The problem being investigated in this thesis is to understand and explain why some Setswana speaking students in the ACE-programme for Life Orientation who have voluntarily registered for a decentralised off-campus education programme at the NWU, continue to demand personal, face-to-face communication with their lecturers during the course of their studies. „Off-campus education‟ (also known as „distance education‟ and / or „decentralised education‟) is usually implemented in an attempt to afford more students the opportunity to improve their qualifications and skills – especially in the case of those students who, for a variety of reasons, may not be in a position to enrol for fulltime contact training. Off-campus education could help to serve the divergent education-related needs of poor, less privileged, geographically isolated, difficult-to-reach and deep rural communities. It could also assist with the teaching and learning of new knowledge and skills as far as its integrated use of contemporary technological developments is concerned. Besides UNISA, the North-West University is at present the biggest supplier of off-campus education programmes to practising teachers in the country. Despite the exponential increase in educational and technological developments in the late 20th and early 21st century, information and communication technology – within a broader South African context – is still not within reach of all the NWU‟s off-campus education students. Recent attempts to integrate contact education principles in off-campus education, led to the development of the (well-known) hybrid, namely „flexi-education‟. Over the past seven years or so, this state of affairs has slowly developed to the point where the number of registered, off-campus African education students at the NWU who insist (despite paper-based, electronic and mobile learning support) on demanding personal, face-to-face contact with their lecturers, has increased rapidly. It would furthermore seem that the use of, for example, internet and communication technology is increasing the existing gap between the African education student and his / her lecturer. This growing gap has already resulted in some registered African education students feeling increasingly isolated. The problem with the use of ICT in off-campus education is understood by some as leading to a situation where the ICT being implemented may, one day soon, replace the lecturer during scheduled contact facilitation sessions. Should that happen, it could mean that interactive communication and the social presence of the lecturer during scheduled contact facilitation sessions may be compromised and even permanently forfeited. The available body of scholarship does not adequately address the perceptions of students with regard to the importance of (a) the temporal-spatial, simultaneous presence of their lecturers and (b) social interactions during scheduled contact facilitation sessions. From the available literature, it is also not clear: why some students may want to entertain and maintain such perceptions, what the attitude of students with regard to social interaction and the social presence of their lecturers might be, or what role ICT could be playing in the life-world of off-campus students in South Africa. In an attempt to solve this intellectual conundrum and with a view to effecting naturalistic generalisation (and not statistical generalisation) I have decided, in light of the above, to implement and follow a multi-analytical research design (mixed methods, multi-analysis design) (Onwuegbuzie et al., 2009: passim; 117). Instead of me seeking to generalise my own research findings, I have decided to leave it to my readers to generalise the findings from their own experiences in the past (Onwuegbuzie et al., 2009: 120). This approach represents a kind of „fuzzy generalisation‟ (Ekiz, 2006:73) in the sense that something that has happened in one place could just as well be demonstrated to have happened somewhere else as well (ibid.). I have, therefore, undertaken both a quantitative as well as qualitative study in order to understand why Setswana speaking education students in the ACE-programme in Life Orientation would continue to demand personal, face-to-face contact with their lecturers, despite all the teaching and learning support that they are offered along the way. I have completed my research on the basis of (and in view of) my research aims. The same applies to the data that I have managed to capture and interpret. On the basis of these data, certain strategic guidelines for effective education in off-campus education programmes for practising teachers have then been drafted. My most important research findings include: Off-campus education is purposively delivered to the client, e.g. to the Setswana speaking student in his / her natural surroundings. Off-campus education should strive to care for the student and his / her contextualised needs. An authentic encounter between the off-campus lecturer and student should be allowed to take place. These encountering opportunities could assist in liberating the Setswana speaking student from all moral and ethical obligation of having to meet his / her lecturer and talking to him / her personally. No more moral burdening or social indebtedness should be placed on students to attend the scheduled contact facilitation sessions. The Setswana speaking student should be accompanied to feel and experience that s/he is unconditionally accepted and respected in his / her particular situation and locale. The Setswana speaking student should be able to feel and experience on a particularly deep interpersonal level the security that s/he has the right to belong to a particular off-campus education