Le développement industriel important, le fort accroissement démographique, l'urbanisation intensive, l'expansion des trafics de transports routiers, aériens et maritimes, sont tout autant de facteur contribuant à l'épuisement des ressources planétaires, du foncier et au dérèglement climatique. Faire face aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre et aux autres impacts environnementaux se résume le plus souvent à la conduite d'une politique complémentaire couplant les 3 piliers stratégiques du développement durable : environnement, économie et social. Une normalisation des principes de développement durable est difficile à clarifier, elle dépend du contexte et des objectifs d'un pays ou du territoire d'étude impliqué. La transition énergétique et écologique nécessite un référentiel d'éco-aménagement adapté aux spécificités et aux enjeux des espaces concernés. Ces travaux contribuent à accompagner l'aménagement d'un site en milieu périurbaininsulaire, autour d'activité des secteurs primaires, secondaires, tertiaires et résidentiels.Dans ce cadre, plusieurs outils d'analyse ont été développés pour répondre aux exigences d'un éco-aménagement, à partir notamment des analyses techniques, environnementales et de l'évaluation globale d'un éco-aménagement. Ces outils développés permettent aux acteurs d'aménagement du territoire et de construction d'espaces bâtis, d'analyser les bilans d'impacts environnementaux d'un projet et d'évaluer différentes alternatives d'aménagement. Au delà des outils d'aide à la décision, il est proposé dans cette thèse, une démarche méthodologique basée sur l'approche systémique et typologique et le cadre normatif ISO 14044 relatif à l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie. / Significant industrial development, strong population growth, intensive urbanization,expansion of road, air and sea transports are all factors that contribute to the exhaustion of natural resources, land and climate change. The combination of the 3 strategic pillars of sustainable development : environment, economy and social, in the deployment of complementary policies contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and environmental impacts.The standardization of the sustainable development principles is difficult to implement. It depends on the context of a the studied country or territory. The ecological and energy transition requires a eco-mangement frame of reference adapted to the specificities and stakes of the concerned territories. This work contributes to the development of a surburban site in a tropical islandenvironment, around activities in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. In this context, several analysis tools have been developed to meet the requirements of an eco-management scheme, including technical and environmental analyzes and the overall evaluation of an eco-management scheme. These tools provide local and regional actors to analyze the environmental impacts of a project and to evaluate different development alternatives. In addition to the decision-supporttools, a methodological approach is proposed in this thesis, based on the systemic and typological approaches and the ISO 14044 normative framework relating to Life Cycle Assessment.

Depuis le début des années 90, la gestion des déchets est devenue une gestion de «ressources» dont la valorisation permet de substituer en partie le besoin en ressources naturelles fossiles. Cette valorisation s'accompagne d'une logistique qu'il est nécessaire de planifier sur le territoire afin que les impacts additionnels associés aux activités de gestion ne compensent pas les bénéfices issus de la transformation de la ressource. Par ailleurs, la ressource « déchets » est non uniformément répartie sur le territoire: les gisements ainsi dispersés et disparates ont des implications sur la performance des filières de traitement (leur efficience) et, notamment, sur celle des activités de transport. Afin de prendre en compte cette hétérogénéité spatiale dans l'élaboration et l'évaluation de scénarios de gestion, cette thèse propose une approche territoriale de conception de filières de traitement qui repose sur l'utilisation d'indicateurs de potentiel de valorisation associés aux gisements. Son application au cas d’étude montréalais a permis de cibler à la fois les besoins en termes d'amélioration du système de gestion et les zones territoriales où ces changements devaient apparaître. L'approche développée constitue un premier pas vers un outil d'aide à la décision pour une diversification localisée des filières de traitement. En tenant compte des interactions entre les différents processus des filières (collecte/transport/traitement), elle fournit également un cadre permettant une meilleure coordination globale des activités de gestion des déchets. / Since the early 90's, waste management has become a « resources » management whose recovery can substitute fossil natural resources. The waste processing required can lead to important logistics, which need to be planned so that the additional impacts associated with waste management operations do not offset the benefits arising from the exploitation of the resource. Moreover, waste is a dispersed resource, subject to a great spatial variability (e.g. waste production rate). This has implications on the recovery chains performance and, especially, on the transport-related activities. In order to consider this spatial heterogeneity in waste management planning, this thesis presents a territorial approach to waste recovery chain's design. It relies on the definition of recovery potentials indicators associated to the sources. The application of the approach to the Montreal case allowed finding the areas unfavourable to the management scenarios considered. Determining the causes of low performance allowed targeting the needs in terms of system's improvement and, especially, the areas where these changes needed to happen. Therefore the approach presented in this thesis is the first step towards a decision-making tool for a localized diversification of recovery chains. By including the interactions between the chain's different processes (collection/transport/treatment), it also provides a systemic framework for a better overall planning of waste management activities.