Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la difficulté de l’estimation de la distance dans le cadre de la géométrie de l’espace visuel. En philosophie de la perception, cette thèse est d'abord discutée au plan épistémologique : comment savoir que cette distance n'est pas connue ou connaissable, quoique perçue et discutée. Les travaux de Berkeley nous servent de point de départ et fixent un cadre spéculatif, puisque Berkeley soutient en effet que le jugement porté sur la distance résulte entièrement de l'expérience, quoique cette distance ne puisse être vue phénoménalement. La thèse se propose d'examiner une question essentielle supportée par cette alternative centrale mais au plan ontologique cette fois : comme déterminer de quel type est la distance : est-elle inconsciemment visible ? tangible ? ou visible et tangible à la fois ? Peut-elle être une entité assignable dans un espace hyperbolique, ou sphérique, un espace strictement euclidien, ou hyperbolique et sphérique en même temps qu'euclidien ? Pour appuyer notre propos et notre recherche nous mettrons à l’épreuve différents textes et expériences en passant de Berkeley à I. Rock ou de T. Reid à M. Wagner. Notre but aura été d'explorer les limites argumentatives et de montrer ce qui est impliqué par ces différentes appréciations et assignations de la distance dans tel ou tel espace déterminé. A chaque fois s'affrontent la géométrie de l’espace visuel et l’optique physiologique, mais au sein d'un même débat de fond qui consiste à savoir comment définir philosophiquement l’estimation de la distance ? / This thesis examines the difficulties in estimating the geometrical distance of visual space. Submitted in the field of Philosophy of Perception, this thesis is first discussed from an epistemological standpoint: how does one know that this distance is unknown or unknowable despite being perceived and discussed. The various works of Berkeley serve as a point of depart and establish a speculative framework as Berkeley held that judgment of distance results entirely from experience despite the fact that this distance cannot be seen in a phenomenal way. This thesis examines an essential question supported by this central problem, this time from an ontological position: how is the type of distance to be determined: is it unconsciously visible?tangible? or both visible and tangible at the same time? Can it be categorized in a hyperbolic space, or spherical space, or a strictly Euclidean space, or hyperbolic and spherical at the same time as Euclidean? In support of the thesis and research, various texts and experiences have been examined and contrasted, including those of Berkeley and I. Rock as well as T. Reid and M. Wagner. The goal has been to explore the limits of argumentation and to show what is implicated by these different accounts and assignment of distance in one, versus another, determined space; additionally studying subjects including the experience of the alleys or the so-called the moon illusion, which appeared to be demonstrative examples. In each instance, geometry of visual space and physiological optics confront one another, but at the center of this same fundamental debate is the question of how to define the estimation of distance philosophically?

Notre travail porte sur les ressources et les connaissances professionnelles des professeurs. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à l'enseignement du nombre à l'école maternelle et considérons le cas des ressources technologiques. Concevoir et mettre en oeuvre un enseignement ayant recours à ces ressources d'une manière qui favorise les apprentissages est complexe et implique sans doute des évolutions dans les ressources, les pratiques et les connaissances professionnelles des professeurs. Notre thèse s'intéresse précisément à saisir ces évolutions et les moteurs de ces évolutions. Nous mobilisons l'approche documentaire du didactique qui nous permet d'envisager l'intégration des ressources technologiques dans le système de ressources des enseignants. Nous articulons à cette approche la notion d'orchestration et analysons les délicates gestions didactiques des ressources technologiques et de ressources tangibles dans les classes de maternelle. Notre travail s'inscrit dans un projet de conception de ressources (projet Mallette, groupe MARENE). Nous suivons sur une durée longue le travail documentaire de deux professeures impliquées dans ce projet.Nous proposons une « plongée » au coeur de la documentation de ces deux professeures. Nous mettons en évidence les articulations entre un système de ressources général et un système de ressources local, lié à l'enseignement du nombre. Nous développons les notions de ressources indispensables et pivots pour penser ces liens. Nous proposons d'y articuler la notion de blocs de ressources situées. Notre étude permet également d'identifier de nouvelles orchestrations spécifiques de l'école maternelle. Elles sont liées à des connaissances professionnelles et des ressources partagées par les professeurs exerçant dans ce contexte (importance de la manipulation