community (that is not only viewed as a communal society, but also managed as one). The University as service provider ought to create intimate, interactive spaces during scheduled contact facilitation sessions for all off-campus lecturers in order to afford their Setswana speaking students the opportunity to realise their ontic, social yearning for belonghesion. The Setswana speaking student experiences off-campus education as a process of social unity, as well as a social, communal learning community, together with his / her lecturers and fellow students. For this reason, scheduled contact facilitation sessions should be focusing (given the transactional nature of off-campus education) on communal, „perfect-fit education for us‟. Within a communal „perfect-fit‟ education community, the Setswana speaking student should be accompanied to adopt his / her reason for existence in the following manner: “We are, therefore I am.” Given the transactional nature of scheduled contact facilitation sessions (that should be focusing on transactional proximity, openness and sincerity within this communal „perfect-fit education for us‟) the Setswana speaking student does not wish the use of computer and internet technology to replace their ontic and socially cohesive, essential yearning for communal humanity and fellowship. It would seem that Setswana speaking students may not, necessarily, be less than ready for the implementation of ICT in their off-campus education programmes because they cannot afford it, but mainly because they do not yet regard computer and internet technology as part of their cultural furniture. Any attempt at implementing ICT in off-campus education should be considered and managed by universities with great circumspect, so that these students‟ social, ontic, and cohesively essential yearning and ever intensifying, deepening, socially-mutual attaching, fixative and reciprocally trusting attraction could be properly accounted for, and so that it may be managed satisfactorily on a curricular level. Off-campus education should, therefore, be based on the realisation of ontic „We-ness‟ where the members of this community continue to depend on each other and where the supply and delivery of off-campus education is constantly reformed and fine-tuned so that it may reflect an authentic collective learning community. Off-campus education should be focusing on a collectivist, communally searching, epistemological approach where human beings are constantly relating to their fellow human beings, playing different social roles and taking full responsibility for whatever may be needed to realise these students‟ off-campus studies successfully. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study aims to advance the understanding of Digital Opportunity Trust’s (DOT) value proposition by characterizing the ‘modus operandi’ and to develop a method to explore the impact of entrepreneurship in the developing (or under-developed) regions of the world undertaken by Digital Opportunity Trust. DOT is an initiative to help reduce poverty, and to achieve greater social and economic stability by empowering people with skills and knowledge by utilizing new technologies in their communities. Prior research suggests the adaptation of ‘Information and Communication Technology’(ICT) and technological advancement as a means of addressing 500 million people worldwide, those residing at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ (Prahalad, 2005) for an effective social transformation. “Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT)” is one of the not-for-profit (NFP) / non-governmental organizations (NGO), which strives to accomplish this goal by blending ‘entrepreneurial’ education with ‘corporate social responsibility’ to foster new ventures that use digital communications technology. DOT is operating in eleven (11) countries for more than eight (8) years now, rendering it important to validate and evaluate the extent to which Information and Communication Technology ICT allows people in poor communities to exchange knowledge, and to compete with new enterprise. Personal interviews (Case Study Methodology) with DOT’s executives, staff, interns and contractors were arranged to gather insightful information and to characterize the value proposition. The aim is to gather estimates of achievement for each of the defining attributes (‘as things are’ to reflect present achievement and ‘as things could be’ to reflect how far the attribute might be ‘pushed’). While it must be the responsibility of DOT’s leaders to articulate formally its value proposition, evidence gathered in this case study points in possible directions. For example, DOT’s value proposition is based on a humanitarian goal and a win-win situation that benefits the people of underdeveloped regions as well as DOT itself. DOT does not merely advance monetary aid to the poor regions of the world; rather it creates a model of economical sustainability. It empowers people by imparting technical prowess and training to them. This not only keeps them abreast of the whole world, but also helps improve their quality of life. DOT provides technological initiatives and programs in developing areas, while adhering effectively to accountability structure. Multinational companies and not-for-profit organizations can gain useful and practical knowledge from DOT’s experience. DOT brings an edge to entrepreneurship by advocating productivity and skill, especially in technological fields. The poor man’s plight turns into a healthy, industrious skill. An emerging paradigm for creating shared value suggests that this is precisely the model worldwide corporations should invest in and apply in these ever-challenging economic times.