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work has as general objective to carry out geoenvironmental zoning applied in the study of potentialities and susceptibilities and of use and occupation in the municipality of Rosário do Sul. The choice for the study area is justified because there are already several studies in the west section of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the Ibicuí River Basin. In addition, it should be noted that this work is part of the LAGEOLAM (Environmental Geology Laboratory) which has a line of research directed to the Municipal Geoenvironmental Atlas, and considering this, in the future the municipality of Rosário do Sul may also fit in this proposal. The bibliographic review of the present work presented questions related to the Systemic Approach and the Geosystems, Methodologies for Relief Mapping, Geoenvironmental Studies and Geoenvironmental Zoning, besides the use of Geographic Information Systems for Geoenvironmental Studies. The method adopted for the present study used the method of investigation of the systemic approach and was divided into three major steps: Data Collection and Production, Correlation of Information and the Geoenvironmental Zoning of the municipality of Rosário do Sul. As a result of this research, it presents first an analysis of the physical elements of the landscape, contemplating hydrography, relief, lithology and soils. After that, it was made the morpho-lithological compartmentalization of the study area, using as a basis the lithological characteristics and the partitioning of the relief of the municipality of Rosário do Sul. Subsequently, a temporal analysis of land use and occupation was carried out, with the aim of identifying the transformations that occurred during the last 20 years in the landscape that configure the study area. Finally, the geoenvironmental zoning of the municipality of Rosário do Sul was presented, dividing the study area into five systems and nine geoenvironmental units: Caverá System including Altitudes Hills, Association of Hillock and Earthmounds and Hillock and Isolated Earthmounds; Recent Deposits System composed of Ibirapuitã and Santa Maria units; Ibicuí da Armada System; Santa Maria system subdivided by the Botucatu, Guará, Piramboia and Sanga do Cabral units and finally the Urban System. The Geoenvironmental systems and units were characterized in terms of potentialities and susceptibilities related to use and occupation, with Santa Maria and Urban systems being the most susceptible in the study area. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral realizar um zoneamento geoambiental aplicado ao estudo das potencialidades e suscetibilidades ambientais e de uso e ocupação no município de Rosário do Sul. A escolha pela área de estudo justifica-se em razão de já existirem diversos estudos realizados na porção oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Ibicuí. Além disso, destaca-se que esse trabalho integra a proposta do Laboratório de Geologia Ambiental que possui uma linha de pesquisa direcionada aos Atlas Geoambientais Municipais, e diante disso, futuramente o município de Rosário do Sul também poderá se enquadrar dentro dessa proposta. A revisão bibliográfica do presente trabalho apresentou questões relacionadas a Abordagem Sistêmica e os Geossistemas, Metodologias para o Mapeamento do Relevo, Estudos Geoambientais e o Zoneamento Geoambiental, além da Utilização dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas para os Estudos Geoambientais. A metodologia adotada para o presente trabalho empregou o método de investigação da abordagem sistêmica e foi dividida em três grandes etapas: Levantamento e Produção de Dados, Correlação das Informações e o Zoneamento Geoambiental do município de Rosário do Sul. Como resultados dessa pesquisa, apresenta-se primeiramente uma análise dos elementos físicos da paisagem, contemplando a hidrografia, o relevo, a litologia e os solos. Após isso, foi realizada a compartimentação morfolitológica da área de estudo, utilizando como base as características litológicas e a compartimentação do relevo do município de Rosário do Sul. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise temporal do uso e ocupação da terra, com o objetivo de identificar as transformações ocorridas ao longos dos últimos 20 anos na paisagem que configura a área de estudo. Por fim, apresentou-se o zoneamento geoambiental do município de Rosário do Sul, dividindo a área de estudo em cinco sistemas e nove unidades geoambientais: Sistema Caverá englobando as unidades das Colinas de Altitudes, Associação de Morros e Morrotes e os Morros e Morrotes Isolados; Sistema Depósitos Recentes composto pelas unidades Ibirapuitã e Santa Maria; Sistema Ibicuí da Armada; Sistema Santa Maria subdividido pelas unidades Botucatu, Guará, Piramboia e Sanga do Cabral; e por último o Sistema Urbano. Os sistemas e as unidades geoambientais foram caracterizados frente as potencialidades e as suscetibilidades com relação ao uso e a ocupação, sendo os sistemas Santa e Urbano os mais suscetíveis da área de estudo.

