The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of emerging black entrepreneurs on their ability to access government contract work with special reference to that outsourced by the Department of Economic Development and Tourism in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal. The study was based on the assumption that black emerging entrepreneurs are side lined by the procurement systems and processes of government, despite the fact when the new government took over after the democratic elections of 1994, it formulated legislation and policies and provided institutional framework to ensure that enterprises belonging to entrepreneurs of African descent in particular were brought into the economic mainstream activities of the country. The study utilized an exploratory description research design owing to publicity of literature on the effectiveness of government's procurement intervention strategies in addressing the needs of emerging black entrepreneurs. The study used two samples drawn from two research populations. In the first sample the population consisted of thirty-two tender submissions that emerging black entrepreneurs forwarded to the Department of Economic Development and Tourism in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, in response to contract work or tenders advertised and evaluated by the Tender Evaluation Committee and the Tender Award Committee of the Department during the financial year 2001/2. An instrument was developed to elicit data from the tender documents for the purpose of orders. In the second sample the research population consisted of sixteen emerging black entrepreneurs whose tender documents submitted in response to the tenders outsourced by the Department during the financial year 2001/2 were evaluated by the Department's Tender Evaluation Committee and tender Award Committee during the period in question. The questionnaire was used to elicit information on the perceptions of emerging black entrepreneurs with regard to their level of participation in the procurement process of the Department. The findings of the study are supportive of the guiding questions and assumptions advanced for the purpose of focusing the study. The finding was that black emerging entrepreneurs perceived themselves to be non-participants in the procurement activities of the Department. The study also found the existence of structural problem, which acted as barriers to active participation, of black emerging entrepreneurs, in the outsourcing activities of the Department of Economic Development and Tourism in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The Swedish bus and railway sectors have been recognised as important early cases of regulatory reforms that led to both vertical and horizontal disintegration as well as market-opening. This thesis investigates the origin and evolution of these reforms from 1979 to 2009, focussing on the markets for passenger services. The aim is to improve our understanding of the background, resulting nature, and consequences of these regulatory reforms. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses has been applied; e.g. the thesis makes use of a unique database of longitudinal industry statistics. This thesis shows that the origins of the Swedish reform process were internal and largely unrelated to any objectives of deregulated market-opening. However, a combination of the nature of the initial reforms, the behaviour of market actors, and certain key events accidentally sparked a trend towards deregulation, which has had profound effects on market structure and performance. The step-by-step evolution, in particular the introduction and expansion of competitive tendering, is shown to have had path-dependent characteristics. Swedish competitive tendering of bus and railway services has had important effects on costs and subsidies, but has also generated the problematic behaviour of strategic bidding. Included within are detailed articles which make additional contributions to relevant theories and offer normative advice concerning the design and implementation of regulatory reforms in these as well as other sectors.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2014-12-19T16:41:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao CORDEIRO LIMA vf (1).pdf: 982112 bytes, checksum: 8ca5dec9b88614a70ff1bb25a9259908 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2014-12-19T17:04:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao CORDEIRO LIMA vf (1).pdf: 982112 bytes, checksum: 8ca5dec9b88614a70ff1bb25a9259908 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-19T17:05:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao CORDEIRO LIMA vf (1).pdf: 982112 bytes, checksum: 8ca5dec9b88614a70ff1bb25a9259908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In 2007 the Brazilian Government established PAC – the growth acceleration program, a set of infrastructure projects in which the DNIT occupies a prominent position, with volume of resources over R$ 58 billion. Since the start of the program the main obstacle is the lack of quality projects. Engineering projects are a crucial step to launch bids for infrastructure works. This project bottleneck, associated with the bidding process, is called 'project factor'. In 2011 was instituted the RDC – Differentiated Contract Regime, in order to remove these obstacles. This work arises from the need of the Secretariat of monitoring the growth acceleration program, linked to the Ministry of Planning, and of the National Department of Transport Infrastructure, linked to the