Στην παρούσα βιβλιογραφική μελέτη καταγράφονται οι αλλαγές στο περιβάλλον οικονομικό, κοινωνικό και τεχνολογικό, ακολουθούμενες από τις πρόσφατες αλλαγές στις βασικές παραμέτρους της παρουσίας και του ρόλου των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων σε οργανισμούς και επιχειρήσεις. Η παρακολούθηση των αλλαγών στα δυο βασικά συστατικά του θέματος της μελέτης, (Πληροφοριακή τεχνολογία- εφαρμογές & Επιχειρησιακή στρατηγική), έγινε σε δύο επίπεδα. Χρησιμοποιώντας σαν βάση συγγράμματα, άρθρα και απόψεις αποδεκτές στον επιστημονικό και στον επιχειρηματικό χώρο, και εμπλουτίζοντας αυτή με μια επιλογή νέων στοιχείων που έρχονται στα χέρια μας μέσω των εφαρμογών της τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών και αφορούν τις δυνατότητες, την επίδραση και την επιρροή της τεχνολογίας αυτής, στη στρατηγική και τη λειτουργία ενός οργανισμού. Το ζήτημα της ευθυγράμμισης, ενσωμάτωσης ή ολοκλήρωσης των δύο στρατηγικών αναφέρεται στο βαθμό στον οποίο ο οργανισμός λαμβάνει υπόψη και χρησιμοποιεί τις δυνατότητες της πληροφοριακής τεχνολογίας και των εφαρμογών της, από τη φάση του σχεδιασμού της στρατηγικής του μέχρι την καθημερινή του λειτουργία. Τα βιβλιογραφικά ευρήματα αφορούν δημοσιεύσεις των τελευταίων κυρίως χρόνων και δεν είναι αριθμητικά σπουδαία. Κατά συνέπεια, έπρεπε να συμπληρωθούν με συμπεράσματα, σκέψεις και αναλύσεις βασισμένα σε συνεντεύξεις ειδικών, δημοσιεύματα εφημερίδων, στατιστικά στοιχεία κ.α. Η γενική φιλοσοφία στο κείμενο είναι οικονομικό-διοικητική χωρίς αυτό να βαίνει σε βάρος των συμπερασμάτων για την τεχνολογία της πληροφορικής. Προτάσεις για περαιτέρω έρευνα αλλά και πρακτικές συμβουλές για ζητήματα συγγενή με την ενσωμάτωση ΙΤ/Business, τη διαχείριση αλλαγών, τη διάρκεια της ευθυγράμμισης και τα αποτελέσματα της προσφέρονται και προκύπτουν από το κείμενο. / The study “Alignment of technology and business strategy in companies and organizations”, describes the changes in the financial, social and technological environment, followed by the changing role of information systems in the area of business, effectiveness and productivity. The detection of the changing facts in the two critical parts of the subject, (information technology and applications & business strategy) takes place in two different levels; mainly using books and articles with the addition of a wide selection of data and information available through internet surveys, statistics and business executives interviews which refer to the effect and the utility of information and communication technology and its applications in the acts of planning and forming the business strategy and in business in general. This study is characterized as managerial but that does not degrade any of the consumptions about information technology and information systems. Suggestions for research as well as practical advice are offered throughout the text.

[pt] A exponencial perspectiva de aumento do número de idosos saudáveis pode representar um novo mercado para muitas indústrias, tornando cada vez mais relevante compreender as necessidades do idoso na busca pelo envelhecimento ativo, que compreende a otimização das oportunidades de saúde, participação e segurança, acarretando melhorias na qualidade de vida e participação contínua em questões sociais, econômicas e culturais na terceira idade. Pautado no conceito de exclusão digital do idoso, este estudo de natureza qualitativa centrou-se no smartphone para investigar não apenas o seu aspecto utilitário, mas sim compreendê-lo a partir do seu conteúdo simbólico, carregado de significados. A coleta de dados baseou-se em grupo de foco e entrevistas em profundidade com sujeitos a partir de 65 anos e posse de smartphone. Métodos projetivos foram utilizados para atingir temas sensíveis, tendo os dados sido tratados por meio de técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Revelaram-se duas camadas analíticas no estudo: em primeiro lugar, precedentes individuais e sociais da compreensão do smartphone; a seguir, o entendimento dos significados positivos e negativos atribuídos ao objeto. A divisão digital foi reconhecida através do apontamento da rejeição ao smartphone como escudo para camuflar limitações e problemas característicos dos idosos. Por um lado, se valorizou a praticidade oferecida, por outro, foram denunciados rituais prejudiciais às relações sociais e ao senso de coletividade. Essa relação análoga de aproximação e de exclusão social revelou vulnerabilidades de consumo que devem ser mais profundamente investigadas por estudos qualitativos que evitem reducionismos e generalizações. / [en] The exponential prospect of increasing the number of healthy elderly people may represent a new market to many industries, becoming increasingly relevant understanding needs in the search of an active aging, which includes the optimization of opportunities in health, participation and security, resulting in improvements in quality of life and continuous participation in social, economic and cultural issues in the elderly. Lined in the concept of digital exclusion of the elderly, this qualitative research focused on the smartphone, not only for its practical aspect, but also to comprehend it starting from its symbolic content full of meanings. The data collection was based in a focus group and in-depth interviews with subjects from 65 years old who own a smartphone. Projective methods were used to reach sensitive issues, and the data were treated using content analysis techniques. Two analytics layers have emerged in this study: in first place, individual and social precedents of smartphone understanding; then the acknowledge of both positive and negative meanings assigned to the object. The digital divide was recognized by pointing the rejection to the smartphone as a shield to mask the limitations and problems characteristic of the elderly. On one hand, the practicality offered was appreciated, but on the other hand, there were denounced rituals detrimental to social relations and the sense of collectivity. This analogous relation of approximation and social exclusion revealed consumption vulnerabilities that should be deeply analyzed by qualitative researches that avoid reductions and generalizations.