O contexto da globalização é um processo evolutivo da sociedade, aliado a outros fatores que impõem às empresas a formação de diferentes arranjos, na busca de se manterem no mercado competitivo. As mudanças, nesse cenário mundial, dificultam as condições de sobrevivência das empresas, obrigando as mesmas a estabelecerem relações cooperativas, com vistas a obter os fatores de produção necessários à sua manutenção nos mercados. No que se refere à cadeia produtiva da maçã, objeto deste estudo, a área cultivada no mundo vem decrescendo desde 1996. Entretanto, na América do Sul, observa-se uma tendência crescente de incremento de área cultivada. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho competitivo da cadeia produtiva de maçã na Região Sul do Brasil, tendo como referência os maiores produtores dos Estados de Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Paraná (PR). O estudo utilizou como embasamento teórico a Teoria dos Sistemas, Cadeia Produtiva, Diagnóstico da Cadeia Produtiva, Desempenho da Cadeia Produtiva e, por fim, Indicadores de Desempenho de qualidade, eficiência, equidade, sustentabilidade e competitividade da cadeia. Para atingir os objetivos, a pesquisa foi do tipo qualitativa, com caráter exploratório e operacionalizado mediante um de estudo de caso. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, semiestruturadas aos elos da cadeia produtiva da maçã, ou seja, os fornecedores de insumos, o produtor, o packing house e o distribuidor, bem como os especialistas, totalizando 26 agentes da CPM, escolhidos por conveniência. Mediante análise dos dados, ficou evidenciado que há vários fatores negativos e positivos que impactam a cadeia. Os pontos negativos foram: falta de organização, falta divulgação, mão de obra não qualificada e com custo alto, excesso de burocracia dos agentes financeiros, deficiência de capital, pulverização excessiva da oferta, não há relacionamento entre os elos da CPM. Entre outros, dos pontos positivos, destaca-se a utilização de tecnologia avançada no packing house, no porta-enxerto; a utilização da certificação como a Globalgap. Também detectou-se preocupação com a questão ambiental e social. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-02T19:36:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marta Elisete Ventura da Motta.pdf: 919297 bytes, checksum: 514ea3d6d0dabce19494b405b2486d27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-02T19:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marta Elisete Ventura da Motta.pdf: 919297 bytes, checksum: 514ea3d6d0dabce19494b405b2486d27 (MD5) / The context of globalization is an evolutionary process of society, together with other factors that require the companies to form different arrangements, seeking to remain competitive in the market. The changes in this global scenario, difficult conditions for the survival of companies, forcing them to establish cooperative relationships in order to obtain the factors of production necessary to maintain the markets. With regard to the productive chain of the apple, the object of this study, the cultivated area in the world has been falling since 1996. However, in South America, there is a growing tendency for increases in area cultivated. The research aimed to assess the competitive performance of the productive chain of the apple in the South of Brazil, with reference to the major producers of the States of Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Paraná (PR). The study used as the theoretical foundation of systems theory, productive chain, productive chain diagnostics, performance of the productive chain, performance Iidicators order to base the assessment of quality, efficiency, equity, sustainability and competitiveness of the chain. To achieve the objectives the methodology was a qualitative study, exploratory and operationalized through a case study. As a tool for data collection were conducted through interviews in depth semi-structured to the productive chain of the apple and the suppliers of inputs, producer, packing house and distributors, as well as specialists, totaling 26 agents CPM, chosen by convenience. By analyzing the data it was evident that there are several factors that impact both positive and negative chain. The negative points were lack of organization, poor disclosure, unskilled labor and high cost, excessive bureaucracy of financial agents, the deficiency of capital, spraying too much supply, there is no relationship between the links of the CPM. Among the positive highlights the use of advanced technology in the packing house, the rootstock, using certified as Globalgap. Also detected the concern about the environmental and social.

