Estreia, na Constituição Federal de 1988, de forma expressa, a incidência dos princípios da ampla defesa e do due process no processo administrativo, consagrando, pois, a presença efetiva do modelo Estado de Direito a emoldurar e balizar a atividade desenvolvida pelo Poder Público. Considerando, destarte, que o Estado atua não apenas por intermédio de atos administrativos isolados, mas também por via de processos, cada dia mais complexos, demandando um particular debruçar por parte dos analistas, pareceu-nos oportuno o estudo da incidência da teoria das nulidades em sede de processos administrativos. A perspectiva deste estudo, sem abandonar a teoria da invalidez dos atos administrativos, busca o aprofundamento no domínio da ocorrência de fatores que possam conduzir à nulidade e invalidade do processo administrativo tanto geral, como disciplinar perquirindo as condições necessárias para assegurar aos processos trâmites regulares, afastando os vícios e mantendo-os sempre no campo da legalidade. A perspectiva do trabalho, destarte, busca recolocar tema tão polêmico em debate e, sob a lente da investigação científica, apresentar, de modo sistematizado, as doutrinas, as teses desenvolvidas e a jurisprudência construída de modo a assegurar a evolução do tratamento jurídico oferecido ao processo administrativo para o efetivo atingimento de suas finalidades públicas. Ao administrado, de outro lado, a pesquisa se revela de interesse, porquanto põe à luz, evidenciando, os princípios pelos quais a Administração deve se pautar para que determinado ato seja válido e eficaz. Cuida-se de preservar a supremacia do interesse público, em prol dos objetivos fundamentais do standard do Estado Democrático de Direito, dentre eles, uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária / For the first time, the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution expressly provides for the application of the principles of fair hearing and due process of law to administrative procedures, thereby enshrining the tangible presence of the rule of law approach, whose purpose is to frame and limit the activities performed by the Government. Therefore, considering that the Government does not operate only through isolated administrative acts, but also through increasingly complex processes that require particular examination by analysts, it seems fitting to study the application of the theory of nullities in administrative procedures. Although it does not depart from the theory of invalidity of administrative acts, the focus of this study is to inquire into facts that may result in the nullity and invalidity of administrative procedures both of a general and disciplinary nature and establish the necessary conditions to ensure the regular course of procedure, thereby avoiding errors and preserving its legal integrity. Thus, this paper aims to rekindle the discussion on this controversial subject and, based on a scientific analysis, presents a systematized portrayal of the relevant doctrines, theses and case law that were produced with a view to the development of the legal framework that underpins administrative procedure and the fulfillment of its public mission. On the other hand, this research is of interest also to private individuals, as it brings to light the principles the Public Administration must observe for any given act to be considered valid and effective. Particular care is taken to preserve the paramount importance of public interest as a fundamental objective that determines the standards of a state founded on the rule of law, including a free, equal and fair society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4920.pdf: 489498 bytes, checksum: 9e4b0d1ab8d50b5b6eaedfc2626327aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Lead is a toxic metal that affects all the organs and systems of the human body, being its absorption bigger in children and pregnant women. Although the harmful effect of lead in infantile development (e.g., hyperactivity, cognitive deficit, low efficiency at school, etc) there are no studies on the effect of intervention programs for this population. The objectives of this work were: 1. to compare, the acquisition of abilities (foreseen in the Portage Guide) for children of 3 to 5 years old, with average level of lead equal to 21 g/dl at four moments and 2. to verify the effect of two domiciliary interventions (A: individual training of the mother according to procedures of the Portage Guide, and the other, B: toys and models of tricks available to the child - environmental enrichment) in its performance. Two groups of 4 children were analyzed, being two groups of intervention and one of waiting control. The delineation counts on: evaluation retrospect (2002/03), a pre-test evaluation of all children in Portage Guide and HOME; implementation of the intervention programs with groups A and B (23 sessions); sounding the trained and emergent behaviors (application of the Portage Guide); retaken of the intervention program (9 weeks); post-test 1 (Portage Guide and HOME); post-test 2 (Portage Guide); post-test 3 with only one child of each group; besides the weekly evaluation of the children s performance through observation and record and posterior intervention with the controlled group. The results pointed to a decay of performance in the Portage Guide of evaluation 2002/03 for the pre-test, in the three groups, being the greater deficits in the cognition and language areas. After the period of intervention, children