[pt] A educação na modalidade a distância tem sido apontada como uma estratégia eficiente para a formação inicial e continuada de professores para a educação básica. Contudo, a expansão dessa modalidade também vem acompanhada de críticas e preocupações quanto à qualidade dessa formação. Uma das problemáticas principais da EAD reside na mediação pedagógica, em relação à díade aluno–mediador e/ou professor. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a concepção dos alunos de um curso de especialização na modalidade a distância sobre a mediação pedagógica, partindo das seguintes questões de estudo: Quais atribuições os alunos delegam à mediação pedagógica? Quais as contribuições da mediação pedagógica para a qualidade da formação dos cursistas? Como as tecnologias da comunicação e informação (TIC) potencializam a mediação pedagógica? A fim de compreender o conceito de mediação, procuramos fazer uma pesquisa desse termo em campos interdisciplinares, relacionando-o com os avanços das TICs na educação a distância. Optamos, metodologicamente, por um estudo de caso do Curso de Especialização Tecnologias em Educação – PUC Rio. Para a produção de dados fizemos um recorte das respostas dos cursistas sobre a mediação pedagógica exercida no decorrer do curso, após aplicação de um questionário. As questões fechadas foram analisadas com a ajuda do programa SPSS, e selecionou-se uma questão aberta que foi trabalhada através da análise de conteúdo, utilizando-se o programa Alceste. Os resultados provenientes das questões fechadas mostraram uma grande aceitabilidade da atuação do mediador pedagógico. Na análise qualitativa, o software Alceste originou quatro classes, sendo posteriormente identificadas como: estratégias pedagógicas de mediação e mediador assistente; mediador tira-dúvidas; motivação ao aluno; formação do mediador pedagógico e influências da mediação na atuação profissional do aluno. As concepções dos cursistas revelaram o reconhecimento e a valorização da mediação como essencial para que o aluno construa o conhecimento esperado no processo de aprendizagem. Ficou evidenciada a complexidade da prática profissional do mediador tendo, inclusive, influência na formação e atuação profissional do cursista. / [en] Distance learning has been identified as an effective strategy for initial and continuing teacher training in the primary and secondary education sector. However, expansion in this field has also been followed by criticisms and concerns about the quality of such training. One of the main issues in distance learning is online tutoring, more specifically learner-tutor and/or learner-teacher interaction. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate learners conception on online tutoring in a distance learning specialization course. Our main research study questions were: What do learners expect from their online tutors? Which contributions does online tutoring offer to the quality of learners training? How can ICT enhance the online tutoring practice? In order to understand the concept of online tutoring, an interdisciplinary research of the term was undertaken, relating it to the advances/development of ICT in distance education. The chosen research method was a case study on the specialization course Tecnologias em Educação – PUC Rio. Data on online tutoring were gathered from the learners responses to a questionnaire. Close-ended questions were analysed with the help of the SPSS software. One open-ended question was selected and analysed through the content analysis method and with the help of the Alceste software. Results originated from the close-ended questions showed high acceptance of the online tutor performance. In the qualitative analysis, Alceste originated four classes, identified as: online tutoring pedagogical strategies and assistant online tutor; question answerer online tutor; motivating the learner; online tutor training and influences of online tutoring on the learners professional practice. Learners opinions demonstrated the recognition and appreciation of online tutoring as an essential part of knowledge building during their learning process. The complexity of online tutoring practice and its influence on the training and professional development of the learner were also demonstrated.