en mathématiques, ressources tangibles). Cette étude met en relief des genèses documentaires différentes chez les deux professeures suivies. Nous montrons l'existence de genèses dynamiques dans lesquelles s'entrelacent des processus d'instrumentalisation et d'instrumentation portant sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre d'un enseignement impliquant les ressources technologiques, mais aussi plus largement portant sur l'enseignement du nombre. L'observation des élèves et le collectif sont des moteurs essentiels dans le déploiement de ces genèses. / Our research focuses on kindergarten teachers' resources and professional knowledge. We examine how numbers are taught, particularly with technological resources. Designing and implementing teaching units with these resources, in a fruitful way, is complex, and probably implies that these resources, along with teachers' practices and professional knowledge, evolve. We notably attempt to grasp these evolutions and their impetus. Our theoretical framework mainly refers to the documentational approach of didactics, that allows us to observe how technological resources are integrated in teachers' resource systems. We link up with this approach the notion of orchestration, and analyse the fine didactic management of technological and tangible resources in kindergarten classes. Our study lies within the framework of the research group MARENE, a project on the designing of resources and of the follow-up of their use. Thus, we follow the long-term documentation work of two teachers involved in this project.We propose an « immersion » at the core of these two teachers' documentation activity. We highlight how a general resource system is articulated with a local resource system on the teaching of numbers. We develop the notions of essential ressources and of pivotal resources in order to examine this articulation. We propose to join another notion to these, the notion of set of situated resources. Our research also makes us identify new specific orchestrations at kindergarten school. These are deeply linked to professional knowledge and to resources shared by teachers working in this context (importance, in mathematics, of manipulation, of tangible resources) . We bring out differentdocumentational geneses among the two teachers we follow. We show the dynamic geneses in which the instrumentalisation and instrumentation processes overlap, when it comes to the designing and implementation of lessons including technological ressources, but also, in a broader perspective, as regards the teaching of numbers. The observation of pupils and the collective are essential incentive for the unfolding of these geneses.

This research was to develop a real-time, modifiable, tangible interactive tabletop system for participatory urban design. The targeting user group was those stakeholders in urban design charrettes. Previous system solutions overlooked the importance of the modifiable tangible medium in the situation of reaching spatial-temporal consensus. These design issues impeded communication between the stakeholders and the professionals. Users of these systems had difficulties expressing ideas to professionals during the collaborative design process. Literature in evolving technology in the smart city context, collaborative urban design, embodied interaction, and depth-sensing was referred to guide the system design. Based on the review, this research identified the pivotal role of a shapeable and tangible medium in the system. The prototype system unified the modifiable, realistic model with its digital equivalent in urban analytics in real-time. By integrating tangible interaction, depth-sensing, and large touch screen tabletop, an intuitive, immersive decision-making interface for non-professional stakeholders could be created. During the system implementation, system elements centering ‘tangible interoperability’ were documented along the system pipeline. A heuristic evaluation, a method of usability inspection, was conducted to assess and to guide the future system design. The result was promising and inspiring. In the end, challenges and directions of system design were discussed. The contribution of this research included: discovering direction, centering tangibility, implementing a prototype, and documenting elements in each stage along the system pipeline of designing a modifiable tangible interactive tabletop system for the urban design charrette.