from group A got greater addition of behaviors, followed by group B and finally group C. The environment quality and care of these children came to be insufficient, but with improvements to the intervention for the submitted groups. It can be concluded that the two interventions speed up the development, but with better results for the intervention with parents guiding. The results indicate, also, that deficits of behavior tend to extend themselves throughout the time when it comes to this population. / O chumbo é um metal tóxico que afeta todos os órgãos e sistemas do corpo humano, sendo sua absorção maior em crianças e gestante. Apesar dos efeitos nocivos do chumbo no desenvolvimento infantil (ex., hiperatividade, déficit cognitivo, baixo rendimento escolar, etc) não existem estudos sobre o efeito de programas de intervenção para esta população. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1.comparar, a aquisição de habilidades (previstas no Inventário Portage Operacionalizado - IPO) por crianças de 3 a 5 anos com nível médio de chumbo igual a 21 g/dl em quatro momentos e 2. verificar o efeito de duas intervenções domiciliares (A: treino individual da mãe segundo os procedimentos do IPO, e a outra B: disponibilização de brinquedos e modelos de brincadeiras à criança enriquecimento ambiental) no seu desempenho. Foram analisados três grupos de 4 crianças sendo dois grupos de intervenção e um de controle de espera. O delineamento conta com: avaliação retrospectiva (2002/03), uma avaliação pré-teste de todas as crianças no IPO e HOME; implementação dos programas de intervenção com os grupos A e B (23 sessões); sonda dos comportamentos treinados e emergentes (aplicação do IPO); retomada do programa de intervenção (9 semanas); pós-teste 1 (IPO e HOME); pós-teste 2 (IPO); pós-teste 3 com apenas 1 criança de cada grupo; além da avaliação semanal do desempenho das crianças via observação e registro e intervenção posterior com grupo controle. Os resultados apontam para queda de desempenho no IPO da avaliação 2002/03 para o pré-teste, nos 3 grupos, sendo os maiores deficits nas áreas de cognição e linguagem. Após o período de intervenção as crianças do grupo A obtiveram maior acréscimo de comportamentos, seguidas do grupo B e por último o grupo C. A qualidade do ambiente e cuidado destas crianças mostrou-se insuficiente, mas com melhoras para os grupos submetidos a intervenção. Pode-se concluir que as duas intervenções aceleram o desenvolvimento, mas com melhor resultado para a intervenção com orientação de pais. Os resultados indicam, também, que os deficits comportamentais tendem a se ampliar ao longo do tempo quando se trata desta população.

Uma das questões preponderantes que vem sendo discutidas no ambiente acadêmico e governamental é a preocupação com a sustentabilidade em cidades, municípios e países, uma vez que, se acentuam problemas sociais, ambientais, políticos e também econômicos - incompatíveis com os conceitos estabelecidos pelo desenvolvimento sustentável. Com decorrência desta situação, os indicadores de sustentabilidade tais como: serviços de saneamento, segurança pública, educação, saúde, mobilidade e acessibilidade, dentre outros, tornaram-se ferramentas úteis para compreender os processos relacionados a este modelo de desenvolvimento, contribuindo para o planejamento e gestão de ações sustentáveis entre os atores correspondentes. Em suma, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a sustentabilidade do município de Prata/MG tendo como referência os indicadores e as metas propostas pelo Guia de Gestão Pública Sustentável (GPS), desenvolvido pelo Programa Cidades Sustentável (PCS), além de propor políticas públicas a partir dos indicadores identificados como críticos. Portanto, esta pesquisa se caracteriza como quali-quantitativa e está conduzida sob estudo de caso no município de Prata/MG. O procedimento metodológico pautou-se em técnicas de coleta de dados e informações a partir da documentação indireta e direta, posteriormente, realizou-se o método de cálculo proposto pelo GPS. Para auxílio das análises elaborou-se uma matriz FOFA, a qual apresenta quatro elementos fundamentais que podem ser agrupados em pares correspondendo aos aspectos positivos - forças e oportunidades; e aos aspectos negativos - fragilidades e ameaças. Por fim, realizou-se também uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos por meio dos cálculos e a perspectiva da população local sobre o tema. Os resultados apontam que as forças se destacam no ambiente interno do município e que precisam ser mantidas, tais como: garantia de Unidades Básicas de Saúde para a população; variáveis meteorológicas satisfatórias; economia criativa a partir do reaproveitamento de garrafas Pets, sistema eficiente de gestão de resíduos e coleta seletiva, assim como extensão satisfatória de áreas verdes, áreas protegidas e reservas, diversidade cultural e participação de mulheres na administração municipal. Dentre os aspectos que necessitam de melhoras destacam-se: a insuficiência de leitos hospitalares para atender as necessidades da população; índices elevados de pessoas infectadas com dengue; insegurança pública e no trânsito; número elevado de notificações de trabalho infantil, calçadas inacessíveis para os pedestres, ausência de uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto, dentre outros, devendo os órgãos públicos em especial, concretizar ações para eliminar ou minimizar estes problemas. Pode-se concluir que a presente pesquisa