Ministry of Transport, to understand the challenges posed by the 'project factor' in the implementation of projects related to road work under PAC. To this end, we analyzed aspects of contracting by the public administration, emphasizing changes in the bidding process after the Differentiated Contract Regime (RDC) and the contemporary forms of pre-contractual relationships, addressing public private partnerships (PPP), expressions of interest of private initiative (PMI) and competitive dialogue. After a presentation of the DNIT and the process of institutionalization of RDC within the agency we concluded that three aspects have contributed to minimize the effects of 'project factor': the first, procedural in nature, is directly related to the effect of the implementation of the new tendering scheme. In complex projects, such as those in the area of infrastructure, the development of pre-contractual relations bring considerable gains. Procedures to promote the reduction of information asymmetries and the stoning of the object to be hired, as, for example, the Competitive dialogues, bring considerable gains for both public administration and private entity. The second aspect is related to the nature of the DNIT. It is a agency with accumulation of knowledge in engineering and project management. By adopting intensely RDC, showed installed capacity and advanced monitoring parameters and risk management and generated a current and appropriate regulatory set to face the challenges of the new regime of contractions. The third aspect is also related to the institutional aspect of the DNIT. This is its organizational structure, which influences the bidding processes and governance and combines two predicates: security in accountability amongst the Directors-members when they share a decision, and safeguarding of technical staff. These three aspects have led to greater efficiency and effectiveness of Autarchy and minimized the 'project factor'. DNIT management report of 2012 quotes that in RDC there is a reduction of up to 50% at the time of the bidding process in relation to competition and price-taking modes. The implementation of the Electronic RDC, which allows participation of companies from all over the country, increased competitiveness and helped to execute $ 10.2 billion in works and services in transport infrastructure. / O Governo brasileiro criou a partir de 2007 o PAC – Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, um conjunto de projetos de infraestrutura no qual o DNIT ocupa posição de destaque com volume de recursos superior a R$ 58 bilhões. Desde o início do Programa o principal obstáculo é a insuficiência de projetos de qualidade. Projetos de engenharia são etapa crucial para o lançamento de licitações para obras de infraestrutura. Este gargalo de projeto, associado ao processo licitatório, é chamado de 'fator projeto'. Em 2011 foi instituído o RDC – Regime Diferenciado de Contratações com o objetivo de remover estes entraves. Este trabalho surge da necessidade da Secretaria do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, vinculada ao Ministério do Planejamento, e do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes, vinculado ao Ministério dos Transportes, de entender os desafios impostos pelo 'fator projeto' na execução dos projetos relacionados às obras rodoviárias no âmbito do PAC. Para tanto, foram analisados os aspectos de contratação pela Administração Pública, enfatizando as mudanças ocorridas no processo licitatório corridas depois da vigência do Regime Diferenciado de Contratação (RDC) e as formas contemporâneas de relacionamentos pré-contratuais, abordando as parcerias publico-privadas (PPP), as manifestações de interesse da iniciativa privada (PMI) e os diálogos concorrenciais. Após uma apresentação do DNIT e do processo de institucionalização do RDC no âmbito da autarquia concluiu-se que três aspectos tem contribuído para minimizar os efeitos do 'fator projeto': O primeiro, de natureza procedimental, está diretamente relacionado com o efeito da implementação do novo regime licitatório. Em projetos complexos, como os da área de infraestrutura, o desenvolvimento de relações pré-contratuais trazem ganhos consideráveis, tanto para Administração Pública quanto para o ente privado, por promover a redução das assimetrias de informação e a lapidação do objeto a ser contratado. O segundo aspecto está relacionado com a natureza do DNIT. Trata-se de uma Autarquia com acúmulo de conhecimentos na área de engenharia e gestão de projetos. Ao adotar intensamente o RDC, mostrou capacidade instalada e avançou nos parâmetros de monitoramento e gestão de risco e gerou um conjunto normativo atual e adequado para enfrentar os desafios do novo regime de contrações. O terceiro aspecto também está relacionado com o aspecto institucional do DNIT. Trata-se de sua estrutura organizacional, que influencia a governança dos processos licitatórios e que agrega dois predicados: segurança na responsabilização entre os diretores-membros quando partilham uma decisão e salvaguarda do corpo técnico para uma postura mais republicana. Estes tres aspectos levaram a uma maior eficácia e efetividade da Autarquia, minimizaram o 'fator projeto'. O Relatório de Gestão do DNIT de 2012 cita que no RDC há a redução de até 50% no tempo do processo licitatório em relação às modalidades concorrência e Tomada de Preços. A implementação do RDC Eletrônico, que possibilita a participação de empresas de todo o país, aumentou a competitividade e ajudou a executar R$ 10,2 bilhões em obras e serviços em infraestrutura de transportes.

