julgamento de capacidade e tenacidade quando se trata de avaliar o professor de inglês não nativo e, principalmente, avaliações positivas do tipo Afeto quando se trata de avaliar a profissão ou a sua prática diária. Somados a outros itens recorrentes, estes resultados apontam para o perfil de um bom professor na visão do grupo de sujeitos participantes / This research aims at investigating the representations of teachers of English from a private language course in Rio when talking about their profession and other issues related to the teaching of this language in order to identify the way the discourse of these teachers builds their identities. We intend to point out how identity traits of these professionals are built and negotiated so as to understand the way they see themselves and construct the figure of a good teacher. Our analysis is grounded on The Language of Evaluation - Appraisal Theory proposed by Martin & White (2005), whose principals are related to the Interpersonal Function from Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 2004), as well as on some important notions from Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 20003), particularly those regarding its concepts of language, discourse and their relation with social practices. The conception of representation in this dissertation is based on Minayo (1994) and Fairclough (2003), while the notion of identity is based on Fairclough (2003) and Hall (2000). As we recognize identities as being unstable, mutable, multi-faceted and unfinished, we understand that identities are not only represented in discourse but also constructed by it. The analyzed corpus consists of the transcription of a discussion in which 8 teachers of English took part and was collected by means of Focus Group technique. 20 passages of the whole discussion were selected to be analyzed and were gathered in three different themes: a) The native teacher / Experience abroad; b) Being a teacher of English / The value of the profession; and c) The way I see myself as a teacher of English. We analyzed evaluations belonging to the subtypes Affect and Engagement. The results showed that this group of professionals preferably uses negative evaluations of Judgement Capacity when talking about the native teacher of English, positive evaluations of Judgement Capacity and Tenacity when it comes to the non-native English teacher and, notably, positive evaluations of Affect when referring to their profession and their daily practice. In addition to other recurring items, these results point to a profile of a good English teacher in the participants perspective

This work believes that language, when it is put in action, allows as the expression of someone world s experiences, as the building of representations of the same subject and others. Since we understand that discursive practices are able to project identities, we chose to investigate versions of reality expressed in opinion s article from the journalist Diogo Mainardi when he represents, via discourse, president Lula, Workers Party, and Lula s government. We intend, in fact, to answer the following question: how the journalist Diogo Mainardi realizes linguistically the president Lula s representation, as well as the representation of his party and his government? The answer to this central question passes also through the author ethos constitution. Then, we examined, in this study, different linguistic ways which Mainardi uses in order to build as an image of himself, as an image of the biggest figure of brazilian s politics hierarchy. To do this, we based our work on appraisal theory, from Martin & White (2005), on social actor representation s theory proposed by van Leeuwen (1997), and on transitivity system by Halliday & Matthiessen (2004). The ethos constitution was investigated based on Amossy s researches (2005). Our results pointed out negative judgments of Mainardi concerning the actors we discussed. We detected predominance of capacity social esteem judgments, in representations of Lula, and predominance of property social sanction judgments, in people who belongs to his government. So, we conclude that the pejorative way Mainardi represents Lula is just a personal implication and, because of it, should not be considered in terms of evaluation of president s behavior, either in terms of building his identity. / Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que a linguagem, quando posta em ação, propicia não só a expressão das experiências de mundo de um sujeito, mas também a construção de representações desse mesmo sujeito e de outros. Uma vez que entendemos que práticas discursivas são capazes de projetar identidades, optamos por investigar a elaboração de versões da realidade expressas no discurso de artigos de opinião do jornalista Diogo Mainardi quando este representa o presidente Lula, o Partido dos Trabalhadores e o governo Lula. Buscamos, na verdade, responder à seguinte pergunta: como o jornalista Diogo Mainardi realiza linguisticamente a representação do ator social Lula, de seu partido e governo? A resposta a esta questão básica passa também pela constituição do ethos discursivo do autor. Assim, examinamos, neste trabalho, as diversas operações lingüísticas que Mainardi mobilizou para