permitiu analisar de forma integrada os indicadores de sustentabilidade no município de Prata/MG e verificar em que situação os mesmos se encontram perante as metas determinadas pelo GPS. Espera-se que este trabalho constitua-se como uma referência para outros estudos sobre a temática, contribua para a divulgação do Programa Cidades Sustentáveis e auxilie a administração municipal de Prata na concepção por melhorias a partir das políticas públicas propostas. / One of the major questions that have been discussed in academic and governmental environment are the concern for sustainability in cities, towns and countries, since, the social problems are highlighted, environmental, political and also economic - incompatible with the established concepts of sustainable development. Based on these problems, the sustainable indicators such as sanitation, public safety, education, health, mobility and accessibility, among others, have become useful tools to understand the processes related to this development model, contributing to the planning and management of sustainable actions between the corresponding actors. To sum up, this research has as main objective analyze the sustainability of Prata town / MG having as reference the sustainability indicators and the goals proposed by the Sustainable Guide of Public Management (SGPM) developed by the Sustainable Cities Program (SCP), besides offering public policies from critical indicators detected. Therefore, this research is characterized as qualitative and quantitative, and is carried under case study of the town of Prata / MG. Thus, the methodological procedure was based in data collection techniques and information from the indirect and direct documentation, afterwards, was performed the calculation method proposed by SGPM. To support the analysis, it was produced a SWOT matrix, which has four key elements that can be put together in pairs, corresponding to the positives aspects - strengths and opportunities; and negatives - weaknesses and threats. Finally, a comparative analysis to check the results of the calculations and the perspective of the local population about the subject. The results show that the forces which stand out in the internal environment of the town and need to be maintained, such as: Primary Care Units guarantee for the population; satisfactory meteorological variables; Energetic efficiency; Creative economy from reusing the plastic bottles; an efficient management system of waste and selective collection, satisfactory extension of green areas, as well as protected areas and reserves, cultural diversity and women engagement in town business. Among the aspects needing improvement include: hospital beds to meet the needs of the population; high rates infected people with dengue; public and traffic safety; high number of child labor notifications, sidewalks inaccessible to pedestrians, lack of sewage treatment, among others, should public agencies in particular, elaborate actions to eliminate or minimize these problems. In conclusion, that this research allowed us to analyze in an integrated manner the sustainability indicators, verifying at what step they are towards the determined goals by the SGPM. It is expected that this study can be considered as a reference to other researches in the same field, contributing to the propagation of the Sustainable Cities Program and assisting the municipal administration of Prata, to improve, with ideas from the proposed public policies. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

The main goal of this diploma thesis is further analysis of cross-curricural subject ?Education towards Thinking in European and Global Context? at the second stage at the elementary school from the perspective of geography. The first part of the thesis is dealing with position and importance of this cross-curricular subject in Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education, especially with emphasis on geography education; is also summarizing existing experiences of its education first at pilot elementary schools and also according to results of a survey at elementary schools in place of my residence. I suggest my own attitude to educating cross-curricular subject ?Education towards Thinking in European and Global Context? from the perspective of geography teacher with regard to new trends in education in the second part of my diploma thesis. Teaching material is designed in a form of a workbook and there is also available a methodological guide interfaced with this workbook for teachers.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T14:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Gustavo do Nascimento Rigonato - 2017.pdf: 1847894 bytes, checksum: c9cdedf02a07e88f549b7eef0a874772 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T14:14:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Gustavo do Nascimento Rigonato - 2017.pdf: 1847894 bytes, checksum: c9cdedf02a07e88f549b7eef0a874772 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T14:14:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Gustavo do Nascimento Rigonato - 2017.pdf: 1847894 bytes, checksum: c9cdedf02a07e88f549b7eef0a874772 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The teaching of Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PLE) has gained prominence in recent years (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2011; FARIA, 2015; FURTOSO, 2015). However, Almeida Filho (2011) calls our attention to the need for research in