The integration of Information Communication Technology (ICT) into contemporary society and business operations is observed as a clear reality in Namibia. While Namibia faces one of the typical hurdles of developing nations, lack of a skilled knowledge workforce, literature presents a contrasting face of ICT investment in the country, in particular the financial services sector. This sector is considered a critical sector in the Namibian economy, embracing global trends while boasting world class ICT infrastructure. This is despite the sector struggling with a shortage of expertise. The situation in Namibia’s financial sector thus warrants a critical review of knowledge development practices as research shows. As literature explains, the financial institutions in Namibia are dependent on expertise from parent companies in the South African financial sector. The result is a need to identify means to develop the knowledge of Namibia’s workforce in the banking sector. Although there is evidence from literature to suggest that ICT can be used to create a skilled and knowledge based workforce mainly due to the promise of cost savings, and convenience, there exists a critical gap in literature on the adoption of ICT for knowledge development in the Namibian financial sector. This gap in knowledge as well as the high investment in ICTs in the banking sector pose a problem that the research aimed to address. This study explored the adoption of ICTs for knowledge development activities in the banking sector of Namibia identifying the perceptions and factors influencing its adoption for knowledge development purposes. Although adoption of ICT is influenced by various factors, this study focused on a specific factor, namely the impact of perceptions on ICT adoption. ICT adoption models such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) or the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and more recently the Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technology (UTAUT) argue that the perceptions of users are fundamental determinants for the adoption of the ICT. Driving, thus, the need to understand the views of users of the ICTs in banks in order to understand the potential it may yield in knowledge development. The study adopts the Activity Theory (AT) as the means to uncover and clearly interpret the perceptions of banking staff, through its theoretic underpinnings of naturalistic investigation and beliefs of “intentional human-action”. This study thus set out to explore the perceptions of banking staff on the use of ICTs in knowledge development and identify the critical factors in their adoption of ICTs in the process. Drawing from the Activity Theory the investigation used a multi-case qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews that were administered on twenty-three respondents from three of the biggest banks in Namibia (cases). The respondents comprised of managerial and nonmanagerial staff with the three cases chosen based on their ties with South African banks. The findings show that all three Namibian banks have advanced ICT infrastructure which they have managed to adopt for knowledge development purposes. The Management of the banks in all three cases were of the belief that the use of ICT supports knowledge development. Nonmanagerial bank staff in all three cases likewise have a positive perception about the use of ICT for knowledge development purposes. However, key concerns about the development of ICT driven knowledge development initiatives which could affect adoption of the ICTs were expressed by the non-managerial staff. These included, management support, consultation in the development phase of the knowledge development initiatives, integration of knowledge development strategies into the staff processes and increasing awareness activities among the staff. The recommendations indicate a need for the institutions to drive knowledge management in general in the institution, which will in turn help foster knowledge development initiatives fully. Another recommendation concerning the design of knowledge development initiatives is the need to involve the targeted staff more fully. Yet another strong recommendation was the need to blend knowledge development initiatives into the work processes of staff and ensure active support by management. / Computing / M.A. (Computing)

This study identified and empirically investigated individual employee, organisational and information and communication technology (ICT) systems factors to determine the extent to which these factors support employees’ learning of the adopted retail banking ICT systems before undergoing training. Quantitative research approach was followed. A realised stratified random sample of 237 respondents consisting of tellers and customer care consultants (one group) and line managers (second group), working at branches of various retail banks in the western region of Kenya, participated in this study. Descriptive, exploratory factor and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. The results showed: a high level of agreement with the identified factors; significant positive linear relationships between the factors; statistical significant differences (p<0.05) between the respondent groups and between the categories for each demographic variable with regard to the respondents’ level of agreement with each factor. Supportive and directive learning strategies were recommended for retail banking employees before training. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

In general, concern for innovation has always been present in the studies of economists. The classical theory was interested more in its effect than its economic causes and Neoclassical gives only secondary to the issue of innovation treatment, expanding the classical concepts. Neoclassical theory saw technology as an exogenous variable, revealing itself unable to explain the change inherent in the process of economic development. Differentiating, these economists, Joseph Schumpeter emphasizes the word "innovation" to feature a number of innovations that can be introduced in the economic system and substantially alter the relations between producers and consumers is a key element for economic development. In his "Theory of Economic Development" (TDE) seeks to distinguish definitions of invention and innovation. For him, innovation is the engine of economic development, that is, through innovation that the business is able to offer new products, better quality products, or reduced costs, allowing you