construir a imagem de si próprio e do representante maior da hierarquia política brasileira. Usamos, como pressupostos teóricos, a teoria da Avaliatividade de Martin e White (2005), a teoria de representação dos atores sociais proposta por van Leeuwen (1997) e o sistema de transitividade com base em Halliday & Matthiessen (2004). O processo de construção do ethos foi investigado através de pesquisas apresentadas por Amossy (2005). Os resultados da análise mostraram posicionamento e julgamento negativos de Mainardi em relação aos atores de quem buscamos a representação. Detectamos a predominância de julgamentos de estima social por capacidade, nas representações do presidente Lula, e a predominância de julgamentos de sanção social por propriedade nas representações daqueles que fazem parte de seu governo. Concluímos, com isso, que a maneira pejorativa com que Mainardi representa Lula não passa de implicância pessoal e, que, portanto, não devem ser relevadas em termos de avaliação da conduta do presidente, e tampouco da construção de sua identidade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the LGBT community there are some dogmas which must be followed so that the homosexual is seen with good eyes by their peers: having a sexually attractive body, having an intense sexual life and always staying young. These fundamentals create a false impression that every gay is young, beautiful and attractive. However, it is known that the homosexual community is not formed only by young men. There are several groups of homosexuals which are not very esteemed by the gay community, such as transsexuals, transvestites, bears, and the elderly gays. From this information and taking into account the fact that one of the roles that language performs is to allow representations of the world and of ourselves to be manifested, this work aims to analyze through lexicogrammar functions and semantic elements: i) how elderly homosexuals are linguistically represented, ii) what are the social representations manifested about the group, and iii) what are the agents responsible for these representations. Therefore, the corpus is composed of 19 journalistic texts (2 opinion pieces, 7 newspaper reports and 10 news pieces) available over the Internet and that address the homosexuality in seniors. In order to identify what representations are manifested on elderly gays in the texts from the corpus, as well as to verify what lexicogrammar functions perform these representations, the analytical tool at the base of the analysis is the transitivity system from Systemic Functional Grammar (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004). To analyze what agents are responsible for the representations found, we used the engagement system from the Appraisal Theory (MARTIN & WHITE, 2005). The results show that in the texts analyzed there are seven representations of elderly gays: lonely, victims of prejudice, politically helpless, active, invisible, marginalized, and victims of crimes. Furthermore, we concluded that the representing agents are both the sources which act on the texts and the media legal representative, the journalist or the writer. / Na comunidade LGBT, há certos preceitos que devem ser seguidos para que o homossexual seja visto com bons olhos pelos seus pares: ter um corpo sexualmente atraente, possuir uma vida sexual intensa e manter-se jovem. Esses códigos de conduta criam a falsa impressão de que todo gay é jovem, belo e atraente. Entretanto, é sabido que a comunidade homossexual não é formada apenas por joviais rapazes; há vários grupos de homossexuais ainda pouco prestigiados pela comunidade gay, como as transex, as travestis, os bears e os gays idosos. Partindo disso e considerando que uma das funções desempenhadas pela linguagem é possibilitar que representações acerca do mundo, de nós mesmos e dos outros sejam manifestadas, este trabalho visa a analisar, com base em funções léxico-gramaticais e elementos semânticos-discursivos, i) como homossexuais idosos são representados linguisticamente, ii) quais são as representações sociais manifestadas a respeito do grupo e iii) quais são os agentes responsáveis pelas representações encontradas. Para isso, o corpus é composto por 19 textos jornalísticos (2 artigos de opinião, 7 reportagens e 10 notícias), disponíveis na internet, que abordam a questão da homossexualidade na terceira idade. A fim de identificar quais representações manifestadas sobre os gays idosos nos textos do corpus, bem como verificar quais funções léxico-gramaticais realizam essas representações, a ferramenta teórica que embasa as análises é o sistema de transitividade, da Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004). Para analisar quais os agentes responsáveis pelas representações encontradas, empregamos o sistema de engajamento, da Teoria da Avaliatividade (MARTIN & WHITE, 2005). Os resultados encontrados mostram que, nos textos analisados, existem sete representações sobre os gays idosos: solitários, vítimas de preconceito, desamparados politicamente, atuantes, invisíveis, marginalizados e vítimas de crime. Além disso, chegou-se à conclusão de que os agentes representadores são tanto as fontes que atuam nos textos quanto o representante legal da mídia, jornalista ou articulista.