the area of PLE that re-elaborates the teaching of the language. In this study, I sought to investigate the possible benefits of using an orientation guide during peer review activities in a group of Portuguese as a Foreign Language. Peer review is an activity in which students correct the written text of each other and is premised on the argument that interaction favors learning (FIGUEIREDO, 2006; VYGOTSKY, 1998). For that, the first and second versions of texts written by non-Brazilian exchange students at the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) were contrasted during the first half of 2016. The first language of these students is Spanish. The data were analyzed qualitatively, although some numerical data were used to facilitate the comprehension of the results (NUNAN, 1992). The results demonstrate that peer review activities can be beneficial for language learning as it provides improvement in texts, and students feel benefited by discussing their texts with peers with the aid of an orientation guide. / O ensino de Português como Língua Estrangeira (PLE) tem ganhado destaque nos últimos anos (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2011; FARIA, 2015; FURTOSO, 2015). No entanto, Almeida Filho (2011) nos chama atenção para a necessidade de pesquisas na área de PLE que reelaborem o ensino do idioma. Neste estudo, procurei investigar os possíveis benefícios da utilização de um guia de orientação durante atividades de correção com os pares em uma turma de Português como Língua Estrangeira. A correção com os pares é uma atividade em que os alunos corrigem o texto escrito um do outro e parte da premissa de que a interação favorece a aprendizagem (FIGUEIREDO, 2006; VYGOTSKY, 1998). Para tanto, foram contrastadas as primeiras e segundas versões de textos escritos por estudantes intercambistas na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) no primeiro semestre de 2016, cuja primeira língua é o espanhol. Os dados foram analisados prioritariamente de forma qualitativa, embora alguns dados numéricos tenham sido utilizados para facilitar a compreensão dos resultados (NUNAN, 1992). Os resultados demonstram que a correção com os pares pode ser benéfica para a aprendizagem de línguas, pois proporciona melhoria nos textos, e os alunos sentem-se beneficiados ao discutirem seus textos com os colegas com o auxílio de um guia de orientação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lais Pereira Khoury.pdf: 1166537 bytes, checksum: 47ffa610b4fcac7a9ba674bc09cfa04f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by heterogeneous signs and symptoms that significantly affect the psychosocial adaptation of the patient. For instance, the absence of joint attention, communication deficit, social interaction, initiation of joint social attention, solicitation behaviors and behavior problems. Similar to other development disorders, children with ASD develop special educational needs (SEN) due to specific behavioral, cognitive, language and social adaptation clinical conditions. In Brazil there is a specific legislation that associates this clinical frame to the condition of a person with SEN. The set of all behavioral, communication, and language alterations observed in autism interferes in the insertion and adaptation of patients in the school environment. Scientific evidence about intervention strategies indicate that the behavioristic approach is one of the most beneficial to the improvement and appeasing of several problems typically associated with ASD (behavior problems, social skills, daily life skills, social communication, among others). The general objetctive of this study was to develop, implement and assess the efficiency of a training program for teachers on behavior management strategies for students with ASD. The project was developed in five elementary schools from the city of Barueri. The sample was composed of five students with ASD, age range 6 to 10 years old, enrolled in elementary schools in Barueri, and their respective teachers, totalizing 10 participants. The following tools were used: a) Wechsler 34 Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC III), b) Brazilian version of The Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI/01), c) Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), d) Report of behavior observation, e) Questionnaire to verify teachers general knowledge on ASD. The study was carried out in three steps, Step I: initial assessment through the use of the aforementioned tools; Step II: intervention; Step III: post-intervention. The main results indicate a reduction of behavioral problems in all children, according to both behavioral assessment tests and according to behavioral problems rates recorded before and after the intervention. The indicators of behavioral problems that had the most reduced rates were aggressiveness, self-aggressiveness, and stereotypies. At the post-intervention step, new adequate and adaptive behaviors were recorded in the classroom setting. Teachers improved qualitatively their knowledge on ASD and, according to the results, they seem to have started the use of adequate behavioral management strategies with these students. The orientation guide proved to be efficient to the management of low cost contingencies. Data, though restricted to the sample, show that the use of the guide is feasible in the classroom setting. / O Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) se caracteriza por uma heterogeneidade de sinais e