O contexto da globalização é um processo evolutivo da sociedade, aliado a outros fatores que impõem às empresas a formação de diferentes arranjos, na busca de se manterem no mercado competitivo. As mudanças, nesse cenário mundial, dificultam as condições de sobrevivência das empresas, obrigando as mesmas a estabelecerem relações cooperativas, com vistas a obter os fatores de produção necessários à sua manutenção nos mercados. No que se refere à cadeia produtiva da maçã, objeto deste estudo, a área cultivada no mundo vem decrescendo desde 1996. Entretanto, na América do Sul, observa-se uma tendência crescente de incremento de área cultivada. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho competitivo da cadeia produtiva de maçã na Região Sul do Brasil, tendo como referência os maiores produtores dos Estados de Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Paraná (PR). O estudo utilizou como embasamento teórico a Teoria dos Sistemas, Cadeia Produtiva, Diagnóstico da Cadeia Produtiva, Desempenho da Cadeia Produtiva e, por fim, Indicadores de Desempenho de qualidade, eficiência, equidade, sustentabilidade e competitividade da cadeia. Para atingir os objetivos, a pesquisa foi do tipo qualitativa, com caráter exploratório e operacionalizado mediante um de estudo de caso. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, semiestruturadas aos elos da cadeia produtiva da maçã, ou seja, os fornecedores de insumos, o produtor, o packing house e o distribuidor, bem como os especialistas, totalizando 26 agentes da CPM, escolhidos por conveniência. Mediante análise dos dados, ficou evidenciado que há vários fatores negativos e positivos que impactam a cadeia. Os pontos negativos foram: falta de organização, falta divulgação, mão de obra não qualificada e com custo alto, excesso de burocracia dos agentes financeiros, deficiência de capital, pulverização excessiva da oferta, não há relacionamento entre os elos da CPM. Entre outros, dos pontos positivos, destaca-se a utilização de tecnologia avançada no packing house, no porta-enxerto; a utilização da certificação como a Globalgap. Também detectou-se preocupação com a questão ambiental e social. / The context of globalization is an evolutionary process of society, together with other factors that require the companies to form different arrangements, seeking to remain competitive in the market. The changes in this global scenario, difficult conditions for the survival of companies, forcing them to establish cooperative relationships in order to obtain the factors of production necessary to maintain the markets. With regard to the productive chain of the apple, the object of this study, the cultivated area in the world has been falling since 1996. However, in South America, there is a growing tendency for increases in area cultivated. The research aimed to assess the competitive performance of the productive chain of the apple in the South of Brazil, with reference to the major producers of the States of Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Paraná (PR). The study used as the theoretical foundation of systems theory, productive chain, productive chain diagnostics, performance of the productive chain, performance Iidicators order to base the assessment of quality, efficiency, equity, sustainability and competitiveness of the chain. To achieve the objectives the methodology was a qualitative study, exploratory and operationalized through a case study. As a tool for data collection were conducted through interviews in depth semi-structured to the productive chain of the apple and the suppliers of inputs, producer, packing house and distributors, as well as specialists, totaling 26 agents CPM, chosen by convenience. By analyzing the data it was evident that there are several factors that impact both positive and negative chain. The negative points were lack of organization, poor disclosure, unskilled labor and high cost, excessive bureaucracy of financial agents, the deficiency of capital, spraying too much supply, there is no relationship between the links of the CPM. Among the positive highlights the use of advanced technology in the packing house, the rootstock, using certified as Globalgap. Also detected the concern about the environmental and social.

Studying the dynamics of the Brazilian semiarid geomorphological landscape is an investigative exercise of great interest to contemporary science. Particularly, the integrated analysis of the river geomorphic processes with the various natural and socioeconomic conditions in the “Submédia" region the San Francisco River has an even more relevant purpose in viewing its geographical context and the recent evolutionary history of the Earth. In this perspective, this research was based on the systemic approach, on the structural and physiological aspect of the landscape to analyze the recent geomorphological dynamics of the islands of the Massangano and Rodeaouro, located in the Submédio San Francisco, as a subsidy for planning the proper use and occupation of their Lands. Therefore, methodological procedures associated to different stages were adopted, among them the documentary survey (bibliographical and cartographic), field work and laboratory analysis. More specifically, geoprocessing and mapping techniques, such as the digital elevation model (MDE), the correlation of information plans, geological, pedological and gemorological data analysis, were used to delimit the morphostructural and depositional units that compose the local geomorphological compartmentalization, as well as drainage and land use and occupation. In addition, profiles were described based on the morphostratigraphic approach for collecting, analyzing and dating by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (LOE) of