Cette étude avait pour but d’évaluer, à partir d’un processus de co-construction avec les personnes concernées, dans un contexte de 1ère ligne, la mise en application d’interventions infirmières inspirées du Guide des meilleures pratiques de soins pour les endeuillés (GMPSE) auprès d’un couple ayant vécu une perte périnatale au cours des six dernier mois. Un devis de recherche d’étude de cas basé sur la démarche d’évaluation de la quatrième génération de Guba et Lincoln (1989) a été utilisé. Une infirmière expérimentée auprès des familles endeuillées, s’est inspirée de la guidance du GMPSE pour intervenir auprès d’un couple lors de cinq rencontres thérapeutiques, dont quatre ont été précédées d’une entrevue avec les personnes concernées . Ces entrevues ont permis à ces personnes d’identifier ensemble les interventions les plus utiles et les moins utiles. Le verbatim des rencontres et entrevues ont été enregistrées et transcrites à des fins d’analyses qualitatives, Les résultats de ces analyses font ressortir la pertinence des interventions inspirées du GMPSE et l’apport spécifique de la pratique infirmière auprès de la population visée. Il appert que la sensibilisation des décideurs et des cliniciens aux enjeux des personnes endeuilles soit nécessaire pour favoriser l’implantation du Guide dans les milieux de soins. Enfin, une meilleure appropriation du GMPSE est recommandée autant dans le cadre de la formation, que de la recherche et de la pratique en sciences infirmières. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate from a constructivist perspective, partnering with the stakeholders , the usefulness of nursing interventions inspired from The Best Practice Guidelines in Bereavement Care (BPGBC) in a first line context, during the follow up a couple whom had experienced a prenatal lost in the last six months. A case study design was used along with The Fourth Evaluation’s methodological approach designed by Guba and Lincoln (1989). An experienced nurse in the care of bereaved families, used the BPGBC to guide her interventions in five therapeutic meetings with the couple, followed by four interviews with the stakeholders. The interventions considered the most helpful and the less useful were identified. The gathering of the data and their analysis followed an interactive and ongoing process. The results support the pertinence of the nursing interventions inspired from the BPGBC, as well as the specific contribution of the nursing profession in the bereavement work. Implementing the BPGBC becomes a realistic goal when the managers and the clinical professionals are made aware of the issues encompassed by the grieving population. The nursing profession could incorporate the BPGBC in its training curriculum, in the research field and in the care offered to the bereaved population in different care settings.

Les plasmons de surface sont des modes non-radiatifs qui vivent à l'interface d'un diélectrique et d'un métal. Ils peuvent confiner la lumière à des échelles sub-longueur d'onde. Néanmoins, leur propagation reste limitée par les pertes inhérentes au métal qui entraînent une absorption rapide du mode. L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude du couplage des plasmons de surface dans des structures planes métallo-diélectriques. L'obtention des propriétés des différents modes nécessite le prolongement des solutions dans le plan complexe définissant la constante de propagation. La méthode mise en œuvre consiste à déterminer les pôles de la matrice de diffusion en utilisant les intégrales de Cauchy. Une première solution pour résoudre le problème de propagation des plasmons de surface consiste à coupler ces modes entre eux. Dans un milieu symétrique, lorsque l'épaisseur d'un film métallique devient suffisamment faible, le couplage entre les modes plasmons existants sur chaque surface devient possible. L'un des deux modes couplés ainsi créé, dit plasmon longue portée, a une longueur de propagation supérieure à celle du plasmon de surface usuel tandis que l'autre, dit plasmon à courte portée, se propage moins. Nous présentons une configuration permettant l'excitation du mode longue portée sans le mode courte portée grâce à une couche métallique déposée sur un substrat infiniment conducteur. Cette excitation peut alors être effectuée dans l'air et permettre des applications comme la détection et la caractérisation de molécules. Ensuite, nous présentons le couplage entre deux guides d'ondes diélectriques, et plus particulièrement la théorie des modes couplés, étendue au cas de la polarisation transverse magnétique. Nous considérons aussi le cas de la PT symétrie. La dernière partie de ce mémoire présente la démonstration du régime de couplage fort entre un plasmon de surface et un mode guidé. Nous mettons alors en évidence une augmentation de la longueur de propagation pour le mode hybride plasmon dont le confinement reste celui d'un mode de surface. Un gain linéaire est ensuite ajouté dans les différentes couches de la structure pour en étudier l'effet. L'ajout de gain dans la couche intermédiaire entre les deux modes couplés a pour conséquence l'exaltation de la longueur de propagation des modes et plus particulièrement du mode hybride plasmon qui peut alors se