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giuliano Piccioni Silvestre de Meroe.pdf: 1113833 bytes, checksum: fda9676050288b38540f317a7c4ae708 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Changes in economic scenarios, occasioned by the advent of information technology, and driven by the increasing pace of technological innovation, the socalled knowledge economy, puts knowledge as a decisive factor for the success of organizations in the principles of the XXI century. The new economy increasingly values the so-called intangibles - information, ideas, knowledge and intellectual production - which gives rise to organizations rethink their business models, adapting them to the demands of the new economic dynamics. The transition that we experience, challenges the assumptions of the industrial era, in which the measurement of success of organizations was based on the value of their property. Tangible goods are no longer the only reference value for organizations in the new context in focus. Organizations currently negotiating their intangible assets and leverage competitiveness through various components of intangible assets - intellectual property licensing, ownership of ideas and knowledge from outside organizations, externalization of their own ideas and internal knowledge. This picture of changes in contemporary society provides an environment for greater participation of stakeholders in the innovation process of organizations, and reflects an evolution in their business models to an open system, with more porous borders of organizations to the environment. The growing appreciation of the intangible capital - intangible assets, knowledge, ideas, intellectual property, etc. - and the use of IT tools are in two important vectors of the knowledge economy. The purpose of this study is to see whether companies that adopt a model within a collaborative logic, you get competitive advantage by becoming permeable to knowledge outside of their domain. Given this purpose, we will examine the concepts of innovation, will also be evaluated as the practice of a collaborative management model, proposed by Professor Henry Chesbrough, the scientist who coined the term open innovation. The implementation of this model, however, is linked to the organization's ability to strengthen its connections with other agents. For this reason, the study of social capital will be appropriate for this work because we see their relationship with this new management model. From this approach will be possible to understand that building a network of relationships between agents increases the fluidity in the exchange of knowledge, information and ideas among the participating actors. The interdependent relationship of support elements examined - the emergence of a new economy, intangible assets as the main component of value, capital, innovation, intellectual property - leads us to the conclusion that innovation is open on a model, potentially able to leverage competitive advantage for companies that fit into their busines models / As mudanças nos cenários econômicos, ensejadas com o advento das tecnologias de informação, e impulsionadas pela aceleração do ritmo da inovação tecnológica, na chamada economia do conhecimento, colocam o conhecimento como um elemento determinante para o sucesso das organizações, também nos princípios do século XXI. A nova economia valoriza cada vez mais os chamados bens intangíveis (informação, ideas, conhecimento e produção intelectual) o que dá vazão às organizações repensarem seus modelos de negócio, adaptando-os conforme as exigências da nova dinâmica econômica. A transição que experimentamos desafia os pressupostos da era industrial, na qual a mensuração de sucesso das organizações era fundamentada no valor de seus bens materiais. Os bens tangíveis não são mais a única referência de valor para as organizações no novo contexto. As organizações, atualmente, negociam os seus bens intangíveis e alavancam competitividade por de diversos componentes desses bens imateriais (licenciamento da propriedade intelectual, apropriação de ideas e conhecimentos externos às organizações; externalização das próprias ideas e conhecimentos internos). Esse quadro de transformações da sociedade contemporânea propicia um ambiente adequado para maior participação dos atores no processo inovativo das organizações, bem como reflete uma evolução em seus modelos de gestão, para um sistema aberto, com as fronteiras das organizações mais porosas ao meio ambiente e ao contexto. A valorização crescente do capital imaterial e o uso das ferramentas da Tecnologia de Informação constituem-se em dois vetores importantes da economia do conhecimento. A finalidade deste trabalho é verificar se as empresas que adotam um modelo inserido em uma lógica colaborativa obtêm vantagem competitiva ao tornarem-se permeáveis aos conhecimentos além de seus próprios e domínios. Para atender a esse fim, examinamos o conceito de Inovação, como a prática de um modelo de gestão colaborativo, proposto pelo Professor Henry Chesbrough: de inovação aberta. A implantação desse modelo, no entanto, está vinculada à capacidade da organização de consolidar suas conexões com os demais agentes. Por essa razão, o estudo do capital social será apropriado a este trabalho, pois verificamos sua relação com esse novo modelo de gestão. A partir dessa abordagem será possível compreender que a construção de uma rede de relacionamentos entre os agentes eleva a fluidez na troca de conhecimento, informação e ideas. O relacionamento interdependente dos elementos de apoio examinados (emergência de uma nova economia; os bens intangíveis como principal componente de valor; capital social; inovação, propriedade intelectual) leva-nos à concluir que a inovação aberta constitui-se em um modelo potencialmente capaz de alavancar vantagem competitiva para as empresas que o adaptarem a seus modelos de negócios