sediments (morphoscopy and granulometry) in alluvial deposits, distinguishing its genesis, morphogenetic evolution and the environmental context in the islands. The results obtained allowed to infer that sediments of fluvial origin were removed by the winds, being slightly changed by transport flows and deposition with short distance, from a relatively near source and associated to extreme events like the floods, that still today are recurrent in this region. The ages record among 100 the 2000 years also indicate a possible geochronology of Holocene paleoclimatic events, such as prolonged El Niño periods and the so-called Little Ice Age, which intensified semiarid conditions in this region. The islands and the entire Submédio San Francisco basin have also undergone profound changes in the last 39 years, (from 1977 to 2016) due to hydrodynamic interventions with morphological and environmental implications. The dams along the course of the river, such as that of Sobradinho upstream, controlled the oscillations between droughts and floods, maintaining the regular flow, and still caused changes in flow and depositional/erosive cycle, recharge and material carrying capacity evidenced by the lowering of the water flow, the aggradation of its bed and the disappearance of several tributaries. Consequently, they also expanded the occupation of the marginal lands with high population density, agricultural, tourist and leisure activities, besides the deforestation, the erosion of the banks with the consequent colmatation of the river bed and the formation of bars and temporary sandy banks removed or submerged rocks that associated with rocky riffles downstream of the channel provide a more cohesive sediment concentration with intermittent and even permanent features in which vegetation rapidly colonizes into new islands and intercepts the flow with anastomosis. The techniques applied for the interpretation of selected sediments on the island have proved to be efficient. However, they must be correlated with the collection and analysis of deposits on other geomorphic accumulation surfaces. / Estudar a dinâmica da paisagem geomorfológica Semiárida Brasileira é um exercício investigativo de grande interesse para a ciência contemporânea. Particularmente a análise integrada dos processos geomórficos fluviais com as diversas condições naturais e socioeconômicas, na região Submédia do rio São Francisco têm um propósito ainda mais relevante diante do seu contexto geográfico e para a história evolutiva recente da Terra. Nesta perspectiva, esta pesquisa se baseou na abordagem sistêmica, no aspecto estrutural e fisiológico da paisagem para analisar a dinâmica geomorfológica recente das ilhas do Massangano e Rodeaouro, situadas no Submédio São Francisco, como subsídio para o planejamento do uso e ocupação adequados de suas terras. Por conseguinte, adotou procedimentos metodológicos associados a diferentes etapas, destacando-se entre eles o levantamento documental (bibliográfico e cartográfico), trabalho de campo e análise laboratorial. Especificamente, técnicas de geoprocessamento e mapeamento, como o modelo digital de elevação (MDE), a correlação de planos de informações, análise de dados Geológicos, pedológicos e gemorfológicos, foram utilizadas para delimitar as unidades morfoestruturais e deposicionais que compõe a compartimentação geomorfológica local, bem como, a drenagem e o uso e ocupação das terras. Também, realizaram-se a descrição de perfis baseados na abordagem morfoestratigráfica para coleta, análise e datação por Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE) de sedimentos (morfoscopia e granulometria) nos depósitos aluviais, distinguindo sua gênese, evolução morfogenética e o contexto ambiental em que se encontram nas ilhas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir que os sedimentos de origem fluvial foram remobilizados pelos ventos, sendo pouco trabalhado por fluxos de transporte e deposição com curta distância, de uma fonte relativamente próxima e associada a eventos extremos como as cheias, que ainda hoje são recorrentes nesta região. As Idades registradas entre 100 a 2000 anos também indicam uma possível geocronologia dos eventos paleoclimáticos holocênicos, como os períodos de El Niño prolongados e a denominada Pequena Idade do Gelo que intensificaram a semiaridez nesta região. As ilhas e toda bacia do Submédio São Francisco, nos últimos 39 anos, entre 1977-2016, também sofreram profundas alterações decorrentes das intervenções hidrodinâmicas com implicações morfológicas e ambientais. As barragens ao longo do curso do rio, como a de Sobradinho a montante, controlaram as oscilações entre as secas e cheias, mantendo a vazão regular, contudo ocasionaram alterações no fluxo e no ciclo erosivo/deposicional, na recarga e capacidade de transporte de material, evidenciadas pelo rebaixamento da vazão d’água, o assoreamento de seu leito e o desaparecimento de vários tributários. Desta forma, também expandiram a ocupação das terras marginais com alta densidade populacional, atividades agrícolas, turísticas e de lazer, além do desmatamento, a erosão das margens com a consequente colmatação do leito do rio e a formação de barras e bancos arenosos temporários, removidas ou submersas, que associadas a soleiras rochosas a jusante do canal proporcionam uma concentração de sedimentos mais coesos com feições intermitentes e até permanentes em que a vegetação se coloniza rapidamente, transformando-as em novas ilhas e interceptando o fluxo com o anastomosamento. As técnicas aplicadas para interpretação dos sedimentos selecionados na ilha demonstraram-se eficientes, contudo devem ser correlacionadas com a coleta e análise de depósitos em outras superfícies geomórficas de acumulação.