to earn higher profits than other entrepreneurs and thus, the innovative entrepreneur happens to be imitated by other capitalists. And this movement generates a cycle, which is called spectacular economic growth, which is interrupted when the extraordinary profits are diluted among competitors, causing the economy to find a new balance point. The creation of a new technology leads to destruction of the old, this destruction that Schumpeter called "creative destruction." It was from this theory that evolutionary or neo-Schumpeterian current began to see the phenomenon of innovation in the economy for another look, placing it in the center of the investigation. For them, innovation must be seen as the result of a complex and continuous process of experience in the relations between science, technology, research and development in academic institutions, industry and government, only through the interaction of these three actors known as "triple helix" you can create a sustainable and durable innovation system in the era of the knowledge economy. However, the main challenge of Brazilian academic institutions in the twenty-first century is to incorporate innovation and entrepreneurship in teaching, research and extension, aimed at both the training of qualified professionals to market, how to play a role in the system Innovation and economic and technological development. To fulfill this new role, academic institutions had help Innovation Act, 2004. Among various measures, management mechanisms have been developed for scientific and technological institutions and their relationship with the companies. Thus, universities and federal institutes defined by law as an Institution of Science and Technology (ICT) became responsible for structuring an internal organ, called the Center for Technological Innovation (NIT), with the function to manage their innovation policies. Thus, the general objective of this research is to understand how the Technological Innovation Centers-NITs of ICTs (UFS, NIT-IFS and Embrapa Coastal Tablelands) disseminate a culture of innovation, intellectual property and technology transfer. To this end, we sought a methodology of qualitative and descriptive. The survey is divided into five parts: introduction; the second chapter that addressed the economic theories; the third chapter that discussed concepts of innovation, innovation process, licensing and transfer in ICT; the fourth chapter analyzed the results obtained from the questionnaire to NITs (CINTTEC / UFS, NIT / IFS end SPAT / Embrapa Coastal Tablelands) and lastly the final considerations. / De um modo geral, a preocupação com a inovação sempre esteve presente nos estudos dos economistas. A teoria clássica interessou-se mais em seus efeitos do que em suas causas econômicas e os neoclássicos dá um tratamento apenas secundário à questão da inovação, ampliando os conceitos clássicos. A teoria neoclássica enxergava a tecnologia como uma variável exógena, revelando-se incapaz de explicar a mudança inerente ao processo de desenvolvimento econômico. Diferenciando, destes economistas, Joseph Schumpeter enfatiza a palavra “inovação” para caracterizar uma série de novidades que podem ser introduzidas no sistema econômico e que alteram substancialmente as relações entre produtores e consumidores, sendo elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico. Em sua “Teoria do Desenvolvimento Econômico” (TDE) busca distingui definições de invenção e inovação. Para ele, a inovação é o motor do desenvolvimento econômico, ou seja, é por meio da inovação que o empresário consegue oferecer novos produtos, produtos de melhor qualidade, ou a custos reduzidos, que lhe permite auferir lucros mais elevados do que os outros empresários e assim, o empresário inovador passa a ser imitado pelos demais capitalistas. E esse movimento gera um ciclo, o qual é chamado de crescimento econômico espetacular, que se interrompe quando os lucros extraordinários forem diluídos entre os concorrentes, fazendo com que a economia encontre um novo ponto de equilíbrio. A criação de uma nova tecnologia leva a destruição da velha, a esta destruição, que Schumpeter chamou de “destruição criadora”. Foi a partir deste teórico que a corrente evolucionária ou neo-schumpeteriana começou a enxergar o fenômeno da inovação na economia por um outro olhar, colocando-a no centro da investigação. Para eles, inovação deve ser vista como resultante de um processo complexo e contínuo de experiências nas relações entre ciência, tecnologia, pesquisa e desenvolvimento nas instituições acadêmicas, indústrias e governo, somente através da interação desses três atores, conhecido como “tríplice hélice”, é possível criar um sistema de inovação sustentável e durável na era da economia do conhecimento. No entanto, o principal desafio das instituições acadêmicas brasileiras no século XXI é o de incorporar a inovação e empreendedorismo nas atividades de ensino, de pesquisa e de extensão, objetivando tanto a formação de profissionais qualificados para o mercado, quanto em desempenhar um papel no Sistema de Inovação e no desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico. Para cumprir este novo papel, as instituições acadêmicas tiveram ajuda da lei de Inovação, 2004. Dentre várias medidas, foram desenvolvidos mecanismos de gestão para as instituições científicas e tecnológicas e sua relação com as empresas. Desse modo, as universidades e institutos federais definidos em lei como Instituição de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT) se tornaram responsáveis por estruturar um órgão interno, chamado Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT), com a função de gerir suas políticas de inovação. Logo, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é entender como os Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica-NITs das ICTs (UFS, NIT-IFS e Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros) disseminam a cultura da inovação, da propriedade intelectual e da transferência de tecnologia. Para esse fim, buscou-se uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa e de caráter descritivo. A pesquisa está dividida em cinco partes: a introdução; o segundo capítulo que abordou das teorias econômicas; o terceiro capítulo que discutiu conceitos da inovação, processo de inovação, licenciamento e de transferência nas ICTs; o quarto capítulo que analisou os resultados obtidos da aplicação do questionário aos NITs (CINTTEC/UFS, NIT/IFS E SPAT/Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros) e o por último as considerações finais.