In this Master's Thesis I am solving two seemingly not related issues -- the title of the thesis is to propose the change of the SME approach to the cooperation with partners and the target of the thesis is to recommend to the company changes in business and management behaviour which will help to break through the tenders of the large size companies. To meet the target of the Master's Thesis there was analysed current situation of the particular enterprise which does not cooperate with large companies. There were used Five-Forces Model, PEST analyse and SWOT analyse to describe this enterprise. Based on the analyses' results there were discovered main deficiencies which are connected with the character and behaviour of the owners. The basic deficiencies are missing planning and undisciplined behaviour of the owners to their firm and missing Quality management certification. If the company eliminates them, it has better chance to be successful in the tenders of the large companies. Cooperation, partnership or another company connection, these are also the opportunities how to become the supplier of the big company. Czech SME trading with electronical components are not willing to cooperate with other companies. In this Master's Thesis I gave the reasons, why the companies should have positive approach to cooperation.

The goal of this thesis is the analysis of small and medium enterprises financial support with respect to the Joint Regional Operational Programme as an bearer of regional support, which is financed from the European Union and the following list of recommendations within the frame of the realization stage of the project cycle that are generalized especially at the level of the final user as the beneficiary of the support.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit dem vergaberechtlichen Primärrechtsschutz unterhalb der EU-Schwellenwerte, welcher in der Praxis als nicht vorhanden bzw. als unterentwickelt bezeichnet werden muss. Dabei werden insbesondere die vom Freistaat Sachsen entwickelten Regelungen des § 9 SächsVergabeDVO untersucht, die in der Literatur vereinzelt als „Rechtsschutz light“ bekannt sind. Es werden Regelungslücken aufgezeigt sowie Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten für die sächsischen Regelungen vorgeschlagen. Für einen vollwertigen Rechtsschutz wäre aber eine Umsetzung auf Bundesebene notwendig und wünschenswert.

Andelen konkurrensutsatt offentlig verksamhet har ökat i jämn takt sedan början av 1990-talet, och utvecklingen har både sina förespråkare och kritiker. När det gäller de stora partierna inom de olika politiska blocken, är konsensus numera att konkurrensutsättning är här för att stanna, skiljelinjen ligger mer på hur stor andel av den offentliga verksamheten som skall konkurrensutsättas. Även bristen på en genomlysning och uppföljning av konkurrensutsatta verksamheter har väckt kritik. Kostnadseffektivitet är det som förespråkas vid konkurrensutsättning och används som syfte till att anlita privata eller korporativa aktörer etc., för att bedriva en tidigare offentlig verksamhet på ett mer företagsekonomiskt effektivt sätt. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur Region Gotland använder sig av konkurrensutsättning och upphandling för att nå en företagsekonomisk effektivitet i sin verksamhet, och jämföra det empiriska underlaget mot tillgängliga teoretiska källor. För uppsatsen har följande två frågeställningar valts som uppsatsens problemformulering: (1) På vilket sätt genomförs konkurrensutsättning för att uppnå företagsekonomisk effektivitet i offentlig verksamhet? (2) I vilken omfattning sker uppföljning av verksamheter för att kontrollera att tilldelade resurser används på bästa sätt? Uppsatsen visade inte på något otvetydigt klargörande när det gäller ekonomisk vinst vid konkurrensutsättning, eftersom uppföljning och utvärdering av upphandlade verksamheter inte sker i den utsträckning som vore önskvärd. Detta skapar problem med att dra några konkreta slutsatser om det råder någon ekonomisk skillnad, ifall verksamheten bedrivs i offentlig eller privat regi, det blir mer ett antagande än bevisad kunskap. Det framkom även att den byråkratisering som medföljer vid konkurrensutsättning innebär ökad kostnad för det offentliga, och det är inte alltid som effektiviseringarna motsvarar omkostnaderna. Ingen av respondenterna ansåg att konkurrensutsättning är ett felaktigt förfarande utan det behövs mer tid för att bygga upp kunskapen, och att därmed fullt ut utnyttja upphandlingen som ett ekonomiskt instrument. Skiljepunkten mellan respondenterna är snarare hur användandet av konkurrensutsättning bör användas för att gynna Region Gotland och det lokala näringslivet. Flertalet av de anbudsförfaranden som har utfallit med bra resultat, är inom områden där konkurrensutsättning har använts under längre tid, och ”trial and error” är en av förklaringarna som uppsatsen har kommit fram till. Storleken på förfrågningsunderlagen är betydelsefullt, för att öka antalet anbud och därmed konkurrensen. Vilket i sin tur minskar risken för oligopol - eller monopol - ställning för något enstaka storföretag.  