sintomas que afetam consideravelmente a adaptação psicossocial da pessoa acometida. Por exemplo, ausência de atenção compartilhada, déficits de comunicação, interação social, iniciação de atenção social compartilhada, comportamentos de solicitação e problemas de comportamento. Assim como outros transtornos do desenvolvimento, crianças com TEA desenvolvem necessidades educacionais especiais (NEE) devido às condições clínicas comportamentais, cognitivas, de linguagem e de adaptação social que elas apresentam. No Brasil existe uma legislação específica que associa este quadro clínico à condição de pessoa com NEE. O conjunto de todas as alterações comportamentais, de comunicação e de linguagem presentes no autismo interfere na inserção e adaptação no ambiente escolar de alunos com esse transtorno. Evidências científicas em relação às estratégias de intervenção apontam para a abordagem comportamental como uma das modalidades que mais contribui com a melhora e amenização de diversos problemas tipicamente associados ao TEA (problemas de comportamento, habilidades sociais, habilidades da vida diária, comunicação social, dentre outras). O objetivo geral do estudo foi desenvolver, aplicar e avaliar a eficácia de um programa de treinamento para professores sobre estratégias de manejo comportamental de alunos com TEA. O projeto foi desenvolvido em cinco escolas de Ensino Fundamental I da secretaria municipal da cidade de Barueri. A amostra foi composta por cinco alunos com TEA na faixa etária de 6 a 10 anos regularmente matriculados em escolas do Ensino Fundamental I (EF I) do município de Barueri e seus respectivos professores totalizando por 10 participantes. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: a) Escala de inteligência de Wechsler para crianças (WISC III), b) Versão brasileira do Inventario de Problemas Comportamentais 32 (BPI/01), c) Inventário de Comportamentos Autísticos (ABC), d) Registro de observação de comportamentos, e) Questionário para verificação do nível geral de conhecimentos que o professor tem sobre TEA. O estudo foi realizado em três fases: Fase I: avaliação inicial mediante uso dos instrumentos acima; Fase 2 Intervenção; Fase III: Pós-intervenção. Os principais resultados mostraram caso-a-caso que todas as crianças, diminuíram os problemas de comportamento conforme ambos os instrumentos padronizados de avaliação comportamental e de acordo com as taxas de problemas de comportamento registradas antes e após a intervenção. Os indicadores problemas comportamentais que mais diminuíram as frequências foram a agressividade, autoagressividade e estereotipias. Na fase pós-intervenção foram registrados novos comportamentos adequados e adaptativos no contexto de sala de aula. Os professores melhoraram qualitativamente os conhecimentos sobre TEA e, conforme os resultados obtidos parece ser que passaram a utilizar estratégias adequadas de manejo comportamental desses escolares. Conclui-se que o guia de orientações desenvolvido mostrou uma tentativa eficaz para o manejo de contingências de baixo custo. Os dados, embora restritos à amostra do estudo, mostram viabilidade de uso do guia desenvolvido no contexto de sala de aula.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation et la simulation de la propagation d'ondes ultrasonores dans l'os cortical. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié et analysé la technique dite des ultrasons quantitatifs (Quantitative Ultrasound, QUS) pour l'évaluation de la qualité du tissu osseux. Il s'agit d'une technique émergente dont l'application aux tissus osseux suscite un intérêt particulier dans la communauté scientifique. Le tissu osseux étant un tissu vivant, il est sujet au vieillissement et à divers pathologies parmi lesquelles on peut citer ostéoporose, ostéomalacie, ostéoporomalacie, ou encore, la maladie dite de Paget. Pour accompagner les soins à prodiguer au tissu osseux, une surveillance de sa qualité s'avère indispensable. Dans ce contexte, les méthodes ultrasonores sont réputées être intéressantes, de par leurs caractères non-invasif, peu coûteux, portable et non-ionisant. Cependant, utiliser des ultrasons dans le cadre de la caractérisation du tissu osseux, suppose une compréhension profonde des différents phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors de leur propagation. Dans cette optique, notre travail est développé dans la thématique de la modélisation dédiée à la propagation des ondes ultrasonores dans des guides d'ondes multidimensionnels, hétérogènes, anisotropes, et composés de matériaux dont l'hétérogénéité peut être qualifiée d'aléatoire. Une des originalités de cette thèse concerne l'étude des coefficients de réflexion et de transmission et des courbes de dispersion en présence d'incertitudes dues aux propriétés matérielles. Dans une première partie, nous étudions les phénomènes de réflexion/transmission via un modèle tri-couches bidimensionnels prenant en compte les tissus mous et l'hétérogénéité aléatoire du tissu osseux. Nous avons pu analyser l'impact de ces caractéristiques sur les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission. Un gradient de propriétés matérielles de l'os est introduit, et son impact sur les coefficients d'intérêt est examiné. L'aspect modal des ondes est exploré, en étudiant la dispersion des ondes de Lamb. Les résultats obtenus dans une configuration géométrique bidimensionnelle ont permis de discuter l'influence des divers paramètres, en terme de propriétés mécaniques et/ou géométriques, sur la