propager au-delà du millimètre. / Surface plasmon polaritons are non radiative modes which exist at the interface between a dielectric and a metal. They can confine light at sub-wavelength scales. However, their propagation is restricted by the intrinsic losses of the metal which imply a rapid absorption of the mode. The aim of this thesis is the study of the coupling of surface plasmons in metallo-dielectric planar structures. Obtaining the properties of the modes implies the extension of the solutions to the complex plane of propagation constants. The method used consists in determining the poles of the scattering matrix by means of Cauchy's integrals. The first solution to solve the problem of propagation of the surface plasmons consists in coupling these modes to one another. In a symmetric medium, when the thickness of the metallic film becomes thin enough, the coupling between the plasmon modes which exist on each side becomes possible. One of the coupled modes which is created, the so-called long range surface plasmon, has a bigger propagation length than the usual plasmon whereas the other coupled mode, named short range surface plasmon, has a smaller propagation length. We present a configuration which allows the excitation of the long range surface plasmon without the short range mode with a metallic layer deposited on a perfect electric conductor substrate. This excitation can be done in air and allows applications, such as the detection and the characterisation of molecules. Then, we present the coupling between dielectric waveguides, and, in particular, the coupled-mode theory in the case of the transverse magnetic polarisation. We consider also the case of PT symmetric structure. The last part of this work presents the demonstration of the strong coupling regime between a surface plasmon and a guided mode. We demonstrate an increase of the propagation length of the hybrid surface plasmon, which still has the confinement of a surface mode. A linear gain is added in the different layers of the structure. When the gain is added in the layer between both coupled modes allows an enhancement of the propagation lengths of the modes, and more precisely of the hybrid surface plasmon mode, which can propagate at the millimeter scale.

This thesis is dealing with summary of findings about thematic instruction and using interdisciplinary relationships in teaching at Primary school. The starting point for the theoretical part is specialist literature about project and thematic instructions. The research section of the thesis is formed by methodological guide for teachers. In the methodological guide there are two complete teaching programs for 3rd year of Primary school. These programs use the themes of cultural and natural attractions of Telč and its surroundings for support of interdisciplinary relationships in teaching at Primary school. The part of the thesis contains an interview with a teacher, who checked the proposal in practise.

This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of use of contemporary workbooks and guides of Czech orthography, their quality and their position amongst other material didactic aids. It briefly introduces the concept of spelling from a linguistic viewpoint, defines the spelling curriculum in a didactic concept, and introduces the basic types of spelling exercises, as well as their advantages and risks. Empirical research was carried out through five selected publications. These were subjected to a detailed examination and the selected passages were subjected to a response from primary school respondents. This thesis analyses specific selected books, but moreover, it also aims to evaluate the possibilities and limits of commercial publications designed for spelling practice. The choice of the type of exercises included, the assignment's clarity, the content attractiveness of included texts, and the book's graphic processing and more are important factors in determining the quality of the given types of books.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce the personality and literary and media production of Jiří Padevět, researcher, writer, director of publishing house Academia and the holder of several awards including Magnesia Litera who devotes himself particularly to the period of the Second World War in Czech territory. Theoretical part includes concise summary of events in the protectorate from 1939 to 1945. There are included Jiří Padevět's viewpoints regarding several historical events. This chapter establishes a context for the entire thesis while also commemorating this year's 80th anniversary of the occupation by Nazi Germany and the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. One of theoretical chapters is dedicated to non-fiction genre to which author's historical guides are mainly assigned. Integral part is also Jiří Padevět's biography, which maps his life from childhood to the present day. This diploma thesis presents guides, fiction books and web series Bloody years on web portal Stream.cz from the output of Jiří Padevět. Practical part focuses in detail on four selected works of Jiří Padevět which are interpreted even with their critical responses. Part of this thesis is also an interview with Jiří Padevět.