Värderingsproblematik för materiella anläggningstillgångar har identifierats av författare och företag vilka har belyst avsaknaden av bättre värderingsmöjligheter då vi idag främst använder oss av värdering till anskaffningsvärde som. Problematiken grundar sig i att redovisningen inte helt avspeglar värdet för företags materiella anläggningstillgångar vilket gör att jämförbarheten och trovärdigheten kan ifrågasättas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka olika tillämpningar av värderingsmodeller som finns samt belysa varför företag väljer en viss värderingsmodell. Metodiskt kommer den genomföras som en fallstudie. Detta då uppsatsen bygger på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt för styrkandet av studiens verklighetsförankring. Studien innefattar ett huvudobjekt som fungerar som vetenskapligt fält, Mölndals industriprodukter AB där mer djupgående granskning skett samt kontinuerlig kontakt etablerats. Erhållna resultat som fältarbetet genererat kommer jämföras mot tre ytligt granskade företag vilka kommer fungera som reflektion av övriga marknaden för analys och vidare resonemang. Efter att teoretiska studier genomförts har det empiriska materialet analyserats.Erhållna resultat har påvisat att problematiken med att värdera ett företags materiella anläggningstillgångar delvis bygger på otillräckliga standarder och principer. Vilket gör att det krävs vidare utveckling av värderingsverktygen för att hantera vår alltmer komplexa verklighet. Detta då vi i vår värdering i vissa lägen blir alltför ålderdomliga medan de nya metoderna i vissa lägen visat sig alltför osäkra och opålitliga. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Tangible and intangible investment goods, its determination, disposition, evaluation, technical improvements, depreciation, disabling, comparing czech legislature and IAS/IFRS

Au milieu des espaces collectifs et publics, les afficheurs cylindriques informent les utilisateurs autour d'eux. Nous questionnons l'utilité et l'utilisabilité de la symétrie dynamique de révolution pour les afficheurs cylindriques à changement de forme. Nous présentons CairnFORM, un prototype d'afficheur cylindrique capable de changer de symétrie de révolution à l'aide d'une pile modulaire d'anneaux extensibles illuminés. Nous montrons que la symétrie de révolution est utilisable pour informer les utilisateurs par physicalisation des données : nous observons avec un CairnFORM à 10 anneaux qu'un histogramme à anneaux physiques est plus efficace pour une tâche d'intervalle et une tâche de comparaison plutôt que pour une tâche d'ordonnancement. Nous montrons que le changement de symétrie de révolution est utilisable pour notifier sans déranger les utilisateurs par interaction périphérique : nous observons avec un CairnFORM à 1 anneau que le changement de diamètre d'un anneau avec une vitesse exponentielle est perçu plus souvent et plus calmement en périphérie de l'attention plutôt qu'avec une vitesse constante ou logarithmique. Nous montrons que les afficheurs cylindriques à symétrie dynamique de révolution offrent une expérience utilisateur sur la durée supérieure aux afficheurs planaires : après deux mois en contexte d'usage sur un lieu de travail, nous observons que CairnFORM est aussi pragmatique mais plus hédonique qu'un écran plat. Nous étudions un cas d'usage pour les afficheurs sur le lieu de travail, c'est-à-dire aider les employés à décaler le chargement de batterie des ordinateurs portables vers les heures de pic de production locale d'énergie renouvelable. / In the middle of public and collective spaces, cylindrical displays inform users around them.We question the utility and the usability of dynamic revolution symmetry for shape-changing cylindrical displays. We present CairnFORM, a prototype of cylindrical display that can change its revolution symmetry using a modular stack of expandable illuminated rings.We show that revolution symmetry is usable for informing users through data physicalization: We observe with a 10-ring CairnFORM that a physical ring chart is more efficient for a range task and for a compare task rather than for an order task. We show that revolution symmetry change is usable for unobtrusively notifying users through peripheral interaction: We observe with a 1-ring CairnFORM that a ring diameter change with exponential speed is perceived more often and calmer in the periphery of attention rather than with a constant speed or a logarithmic speed.We show that cylindrical displays with dynamic revolution symmetry offer a greater user experience over time than planar displays: After two months in context of use in a workplace, we observe that CairnFORM is as pragmatic as a flat screen but more hedonic than a flat screen. We study a use case for displays in the workplace: Helping employees to shift laptop battery charge to peak hours of local renewable energy production.