propagation des ondes ultrasonores dans le tissu cortical. Dans une deuxième partie, le modèle est étendu pour une configuration géométrique cylindrique. La discussion est menée afin d'analyser l'influence de la géométrie tridimensionnelle de l'os sur les phénomènes de propagation / In this thesis, we are interested in the modeling and simulation of the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the cortical bone. Precisely, we have studied and analyzed the Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) technique for the evaluation of the quality of bone tissue. It is an emerging technique those the application to bone tissue arouses particular interest in the scientific community. Since bone tissue is a living tissue, it is subject to aging and various pathologies, such osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteoporomalacia, or the so-called Paget disease. To assist in therapeutic follow-up of the bone, monitoring of quality of bone tissue is essential. In this context, methods based on QUS technique are deemed to be interesting, due of their non-invasive, inexpensive, portable and non-ionizing characteristics. However, use the ultrasound in the context of characterization of bone tissue, requires a deep understanding of the different physical phenomena involved in their propagation. In this perspective, our work is developed in the modeling theme dedicated to the propagation of ultrasonic waves in multidimensional, heterogeneous, anisotropic waveguides, constituted of materials whose heterogeneity can be qualified as random. One of the originalities of this thesis concerns the study of the reflection and transmission coefficients and the dispersion curves in the presence of uncertainties in the material properties. In a first part, we study the reflection/transmission phenomena via a two-dimensional tri-layer model taking into account the soft tissues and the random heterogeneity of the bone tissue. We analyzed the impact of these characteristics on the reflection and transmission coefficients. A gradient of material properties is introduced, and its effect on the coefficients of interest is examined. The modal aspect of the waves is explored, by studying the dispersion of Lamb waves. The results obtained in a two-dimensional geometrical configuration made it possible to discuss the influence of the various parameters, in terms of mechanical and/or geometric properties, on the propagation of the ultrasonic waves in the cortical tissue. In a second part, the proposed model is extended for a cylindrical geometric configuration. The discussion is carried out in order to analyze the influence of the three-dimensional geometry of the bone on the phenomena of propagation

L’étoile laser polychromatique (ELP) fournit la référence de phase à une optique adaptative (OA)pour corriger les surfaces d’onde turbulentes, y compris leur pente. L’ELP, générée dans la mésosphère parune excitation résonnante à deux photons du sodium, repose sur la déviation chromatique des images. Uneimagerie dans le visible devient possible, et est indispensable pour 80% des programmes astrophysiquesprioritaires de l'E-ELT.L’ELP requiert un écart-type des mesures de position 26 fois inférieur au cas classique. Cela m’a amené àétudier le projecteur laser interférométrique. J’ai mis au point un correcteur de base polychromatique pourégaliser la période des franges et un correcteur de phase pour compenser la réfraction atmosphérique. J’aiétudié l'optique de mesure des franges, et de séparation entre l'ELP et l’objet observé.La précision requise m’a conduit à étudier dans quelles conditions l’algorithme du maximum devraisemblance tend vers la borne de Cramér-Rao.J’ai également développé un modèle numérique de bout en bout pour simuler l’ELP depuis les lasersjusqu’à la mesure du rapport de Strehl. Je montre que pour un VLT, les rapports de Strehl sont supérieurs à40% à 500 nm sans étoile de référence, en prenant une OA qui aurait donné 50% instantané (Strehl depente : 80%). Une approche analytique valide ces résultats.Enfin, j’aborde l’application de l’ELP aux télécommunications interplanétaires et à la destruction des débrisorbitaux. / The polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS) provides adaptive optics (AO) with a phase referenceto correct corrugated wavefronts, including tip tilt. It relies on the chromatic dispersion of light returnedfrom the 2-photon resonant excitation of sodium in the mesosphere. Diffraction limited imaging in thevisible then becomes possible. This is mandatory for 80% of the prominent astrophysical cases for the EELT.A PLGS requires standard deviations of position measurements 26 times less than in classical cases. Thus Ihave studied the interferometric laser projector. I have designed a polychromatic base corrector to equalizethe fringe periods, a phase corrector to compensate atmospheric refraction and the optics for fringemeasurements and for keeping apart the PLGS from the science target images.The required accuracy leads me to study how the maximum likelihood algorithm approaches the Cramer-Rao bound.I have written an end-to-end code for numerical simulations of the PLGS, from the lasers to the Strehlmeasurement. I get for the VLT Strehl ratios larger than 40% at 500 nm if one uses an AO providing us a50% instantaneous Strehl (tip tilt Strehl : 80%). An analytical model validates these results.Finally I address the application of the PLGS to deep space communications and to space debris clearing.