L'inscription laser directe est un domaine de recherche en croissance depuis ces deux dernières décennies, fournissant un moyen efficace et robuste pour inscrire directement des structures en trois dimensions (3D) dans des matériaux transparents tels que des verres en utilisant des impulsions laser femtosecondes. Cette technique présente de nombreux avantages par rapport à la technique de lithographie, qui se limite à la structuration en deux dimensions (2D) et implique de nombreuses étapes de fabrication. Cela rend la technique d’inscription laser direct bien adaptée aux nouveaux procédés de fabrication. Généralement, l’inscription laser dans les verres induit des changements physiques tels qu'un changement permanent de l'indice de réfraction localisé. Ces modifications ont été classés en trois types distincts : (Type I, Type II et Type III). Dans ce travail, nous présentons un nouveau type de changement d'indice de réfraction, appelé type A qui est basé sur la création d’agrégats d'argent photo-induit. En effet, dans des verres dans lesquels sont incorporés des ions argent Ag+, lors de leurs synthèses, l’inscription laser directe induit la création d’agrégats d’argent fluorescents Agmx+ au voisinage du voxel d’interaction. Ces agrégats modifient localement les propriétés optiques comme : la fluorescence, la non-linéarité et la réponse plasmonique du verre. Ainsi, différents guides d'ondes, un séparateur de faisceau 50-50, ainsi que des coupleurs optiques ont été inscrits en se basant sur ce nouveau Type A et complétement caractérisés. D'autre part, une étude comparative entre les deux types de guides d'ondes (type A et type I) est présentée, tout en montrant qu’en ajustant les paramètres laser, il est possible de déclencher soit le Type I soit le Type A. Enfin, en se basant sur des guides d’ondes de type A inscrits proche de la surface du verre, un capteur d'indice de réfraction hautement sensible a été inscrit dans une lame de verre de 1 cm de long. Ce capteur miniaturisé peut présenter deux fenêtres de détection d’indice, ce qui constitue une première mondiale. Les propriétés des guides d'ondes inscrits dans ces verres massifs ont été transposées à des fibres en forme de ruban, du même matériau contenant de l'argent. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse ouvrent la voie à la fabrication de circuits intégrés en 3D et de capteurs à fibre basés sur des propriétés optiques originales inaccessibles avec des guides d’onde de Type I standard. / Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been an exponentially growing research field during the last two decades, by providing an efficient and robust way to directly address three dimensional (3D) structures in transparent materials such as glasses using femtosecond laser pulses. It exhibits many advantages over lithography technique which is mostly limited to two dimensional (2D) structuring and involves many fabrication steps. This competitive aspect makes the DLW technique suitable for future technological transfer to advanced industrial manufacturing. Generally, DLW in glasses induces physical changes such as permanent local refractive index modifications that have been classified under three distinct types: (Type I, Type II & Type III). In silver containing glasses with embedded silver ions Ag+, DLW induces the creation of fluorescent silver clusters Agmx+ at the vicinity of the interaction voxel. In this work, we present a new type of refractive index change, called type A that is based on the creation of the photo-induced silver clusters allowing the creation of new linear and nonlinear optical waveguides in silver containing glasses. Various waveguides, a 50-50 Y beam splitter, as well as optical couplers, were written based on type A modification inside bulk glasses and further characterized. On the other hand, a comparison study between type A and type I waveguides is presented, showing that finely tuning the laser parameters allows the creation of either type A or type I modification inside silver containing glasses. Finally, based on type A near-surface waveguides, a highly sensitive refractive index sensor is created in a 1 cm glass chip, which could exhibit a pioneer demonstration of double sensing refractive ranges. The waveguiding properties observed and reported in the bulk of such silver containing glasses were transposed to ribbon shaped fibers of the same material. Those results pave the way towards the fabrication of 3D integrated circuits and fiber sensors with original fluorescent, nonlinear and plasmonic properties that are not accessible using the standard type I modification