The current society called "information society" has as a characteristic the communication at high speed. Thus, with the expansion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the way the human being behaves before the world and the other has been altered. In this society, the school environment divides space with computers, internet, tablet, cell phones, etc. Faced with this reality, educators are challenged to rethink their knowledge and teaching methodologies, as well as to review their teaching practices, in order to enable the student to build knowledge in a playful, interactive and critical way. In this perspective, the aim of this research was to understand how teachers of Natural Sciences and Mathematics use the technologies, in High School. Collaborated with the study: six teachers of science teaching and mathematics, thirteen students of the third year of high school and eight specialists in education In an attempt to support this study, we sought support in authors such as Castells, (2006); Freire, (2011); Kenski, (2001, 2003 and 2013); Libâneo, (2004 and 2015); Richardson, (2012); Tardif, (2010) and others that approach the theme. It was decided by qualitative approach, such as a case study, using observation techniques, questionnaire and guided interview. In order to study and interpret the information, we opted for the Bardin content analysis (2011, p.50), considering that this technical of analyzing communications "aims at the knowledge of variables ... through mechanisms of deduction based on indicators reconstructed from a sample of particular messages ". Thus, it was possible to perceive that: there are teachers who remain oblivious to this social reality permeated by ICT; technologies have entered the school environment, teachers and students are engaging in the use of ICT for pedagogical purposes; but it was also visible the permanence of "old practices" that do not reality fit. Against this data, we outline a Technology Pedagogy with the perspective of contributing to significant changes occurring. / A sociedade atual denominada de “sociedade informacional” tem como característica marcante a comunicação em alta velocidade. Assim, com a expansão das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), a maneira do ser humano se comportar diante do mundo e do outro foi alterada. Nessa sociedade, o ambiente escolar divide espaço com computadores, internet, tablet, celulares, etc. Diante dessa realidade, os educadores estão desafiados a repensar os seus saberes e suas metodologias de ensino, assim como rever suas práticas docentes, a fim de possibilitar ao aluno a construção do conhecimento de forma lúdica, interativa e crítica. Nesta perspectiva, buscou-se por meio dessa pesquisa, compreender como os professores de Ciências Naturais e Matemática, utilizam as tecnologias, no Ensino Médio. Colaboraram com o estudo: seis professores do ensino de ciências e matemática, treze alunos do 3º ano do ensino médio e oito especialistas em educação. Na tentativa de subsidiar este estudo, buscamos apoio em autores como Castells, (2006); Freire, (2011); Kenski, (2001, 2003 e 2013); Libâneo, (2004 e 2015); Richardson, (2012); Tardif, (2010) e outros que abordam a temática. Optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, tipo estudo de caso, com emprego das técnicas de observação, questionário e entrevista guiada. Para o estudo e interpretação das informações optou-se pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2011, p.50), tendo em vista que essa técnica de análise das comunicações “visa o conhecimento de variáveis [...] por meio de mecanismos de dedução com base em indicadores reconstruídos a partir de uma amostra de mensagens particulares”. Sendo assim, foi possível perceber que: há docentes que permanecem alheios a essa realidade social permeada pelas TIC; as tecnologias adentraram o meio escolar, professores e alunos estão engajando-se no uso das TIC para fins pedagógicos; mas foi visível, também, a permanência de “velhas práticas” que não condizem com a realidade. Diante desses dados, esboçamos uma Pedagogia das Tecnologias na perspectiva de contribuir para que mudanças significativas aconteçam. / São Cristóvão, SE