A transgressão de determinados limites na apropriação da natureza pela sociedade vem explicitando o impasse na forma como se dá essa relação, levando pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento a centrar atenção sobre o problema. A diversidade de métodos, correntes ideológicas e pressupostos teóricos que definem tais pesquisas, levam a uma realidade em que, um dos raros pontos de consenso está na necessidade fundamental de uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Dentre todas as ciências, a Geografia, em função das características de seus objetos e métodos específicos, é aquela que reúne os melhores recursos teórico-metodológicos para abordar a questão de uma forma mais abrangente e integrada. Um dos conceitos fundamentais na análise das intervenções humanas, e das conseqüências destas sobre o ambiente é sustentabilidade. Diante da ampla gama e diversidade de abordagens sobre o tema, torna-se necessário definir critérios a partir dos quais seja possível mensurar a dimensão da relação custo/benefício das diferentes formas de intervenções humanas sobre o ambiente, sob as perspectivas sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Neste sentido, configura-se como fundamental a definição de indicadores de sustentabilidade e de métodos de avaliação desses indicadores, de forma a permitir estabelecer análises comparativas que possibilitem gerar subsídios para tomadas de decisões e, com isto, conduzir a uma relação mais equilibrada entre sociedade e natureza. O trabalho objetivou, através de uma abordagem sistêmica, verificar de que maneira a Geografia pode contribuir na busca de soluções para esses problemas. Buscou-se como objetivo principal, aplicar uma metodologia para a mensuração da sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental, dentro de uma perspectiva sistêmica, através de um modelo de avaliação e integração de indicadores de sustentabilidade. A premissa central em que se apoiou a pesquisa consistiu na concepção de que as análises sócio-ambientais e, portanto, as relações sociedade-natureza sejam elas sustentáveis ou não -, podem ter sua funcionalidade apreendida e até mensurada na perspectiva sistêmica. Procurou-se, como hipótese central, responder à questão: É possível mensurar a sustentabilidade sócio ambiental de uma comunidade tradicional, aplicando variáveis e parâmetros utilizados em metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade propostos internacionalmente, a serem aplicados no âmbito das nações? Na busca de respostas a essa questão, optou-se pela aplicação do modelo para a métrica de sustentabilidade denominado Painel da Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability) na Comunidade Quilombola da Reserva Extrativista do Mandira, localizada no Baixo Vale do Ribeira do Iguape, com baixa densidade de ocupação e no entorno de diversas unidades de conservação. Tal opção deu-se pelas características peculiares da área, cuja comunidade, apresenta um histórico recente de organização e luta, que resultou, entre outras conquistas, na criação da Reserva Extrativista do Mandira, única Unidade de Conservação Federal com esse diploma legal no estado de São Paulo. O trabalho demonstrou diversas limitações do modelo utilizado quando aplicado à comunidades tradicionais, levando a indagações que resultaram na proposição, em caráter exploratório, de possíveis critérios para a métrica da sustentabilidade, sob a perspectiva geográfica. / The transgression of certain limits on the appropriation of nature by society is explaining the impasse in how this relationship occurs, leading researchers from different fields of knowledge to focus attention on the problem. The diversity of methods, theoretical and ideological currents that define such research lead to a situation where one of the rare points of consensus is the fundamental need for an interdisciplinary approach. Among all the sciences, geography, depending on the characteristics of their objects and methods, is the one that brings together the best theoretical and methodological resources to address in a more comprehensive and integrated way. One of the fundamental concepts in the analysis of human interventions, and its consequences on the environment is \"sustainability.\" Given the wide range and diversity of approaches to the topic, it is necessary to set criteria from which to measure the extent of cost-effectiveness of different forms of human interventions on the environment, under the social, economic and environmental perspectives. In this sense, appears as basic the definition of sustainability indicators and assessment methods of these indicators in order to allow comparative analysis to generate information to enable decision making and, thus, lead to a more balanced relationship between society and nature. The study aimed, through a systemic approach, at verifying how Geography can contribute to finding solutions to these problems. We sought the main objective, to apply a methodology for measuring social and environmental sustainability, within a systemic perspective, using a model of evaluation and integration of sustainability indicators. The central premise on which the research was supported was the conception that the socio-environmental analysis and therefore the relationship between society and nature - whether or not sustainable - may have withdrawn its functionality - and even measured - in the systemic perspective. It was, as central hypothesis, to answer the question: Is it possible to measure the environmental and social sustainability of a traditional community, using variables and parameters used in assessment of sustainability methodologies proposed internationally, to be applied within nations? In seeking answers to this question, we chose to apply the model to measure sustainability called \"Dashboard of Sustainability\" in the Quilombo Community in the Mandira Extractive Reserve, located in the Lower Valley of Ribeira do Iguape River, with low density of occupation and surroundings of various conservation units. This option was given by the peculiar characteristics of the area, whose community has a recent history of organization and struggle, which resulted, among other achievements, in creation of the Mandira Extractive Reserve, the only Federal Conservation Unit with this statute in the state of São Paulo. The study demonstrated several limitations in the model when applied to traditional communities, leading to questions that resulted in the proposition, in an exploratory, of possible criteria for the metric of sustainability, in the geographical perspective.