Introdução: A disseminação das recomendações de guias alimentares é vista globalmente como primordial na agenda de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, destacando-se a capacitação dos seus facilitadores. Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar tecnologias de apoio à implementação do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira na Atenção Básica em Saúde (ABS). Metodologia: Foram produzidos três manuscritos sobre desenvolvimento e validação de instrumentos de aferição. Artigo 1 - GAB1 (escala de mensuração do conhecimento de profissionais de saúde da ABS sobre o Guia Alimentar) foi desenvolvida e validada em seis etapas: desenvolvimento dos itens, validação de conteúdo com painel de juízes, validação aparente com potenciais usuários da escala, reavaliação online, aplicação online com profissionais de saúde da ABS de todas as macrorregiões brasileiras e análise fatorial confirmatória para validação de constructo. Artigo 2 - GAB2 (escala de mensuração da autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva de profissionais de saúde da ABS para aplicar o Guia Alimentar) passou pelas mesmas etapas metodológicas do artigo 1. Artigo 3 - GAB3 (escala de avaliação da abordagem do Guia Alimentar por profissionais de saúde da ABS em intervenções educativas) foi desenvolvida, validada e testada em cinco etapas: desenvolvimento dos itens; validação de conteúdo com painel de juízes; validação aparente com potenciais usuários da escala; reavaliação online; teste e reteste para análise da concordância e confiabilidade intra e interobservadores com especialistas aplicando GAB3 na avaliação de 4 vídeos produzidos para o estudo. Resultados: Artigo 1 - GAB1 foi desenvolvida com 25 itens, passando para 22 itens após validação de conteúdo e aparente. Na reavaliação, 21 itens foram considerados claros e representativos do Guia Alimentar e 1 foi excluído. Essa versão da escala foi aplicada pela internet com 209 profissionais de saúde da ABS. Foram excluídos 5 itens na análise fatorial confirmatória, sendo 4 por células bivariadas vazias e 1 por baixa discriminação. O modelo final com 16 itens compondo 1 dimensão retornou bons índices de ajuste. O pico de informação da escala esteve abaixo da média. Artigo 2 - GAB2 foi desenvolvida inicialmente com 22 itens, chegando a 24 itens divididos igualmente em 2 seções (autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva) após validação de conteúdo e aparente. Todos os itens foram considerados claros e representativos do Guia Alimentar na reavaliação. O modelo multidimensional da GAB3 apresentou excelentes índices de adequação na análise fatorial confirmatória e a versão final obteve pico de informação na média. Artigo 3 - GAB3 teve seus itens reduzidos de 72 para 25 na validação de conteúdo. Na validação aparente passou para 17 itens, acompanhando manual de preenchimento revisado posteriormente por especialistas. Todos os itens foram considerados claros e representativos do Guia Alimentar na reavaliação e ajustes de conteúdo no manual foram realizados nessa etapa. Trinta especialistas no Guia Alimentar empregaram GAB3 assistindo aos vídeos no teste e 28 no reteste. Todos os vídeos obtiveram kappas combinados >0,4. No teste-reteste, 1 avaliador teve concordância consigo mesmo <0,4 e para confiabilidade, 2 avaliadores apresentaram kappa <0,4. Conclusões: Foram produzidas escalas e vídeos como tecnologias de apoio à implementação do Guia Alimentar na ABS. / Introduction: The dissemination of dietary guidelines is globally seen as crucial for the healthy eating promotion policies, especially those targeting the training of facilitators. Objective: To develop and validate technologies to support the implementation of the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines (BDG) in Primary Health Care (PHC). Methodology: Three manuscripts about development and validation of measurement tools were written. Manuscript 1 - GAB1 (scale for measuring the knowledge of PHC professionals about the BDG) was developed and validated in six steps: items\' development, content validation with panel of experts, face validation with potential users, online