Abstract The subject of the present study is the changes to the operation processes of organisations in the field of health care that are based on the application of information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of this dissertation is to supplement the present discussion in information system study’ research forums with regard to the role of ICT as an enabler of change in the health care work processes. The starting point for the study was to inquire about the qualitative and, to some extent, financial impact of operational changes by means of a socio-technical-economic process study. Using qualitative as well as statistical indicators, changes were mainly investigated from the perspective of health care professionals, but in part from that of customers. The cases described were used as a basis for discovering a new operational model for performing organisational tasks. By comparing the cases, the intention was to synthesise those similarities and differences that can be used when constructing a new framework. The present study makes a contribution by broadening, deepening and synthesising the understanding of health care processes in the process of a reflective description of individual cases. Services are produced through interactions between the service production process and end user process, and in this, the end user plays an important role. The purpose of process descriptions and analyses in coordination with health service professionals is to proactively develop services and support rational decision-making. The models and methods created as a result of this process can be seen to have a potential financial impact by lowering health service costs as well as an enhancing the effect of on-the-job satisfaction among health care professionals as they are enabled to plan their own work processes. Due to the rapid changes in the infrastructure, societal structures and the age of the population in Finland, the future holds great challenges for decision-makers in the field of health care. From the perspective of securing the resources for adequate, balanced and high-quality health services, investments in information technology seem lucrative. However, in order to avoid a productivity paradox, it must be noted that, in addition to new information technology, a gradual change in working habits, attitudes and sometimes even organisational culture is needed. In addition, it must be remembered that new technology does not erase these aspects of health care work – unless we want it to do so – but rather provides new forms and tools. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimukseni aiheena oli tieto- ja viestintätekniikan (ICT) soveltamiseen perustuvat organisaatioiden toimintaprosessien uudistukset terveydenhuollossa. Väitöskirjassani halusin osaltani täydentää keskustelua, jota tietojärjestelmätieteiden tutkimusfoorumeilla on käyty ICT:n roolista terveydenhuollon työprosessien muutosten mahdollistajana. Tutkimukseni lähtökohtana oli sosioteknisen prosessitutkimuksen keinoin selvittää toimintauudistusten laadullista ja osin taloudellistakin vaikuttavuutta. Muutoksia arvioitiin pääasiassa henkilöstön, mutta myös osin asiakkaiden lähtökohdista, lähinnä laadullisten, mutta myös tilastollisten mittareiden avulla. Kuvaamieni tapausten lähtökohtana on ollut löytää uusi toimintamalli organisaation tehtävien suorittamiseksi. Vertaamalla tutkittavia tapauksia keskenään olen pyrkinyt syntetisoimaan ne yhteneväisyydet ja eroavaisuudet, joiden avulla on mahdollista rakentaa uusi viitekehys. Tutkimukseni kontribuoi sen ymmärryksen kautta, joka tapauskohtaisesti, reflektiivisesti muutoksia kuvaillen, tutkimuksen kuluessa avautuu, syventyy ja syntetisoituu. Palvelut tuotetaan palveluntuotantoprosessin ja käyttäjän prosessin vuorovaikutuksessa, ja siinä käyttäjän roolilla on merkittävä osuus. Prosessien kuvaamisella ja analysoinnilla yhdessä henkilökunnan kanssa on ollut tarkoituksena pyrkiä palveluiden proaktiiviseen kehittämiseen ja rationaalisten päätösten tukemiseen. Syntyneillä malleilla ja menetelmillä voidaankin katsoa olevan paitsi potentiaalinen taloudellinen merkitys terveydenhuollon palveluiden kustannusten alentamiseksi, myös vaikutusta henkilöstön työtyytyväisyyteen sen osallistuessaan oman työnsä suunniteluun. Infrastruktuurin, yhteiskuntarakenteiden samoin kuin väestömme ikärakenteen nopea muutos ja samalla kroonisten sairauksien lisääntyminen asettavat terveydenhuollon päättäjille tulevaisuudessa suuria haasteita. Riittävän, tasapuolisen ja laadukkaan hoidon resurssien turvaamiseksi investoinnit tietotekniikkaan kuulostavat houkuttelevilta. Jotta tuottavuusparadoksilta vältyttäisiin, on kuitenkin huomioitava, että uuden tietotekniikan lisäksi tarvitaan myös työtapojen, asenteiden, joskus jopa organisaatiokulttuurinkin asteittaista muutosta. On myös syytä muistaa, että uusi tekniikka antaessaan edellä mainituille ilmiöille uusia ilmenemismuotoja ja välineitä, ei kuitenkaan hävitä niitä, ellemme itse sitä halua.