<p>This thesis presents a set of concepts and a general design approach for designing Mixed Reality environments based on the idea that the physical (real) world and the virtual (digital) world are equally important and share many properties. Focus is on the design of a technology infrastructure intended to relieve people from some of the extra efforts currently needed when performing activities that make heavy use of both worlds. An important part of the proposed infrastructure is the idea of creating Physical-Virtual Artefacts, objects manifested in the physical and the virtual world at the same time.</p><p>The presented work challenges the common view of Human-Computer Interaction as a research discipline mainly dealing with the design of “user interfaces” by proposing an alternative or complementary view, a physical-virtual design perspective, abstracting away the user interface, leaving only physical and virtual objects. There are at least three motives for adopting such a design perspective: 1) people well acquainted with specific (physical and virtual) environments are typically more concerned with the manipulation of (physical and virtual) objects than the user interface through which they are accessed. 2) Such a design stance facilitates the conceptualisation of objects that bridge the gap between the physical and the virtual world. 3) Many physical and virtual objects are manifested in both worlds already today. The existing conceptual link between these physical and virtual objects has only to be complemented with causal relations in order to reduce the costs in crossing the border between the physical and the virtual world.</p><p>A range of concepts are defined and discussed at length in order to frame the design space, including<i> physical-virtual environment gap, physical-virtual activity, physical-virtual artefact, </i>and<i> physical-virtual environment</i>.</p><p>Two conceptual models of physical-virtual space are presented as a result of adopting the physical-virtual design perspective: for the analysis of object logistics in the context of physical-virtual activities, and for describing structural properties of physical-virtual space respectively. A prototype system offering some degree of physical-virtual infrastructure is also presented.</p>

<p><em>Tangible social network system is a home-based communication solution specifically designed for elders. Former researches indicate that insufficient communication among elders cause several challenges in their daily activities such as social isolation, loneliness, depression and decreased appetite. In addition, lack of social participation increases the risk of Alzheimer´s (Ligt Enid, 1990). The major cause of these challenges are that elders are increasingly removed from communication technology using emails, text messaging, interact with social network systems and mobile phones due to cognitive and physical difficulties. To overcome this problem, new suggested social network system incorporates photo frame and photo album based interaction which allows instantaneous participation to the social network. By designing the new social network system, I tried to create an easier venue for more active cross-generational communication between elders and younger family members.This paper discusses the early results of the marker based social networking system aiming to propose digital technologies to enhance the social life of older people, who live alone their home. A prototype combining a touch screen, photo frame and a camera are described. It allows the older people to manage their participation to the social network system and get in touch with their loved ones. This paper demonstrates a User Sensitive inclusive Design (USID) process from the generation of user needs to the evaluation prototype. A key theme of tangible social network system shows how usable and emotional design derived from a user inclusive design process can encourage elders to adopt new modern technology. A first evaluation has shown the usability as well as the good acceptance of this system.</em></p> / AGNES

This thesis presents a set of concepts and a general design approach for designing Mixed Reality environments based on the idea that the physical (real) world and the virtual (digital) world are equally important and share many properties. Focus is on the design of a technology infrastructure intended to relieve people from some of the extra efforts currently needed when performing activities that make heavy use of both worlds. An important part of the proposed infrastructure is the idea of creating Physical-Virtual Artefacts, objects manifested in the physical and the virtual world at the same time. The presented work challenges the common view of Human-Computer Interaction as a research discipline mainly dealing with the design of “user interfaces” by proposing an alternative or complementary view, a physical-virtual design perspective, abstracting away the user interface, leaving only physical and virtual objects. There are at least three motives for adopting such a design perspective: 1) people well acquainted with specific (physical and virtual) environments are typically more concerned with the manipulation of (physical and virtual) objects than the user interface through which they are accessed. 2) Such a design stance facilitates the conceptualisation of objects that bridge the gap between the physical and the virtual world. 3) Many physical and virtual objects are manifested in both worlds already today. The existing conceptual link between these physical and virtual objects has only to be complemented with causal relations in order to reduce the costs in crossing the border between the physical and the virtual world. A range of concepts are defined and discussed at length in order to frame the design space, including physical-virtual environment gap, physical-virtual activity, physical-virtual artefact, and physical-virtual environment. Two conceptual models of physical-virtual space are presented as a result of adopting the physical-virtual design perspective: for the analysis of object logistics in the context of physical-virtual activities, and for describing structural properties of physical-virtual space respectively. A prototype system offering some degree of physical-virtual infrastructure is also presented.