reevaluation by health professionals and experts, online application with PHC professionals working all over Brazil\'s macro-regions, confirmatory factor analysis to investigate construct validity. Manuscript 2 - GAB2 (scale for measuring the self-efficacy and collective efficacy of PHC professionals to apply the BDG) were submitted to the same procedures described in manuscript 1. Manuscript 3 - GAB3 (scale for evaluating the implementation of the BDG in PHC educational interventions) was developed, validated and tested in five steps: items\' development; content validation with panel of experts; face validation with potential users; online reevaluation; test-retest to analyze intra and interobserver agreement and reliability with experts applying GAB3 while watching 4 videos produced for this study. Results: Manuscript 1 - GAB1 was initially developed with 25 items and it was reduced to 22 items after content and face validation. GAB1\'s items were considered clear and representative of the BDG, with exception of 1 item that was excluded when the scale was reevaluated. This version of the scale was applied to 209 PHC professionals through a website. In the confirmatory factor analysis, GAB1\'s initial model constituted by 21 items had 5 items excluded: 4 returned bivariate empty cells and 1 with lowest discrimination value. All the fit indices returned a well-fitted model constituted by 16 items loaded onto 1 dimension, with peak of information centered below the mean. Manuscript 2 - GAB2 was initially developed with 22 items and it reached 24 items equally divided in part A (self-efficacy) and B (collective efficacy) after content and face validation. All GAB2\'s items were considered clear and representative of the BDG when reevaluated. GAB2 showed to have excellent fit indices, with peak of information centered around the mean. Manuscript 3 - GAB3\'s items were reduced from 72 to 25 after content validation. The scale reached 17 items in the face validation accompanied by a completion manual, reviewed by specialists. All the 17 items were considered clear and representative of the BDG when reevaluated and adjustments in the manual\'s content were made. Thirty raters applied GAB3 to watch the videos for test and 28 for the retest. All videos obtained combined kappa values>0.4. In the test-retest, only one rater had an agreement <0.4 and for reliability, only two raters had kappa values <0.4. Conclusions: Scales and videos were produced as technologies to support the implementation of the BDG in PHC.

[pt] Este estudo foi motivado pela utilização, ainda em caráter experimental, de um tradutor automático por uma empresa multinacional de localização de software. A fim de contribuir para essa iniciativa pioneira no país, propomos uma avaliação do programa, enfocando as implicações da utilização desta tecnologia no processo de localização de software. Empregamos a taxonomia proposta pelo FEMTI (Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE), desenvolvida especialmente para a avaliação de tradução automática, com base nas normas ISO/IEC de qualidade de software. São considerados aspectos operacionais, como a integração do sistema de tradução automática às ferramentas de memória de tradução, bem como questões relacionadas à linguagem. O corpus utilizado para a avaliação foi um manual de usuário de um telefone celular. Além dos problemas lingüísticos recorrentes na maioria das ferramentas de tradução automática disponíveis atualmente, são analisados os desvios relacionados à tradução da interface com o usuário, mais especificamente aos menus do telefone celular. Esses desvios são discutidos dentro das categorias pertinentes da taxonomia do FEMTI e, sempre que possível, foram sugeridas soluções. Para complementar a análise lingüística, apresentamos outros três estudos realizados para o português. Nossos resultados indicam que o sistema pode ser bem-sucedido neste mercado em função principalmente da delimitação do domínio e da adoção dos procedimentos impostos pelo processo de localização. Esse sucesso depende da integração do tradutor automático às memórias de tradução e de investimentos relativamente pequenos na atualização dos recursos lingüísticos (regras gramaticais e dicionários) para refletir as características próprias do domínio e do tipo de texto. / [en] This study was motivated by the trial implementation of a machine