La littérature, s’est beaucoup intéressée à l’entrepreneur solitaire, notamment à ses origines, à son profil et à ses actions. Certains auteurs le considèrent comme un mythe et un héros capable de se dépasser dans les situations les plus complexes. L’émergence des entreprises de nouvelles technologies ont fait connaître une nouvelle forme d’entrepreneuriat de plus en plus fréquente, qui se présente sous forme d’équipe entrepreneuriale. Etant donné, la réserve des réflexions académiques concernant ce champ d’étude, il est utile d’apporter quelques éclairages à ce sujet. Cette recherche se veut donc une contribution théorique et pratique à la compréhension de la notion de l’équipe entrepreneuriale et ses spécificités.L’équipe entrepreneuriale étant une entité dynamique devant être traitée en sa globalité irréductible, une analyse analytique nous semble réductrice. Par conséquent, nous proposons un cadrage théorique au moyen de la théorie systémique. / Literature has been deeply interested in the solitary entrepreneur, mainly in his origins, profile and actions. Some authors consider him as a myth and a hero capable to exceed himself in the most complex situations. The emergence of new technology companies introduced a new form of entrepreneurship more and more frequent, which comes in the shape of entrepreneurial team. Since there is a reservation on the topic of academic thoughts in this field of study, it is useful to provide some insight on this. This research is intended for a theoretical and practical contribution to the understanding of the entrepreneurial team concept. Following a literary review on entrepreneurial teams, we propose a theoretical framework based on systemic approach. In fact, the entrepreneurial team is a dynamic entity; an analytical analysis seems to reduce the complexity in its elementary components whereas it should be treated in its irreducible globalism.

Du fait du développement de nouveaux produits (NPD) dans l’industrie, l’organisation devient de plus en plus complexe, ceci est dû notamment à la complexité même des produits. Dans ce contexte, le MBSE (Model Based Systems Engineering) et les approches collaboratives, qui adressent ces complexités, ont été reconnus pour leurs facultés à améliorer le NPD. Une implémentation réussie d’une conception collaborative du type MBSE, doit permettre de gérer ces deux complexités. Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objet l’étude de projets de conception collaborative MBSE au sein des équipes françaises chez des équipementiers automobiles et aéronautiques, afin de mettre en avant l’amélioration du développement des produits. La conception collaborative du type MBSE est assimilable à un système organisationnel complexe, impliquant des vues ou dimensions différentes. Ainsi, l’identification de ces dimensions, leur définition et l’étude de leurs interactions constituent le premier objectif de cette recherche. La compréhension de chacune d’entre elles pour améliorer la collaboration entre les différents membres du projet, est le deuxième objectif.Le troisième et dernier objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des systèmes socio-techniques (STS), assistant la collaboration. Les résultats de cette recherche, fournissent une méthodologie pour manager la complexité organisationnelle dans des projets collaboratifs du type MBSE. Elle est le produit d’une combinaison de quatre méthodes permettant la caractérisation de ses dimensions (processus, acteurs, objets et outils), tout en définissant leurs interactions. Ces méthodes assistent respectivement : 1) La description et l’évaluation de ces projets avec une perspective systémique 2) l’établissement d’une vision partagée du travail 3) l’analyse des coopérations entre les acteurs, et 4) le développement de STS tels quels des environnements collaboratifs et des supports collaboratif de capitalisation. L’implémentation en industrie des méthodes proposées, processus et recommandations, a montré comment la mise en avant de la collaboration dans les projets de design MBSE, permet d’améliorer l’ensemble du développement de produit. / The organisational complexity implied by New Product Development (NPD) within the industry, is often induced by the complex nature of the products themselves. In this context, MBSE (Model Based Systems Engineering) and collaborative approaches address those complexities and have been recognised by their contribution to improve the NPD processes. A successful implementation of a collaborative MBSE design would allow to manage both complexities. This PhD thesis describes an investigation on collaborative MBSE design projects within French teams in automotive and aeronautics companies, with the purpose of enhancing them to improve product development. We understand collaborative MBSE design as a complex organisational system which implies different views or dimensions. The identification of those dimensions, their definition and the study of their interactions constitute the first objective of this research. Understanding each dimension in order to improve collaboration between the project members is the second objectivedeuxième objectif.The third and last objective of this research is to propose Socio Technical Systems (STS) supporting this collaboration. The results of the thesis provide a methodology to manage organisational complexity in collaborative MBSE design projects. The methodology is a combination of four methods assisting the characterisation of the MBSE dimensions (people, process, information objects and tools), while defining their interactions. These methods support respectively: 1) The assessment and description of collaborative MBSE design projects from a systemic perspective 2) The establishment of a shared vision of the work 3) The analysis of the cooperation among the actors 4) The development of STS such as collaborative environment and a collaborative capitalisation support. The implementation of the proposed methods, process and guidelines in the industry has shown how the enhancement of collaboration in MBSE design projects can improve the overall product development.