Une lésion au niveau d’un nerf périphérique peut provoquer la perte de fonction sensorielle et motrice, et dans le cas de neurotmésis, la régénération spontanée ne se produira pas. De plus, si l’espace entre les deux segments de nerf est trop important, une suture directe n’est pas possible et l’implantation d’une greffe est nécessaire afin de créer une liaison entre les deux segments de nerf. L’autogreffe de nerf est le « gold standard » pour des procédés de réparation nerveuse : une portion d’un nerf sein (qui est considéré comme un nerf moins important) est prise du même patient et implantée au site de la lésion. Cependant, il existe plusieurs désavantages avec ce procédé comme une deuxième chirurgie, la perte de fonction au site du don, la possibilité de développer un neurome sur ce même site, ainsi qu’un taux de réussite de 50% dans les cas où l’espace entre les deux segments de nerf est très important. Il reste donc, un besoin de trouver un procédé alternatif afin d’augmenter le taux de réussite et d’éliminer les désavantages de l’autogreffe. L’objectif de cette étude est d’avancer vers une solution alternative de l’autogreffon en utilisant des biomatériaux. Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. La première se focalise sur le développement d’un modèle de guide nerveux basé sur des nanofibres de fibroïne de soie. Ce matériau est composé d’une organisation complexe qui inclut deux surfaces de nanofibres alignées avec une couche de nanofibres aléatoires à l’intérieur afin d’améliorer des propriétés mécaniques du matériau sans la perte d’orientation des fibres pour la régénération nerveuse. Le matériau est ensuite manipulé pour fabriquer un tube, multi-canaux avec une « enveloppe » supplémentaire afin de faciliter le procédé d’implantation chirurgicale. Ce guide nerveux a été soumis pour l’obtention d’un brevet européen le 12 juillet 2017 et cela est le sujet d’un deuxième article qui a été soumis pour publication. La deuxième partie de cette étude explore des possibilités d’une fonctionnalisation du matériau afin d’améliorer son efficacité pour la régénération nerveuse. Cette étude explore la fonctionnalisation de la fibroïne de soie avec une deuxième protéine, plusieurs facteurs de croissance, et des nanoparticules. Chacune de ces fonctionnalisations donne une possibilité d’ajouter des propriétés favorables à la fibroïne de soie, un matériau naturel et biocompatible. La troisième partie de cette étude examine l’efficacité d’un guide nerveux composé de la fibroïne de soie fonctionnalisée avec des facteurs de croissance pour la régénération nerveuse périphérique en comparaison avec un guide nerveux composé de la fibroïne de soie sans aucune fonctionnalisation et une suture direct (qui simule une autogreffe). Trois techniques d’évaluation différentes de la régénération nerveuse ont été réalisées afin d’obtenir une analyse plus complète. Il y a de nombreux mécanismes impliqués dans la régénération nerveuse, il est donc nécessaire d’étudier différents paramètres pour analyser l’efficacité de régénération. Les résultats d’analyses histologiques, d’électromyographie, et de capture de mouvement, ont été considérées ensemble afin d’arriver à une conclusion sur la réussite d’une régénération nerveuse pendant cette étude. Pour conclure cette étude, les guides nerveux fonctionnalisés avec une combinaison de facteurs de croissance démontrent une meilleure régénération nerveuse et une récupération de fonction supérieure. / Injury to a peripheral nerve can cause loss of sensory and motor function, and if the injury is very severe where the nerve undergoes neurotmesis, unassisted nerve regeneration may