translation engine by a multinational software localization company. In order to contribute to this innovative experiment in the Brazilian market, we evaluate the engine, focusing on the implications of its implementation in the software localization industry. We use the FEMTI (Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE) taxonomy, which is based on the ISO/IEC guidelines for software evaluation. Operational aspects, such as the engine s integration with translation memory tools, are taken into consideration, as well as language issues. Our evaluation is based on the machine translated version of a mobile phone user guide. In addition to the language problems common to most machine translation engines currently available, we analyze issues related to the user interface, particularly to the phone menus. These problems are discussed as examples of each related FEMTI topic and we suggest solutions whenever possible. To add to our language evaluation, we present three other studies dedicated to Portuguese. Our results indicate the engine can be successful in this industry mainly in terms of domain restriction and localization workflow procedures. Its success depends on its integration to translation memory tools and requires relatively little investment in updating the language resources (rules and dictionaries) to reflect the language characteristics specific to domain and text type.

Bakgrund: Att hänvisa patienter till adekvat vårdnivå ingår i ambulanssjuksköterskors arbetsuppgifter. Det är dock ingen enkel uppgift och tidigare forskning visar att det ofta är förenat med en känsla av otrygghet. Under hösten 2018 inleddes en samverkan mellan en ambulansorganisation i södra Sverige och 1177 vårdguiden, med målet att stärka sjuksköterskors trygghet vid hänvisning av patienter från ambulanssjukvård till egenvård. I samverkan ingick ett nytt beslutsstöd samt ett uppföljningssamtal för patienterna via 1177 vårdguiden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka och beskriva hur sjuksköterskor upplever hänvisning av patienter från ambulanssjukvård till egenvård vid samverkan med 1177 vårdguiden. Metod: En mixad metod med kvantitativa enkäter och kvalitativa intervjuer med en förklarande sekventiell design har använts. Resultat: Resultatet visar på en positiv förändring av hur sjuksköterskorna upplever hänvisning av patienter till egenvård, efter utbildningsinterventionen upplever de en ökad trygghet. De upplever det tryggt både för sig själva och för patienterna att en tredje part följer upp och kontrollerar utförda bedömningar, därigenom erfar de trygghet i ett delat ansvar. Konklusion: Ett mångdimensionellt beslutsstöd, att patienterna får ett uppföljande samtal samt att bedömningen blir kontrollerad, är faktorer som samtliga bidrar till ökad trygghet för sjuksköterskorna. / Background: Referring patients to an adequate level of care is included in the assignments of ambulance nurses. However, it is not a simple task and previous research shows that it is often associated with a feeling of insecurity. In the fall of 2018 a collaboration between an ambulance organization in southern Sweden and the 1177 care guide where introduced. The aim of the collaboration was to strengthen the nurses feelings of safety when referring patients from ambulance care to self-care. The collaboration included a new decision support system and a follow-up call for the patients. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore and describe how nurses experience non-conveyance of patients who gets referred from ambulance care to self-care in collaboration with 1177 care guide. Method: A mixed method with quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with an explanatory sequential design has been used. Results: The result shows a positive change in how the nurses experience referral of patients to self-care, after the training intervention they experience increased feeling of security. They find it safe both for themselves and for the patients that a third party follows up and verify the assessments, thereby they experiencing feeling of safety in a shared responsibility. Conclusion: A multi-dimensional decision support system, that the patients receive a follow-up call and that the assessment is controlled, are factors that all contribute to increased feelings of safety for the nurses.

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