La chaîne d’approvisionnement des entreprises industrielles (Supply Chain (SC) en anglais) devient de plus en plus complexe de par le nombre d’interactions et interdépendances entre les différentes entités, acteurs, processus et ressources qui la composent. Ainsi, les entreprises s’intéressent de plus en plus à l’étude de leurs systèmes de performances pour aider à piloter et améliorer leurs processus. Les diverses approches existantes traitent essentiellement de la mesure et de l’évaluation de la performance des processus internes de l’entreprise. Notre approche, par la systémique, nous permet de prendre en compte toutes les parties prenantes intervenantes dans les chaines de valeurs globales, allant du besoin à la satisfaction du besoin. Dans le cas spécifique du secteur aéronautique (européen), le défi est d’autant plus important qu’il a été identifié que 70 à 80% de la valeur ajoutée (VA) est produite chez les fournisseurs de rang 1 et 2. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse au périmètre de la sous-traitance de la production.Nos travaux de recherche sont organisés en trois parties :1) Une modélisation systémique au sein de la SC afin de considérer son système de performance dans sa globalité partant des objectives stratégiques (en termes d’indicateurs globaux) jusqu’à la re-conception des processus créateurs de valeurs internes. Cette modélisation permet d’identifier un sous-systèmeà étudier, les acteurs concernés et les attentes traduites par des indicateurs de performances qui sont mesurés à travers les processus internes. Nous identifions des indicateurs à prioriser et à améliorer en consensus avec les experts industriels.2) Un traitement de l’indicateur priorisé : « la Livraison à temps des fournisseurs (Supplier On Time Delivery) ». Dans un premier temps, nous analysons la mesure de cet indicateur, ses variables et ses paramètres qui l’impactent et nous approfondissons l’étude en se concentrant sur les dysfonctionnements (destructeurs de valeurs) qui empêchent d’atteindre les objectifs stratégiques fixés. Après cette phase d’analyse, nous proposons une simulation des impacts de dysfonctionnements sur l’indicateur et menons ensuite des analyses de sensibilité sur les variables identifiées afin de quantifier ces impacts et leur évolution.3) Une méthodologie d’établissement de plan d’actions d’amélioration à appliquer dans le périmètre étudié. Nous proposons une analyse qualitative sur l’implémentation des leviers et leur efficacité afin d’améliorer la performance.Des conclusions et limites de notre approche sont discutées et nous donnons des perspectives de recherche sur la re-conception et l’amélioration des performances de systèmes au sein de la chaîne d’approvisionnement. / The Supply Chain of industrial companies is becoming more complex due to the high number of interactions and interdependencies between different entities, actors, processes and resources belonging to the supply process. Thus, companies are increasingly interested in the study of their performance systems to help managing and improving their processes. The various existing approaches deal mainly with the measurement and the evaluation of the performance of internal business processes. Our work, based on the systemic approach, allows us to take into account all stakeholders involved in the global value chain, from the need to the fulfillment of it. In the specific case of the aeronautics (European), the challenge is even more important in as much as it was identified that 70 to 80% of value added (VA) occurred with the first and second-tier suppliers. This is why we focus our work within the scope of the outsourcing of aircraft production.Our research is organized in three parts:1) A systemic modeling within the SC is realized to consider the performance of the overall system, starting from the strategic objectives (in terms of global indicators) to the re-design of theinternal processes creating values. This model identifies asubsystem to be studied, stakeholders involved, and their expectations reflected by the performance indicators measured through internal processes. We identify indicators to be prioritized and improved by consensus with industrial experts.2) A treatment of the prioritized indicator "Supplier On Time Delivery" is proposed: first, we analyze the measurement of this indicator, its variables and parameters that impact it, and we go into the study in depth focusing on the dysfunctions (destroying values) that prevent achieving the strategic goals. After this phase of analysis, we propose a simulation of the dysfunctions’ impacts on the indicator and we then conduct sensitivity analysis of the identified variables of interest in order to quantify these impacts and their evolution.3) A methodology leading to an establishment of an improvement actions plan is presented in the perimeter studied. We provide a qualitative analysis on the implementation and effectiveness of the levers improving the performances.Conclusions and limitations of our approach are discussed and we provide research perspectives on the re-design and the improvement of the system’s performance within the supply chain.