not occur. In this case, where the gap between nerve segments is too large to carry out a direct end to end suture, a graft is sutured to bridge the gap between sectioned nerve segments. The autologous nerve graft, where a portion of a less important nerve from the same patient is removed and grafted between nerve segments, continues to be the gold standard procedure for nerve repair. However, there are several drawbacks of this technique including a second surgical procedure, loss of function at the donor site, possibility of developing a painful neuroma at the donor site, and the 50% success rate of autografts used in large gaps. There is therefore a need for a tissue engineered nerve graft that can replace the autograft, and this study aims to advance toward an effective autograft alternative. This PhD is presented as a three part study consisting first of the development of a novel nerve guidance conduit based on a tri-layered silk fibroin nanofiber material comprised of a complex organization including two aligned fiber surfaces and a randomly deposited fiber interior to improve the mechanical properties of the material while not compromising the guidance capabilities of aligned nanofibers for nerve regeneration. The material is then used to fabricate a multi-channeled tube with an additional “jacket layer” in order to facilitate surgical implantation. This NGC has been submitted to be patented on July 12, 2017 and is the subject of the second article submitted for review for publication. The second part of this study explores the different possibilities of the functionalization of the material in order to improve the effectiveness for nerve regeneration. This study explores functionalizing the silk fibroin with a second protein, several growth factors, and nanoparticles that all have potential to add favorable properties to the natural biocompatible silk fibroin material. The final part of this study tests the effectiveness of growth factor-embedded silk fibroin NGCs for peripheral nerve regeneration in comparison with non-functionalized silk fibroin devices and a direct suture to simulate results obtained with an autograft. Three different techniques for the evaluation of nerve regeneration were used in order to produce a more comprehensive analysis. As there are many mechanisms involved in nerve regeneration, only one or two analysis techniques cannot paint a complete picture of the success of nerve regeneration. Therefore, histological analyses, electromyography analyses, and motion capture analyses were carried out and considered together in order to make a conclusion on the level of nerve regeneration success during this study. The conclusions from this study were that a NGC functionalized with a combination of growth factors appeared to exhibit the most successful nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

自2011年「十二年國民基本教育實施計畫」核定之後，課綱的修訂也隨之而來，在這次修訂的十二年國教社會領綱草案中，不但包含總綱所強調的以學習者為主體、素養導向的精神；也有其領域特色，例如將原本的單元式內容編排改為主題式、強調探究與實作的活動設計、以及跨科目的橫向連結等等。對於教科書的編寫與審定而言，教科書的編纂需以課綱之規範為憑依，而課綱亦為教科書實質審查的主要依據，當課綱有所改變時，教科書的編、審不可避免地受其影響。 　　本研究旨在了解普通型高中教科書審定制度實務運作的現況、困境，並以十二年國教新課綱為焦點，分析其對教科書編寫與審定運作的影響，進一步了解既有問題是否因課綱的轉變及相關的配套措施而獲得改善？抑或者是產生新的問題需要處理？而本研究參考Winter, S（1990）政策執行整合模式的變項，轉化為探究十二年國教新課綱對教科書編寫與審定之影響的基本架構，並透過文獻分析、深度訪談來進行資料蒐集。 　　藉由上述方式，本研究發現，過去高中教科書在審查運作上有溝通沒有效率、審查缺乏一致性、以審代編等困境；而新課綱亦對教科書的編審帶來如何正確理解新課綱、如何將課綱精準轉化為教科書、教科書審查的範圍與方式等挑戰。對此，政府在教科書編寫進行前，有舉辦出版社工作坊、發展教材與教學模組等協助措施；在三方座談前，有提高課綱研修委員在審查委員中的比例、建立共同審查基準、舉辦審查委員說明會等規劃；在審定開始前則有三方座談的安排，此外也對高中的教科用書審定辦法進行調整與修訂。而在新課綱的推動下，教科書審定政策中有三項兩難：課綱是教科書編寫的「天花板」還是「門檻」、素養導向在編審中落實的「教育理想」與「現實考量」、教科書審定制度在「鬆綁」與「緊縮」間的拉扯。然而在領綱還沒正式定案、教科書還沒開始進行編、審時，各項配套措施與準備工作都還在研議或進行中，最後會呈現什麼態樣還待後續的觀察。