Antalet anbud ger också en prispress vilket för det offentliga kan betyda större ”effektivitetsvinster”. / The proportion of Swedish public sector exposed to competitive tendering has increased steadily since the early 1990s. This development or progress has its proponents as well as critics. As for the major parties in the two political blocs, there is now a consensus that competitive tendering is here to stay. The dividing line is more on what proportion of the public sector to be opened to competition. The purpose of this thesis was to examine how The Region of Gotland uses the competitive tendering and procurement to achieve business efficiency in their activities, and compare the empirical basis in relation to the available theoretical sources. For our thesis the following questions are chosen: In what way are implementations of competitive tendering used in order to achieve business efficiency within the public sector? To what extent is monitoring of public sector to ensure that allocated resources are used as intended in the best way? The empirical data shows that there is no straight line in terms of financial results of competitive tendering, as the monitoring and evaluation of procurement activities does not occur to the extent needed. For the same reason a comparison with financial outcome of public operation would become more an assumption than proved knowledge. Areas where a tender procedure has turned out with good results are mostly, in areas where competition has been used for a long time. Our conclusion is that time is needed to develop knowledge of good practice and examples. The size of the tender specifications is important, to increase the number of tender and thus competition. This in turn reduces the risk of monopoly. The number of tenders also provides a downward pressure in prices which can mean greater “efficiency gains”.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to gain further knowledge of how the Swedish local government level is affected by requirements to use public procurement through competitive tendering and, more specifically, understand the actions taken by included actors when public procurement is required in implementation of public transport goals. Through case study method, an in specific process tracing, various implementation processes have been examined. One studied process complied with the procurement regulations, while the others included elements that circumvented them. In each process, the actions taken by involved actors have been the focus. The findings are presented in four papers. An overall conclusion is that, when public procurement is required in implementation at the local government level, several actors need to interact. These actors may use procurement to expand, maintain, or restrain their discretion towards others actors. In addition, various control mechanisms, such as e.g. monitoring, are used to restrain an actor’s discretion when the actor is circumventing procurement legislation. / Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att öka kunskapen om hur den lokala nivån i Sverige är påverkad av kravet på att använda offentlig upphandling, och mer specifikt att förstå de handlingar som olika aktörer vidtar vid implementering av kollektivtrafik mål, då konkurrensutsatt upphandling är ett krav. Genom fallstudie metod har olika implementeringsprocesser undersökts. I en process har upphandlingsreglerna följts, medan i de andra har upphandlingslagen kringgåtts. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån principal-agent teori och presenteras i form av fyra artiklar. I studien konstateras det att flera aktörer är beroende av varandra i implementeringen. Aktörerna kan använda upphandling för att både behålla och expandera sitt handlingsutrymme gentemot andra aktörer, men upphandling kan även vara begränsande. I studien diskuteras även olika kontrollmekanismer som användas då aktörer kringgår upphandlingslagstiftningen.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare price differences between preliminary and final price of a given construction. Thus, the basis is the given construction, whose price was increased in pursuance of construction operations from preliminary to final price, supplemented with price variations, which is, in this case, the basic concept. This thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part defines terms and concepts associated with this issue and the practical part deals with an actual case, in which the situation is laid out and the individual prices are described, along with the comparison and explanation.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect brought about by the promulgation of the British Local Government Act of 1988 on the maintenance of parks and recreational services. The Act made it compulsory to local authorities to expose the maintenance of parks and recreational services to a tendering process, commonly known as compulsory competitive tendering. The implementation of compulsory competitive tendering had to be done between the promulgation of the Act in 1988, and 1994. With regard to this period, a perception existed that the standard of the administration of the maintenance of parks and recreational services declined. The research was done to determine if the implementation of compulsory competitive tendering on the maintenance of parks and recreational services could have resulted in a decline in the standard of the administration of the services, and how it could have happened. It was determined that the motive of the British Government at the time of implementation of the compulsory competitive tendering was primarily to save money. The result of the implementation of compulsory competitive legislation on the maintenance of parks and recreational services were amongst other things: - low morale of staff who were pressured to change - culture changes necessary to comply to compulsory competitive organisational structures - legislation that influenced the lives of traditional local authority employees drastically, and - the development of a new approach to financial management to comply to the government's expectations of saving money. / Public Administration / M. A. (Public Administration)