本研究主要在探討幼兒時期「英語學習經驗」對國小階段「國語學習態度」與「國語學習成就表現」之影響性。研究中分別以「有/無學習英語」、「學習起始年段」、「學習年數」及「每週學習時數」作為幼兒時期英語學習經驗之代理變數；「國語學習態度」的評量包括認知、情感及行為三個成分；而「國語學習成就表現」係採用國語能力測驗分數與在校國語成績作為評量。 本研究採用問卷調查及深度訪談法，問卷調查方面，係以台北市文山區市立國小二年級339名學童及四年級341名學童為研究對象。訪談方面，共訪談44名學童、45位家長、以及15位國小教師。 本研究結果顯示，雖然幼兒時期英語學習經驗對學童國小階段的國語學習態度不具有顯著的影響性，但本研究獲得若干證據支持幼兒時期英語學習經驗有助於學童國小初期的國語學習成就表現。具體的研究結果指出：(一)幼兒時期「有學習英語」的學童，其小學二年級的平均國語能力測驗與國語學年成績優於幼兒時期「無學習英語」的學童；(二)幼兒時期「有學習英語」與「無學習英語」的學童，其小學四年級的平均國語學習成就表現無明顯差異。 另外，本研究從學童、家長及教師之深度訪談中，彙整出如下意見：(一)雖然幼兒時期英語學習與國語學習在時間上會產生相互排擠的問題，然在學習過程中，二者關係可以為正向或負向，而家長及教師的態度是其主要的中介變項；(二)當英語學習年段早於國語，或太晚學習國語，學童之學習態度較可能受影響；(三)幼兒時期英語學習年數愈長的學童會傾向認為國語的學習較英語難；(四)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多，學習年數愈長，即有可能影響國語學習態度；(五)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多，學習國語的時間相對減少，因此在小學初期，其國語學習成就會較差。然而，此影響會隨著日後學習及使用國語越多(年級越高)而降低。最後，本研究並提出若干建議供教育主管單位、國小教師、幼稚園教師及家長參考。 / This study aims to explore the impact of English learning experience in early childhood on Mandarin learning attitude and achievement at the stage of elementary school. Variables ‘English-learning dummy’ ‘age of English learning’ ‘number of years of learning English’ ‘hours per week in English-learning’ are used as proxies for experience of English learning. Learning attitude in Mandarin is measured in three dimensions (cognition, affection, and behavior), and learning achievement in Mandarin is represented by ‘score’ on Verbal Ability Development Test Battery(VADTB) and ‘academic achievement’ of Mandarin in school(MAA). Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview are concurrently used in this study. The Six hundred and eighty subjects were drawn from six elementary schools in Mucha Area of Taipei City. The other sample, used for in-depth interviews, includes 44 students, 45 parents, and 15 elementary school teachers. The results show that no relationship exists between English learning experience in early childhood and learning attitude at the stage of elementary school. However, some evidence indicates that English learning in early childhood does help Mandarin study at the subsequent stage. Specifically, this study demonstrates that, for the 2nd grade student group, VADTB and MAA scores of students with early childhood’s English learning experience are significantly higher than those students without any childhood English learning experience. In addition, MAA score of students with 2-3 years’ English experience prior to elementary school is significantly higher than those without any English experience. Moreover, the in-depth interviews with students, parents, and teachers indicate as follows: (1) there is a mixed outcomes when estimating the impact of early-childhood English learning on Mandarin learning, depending on teachers and parents’ attitude; (2) if students learn English before Mandarin, or learn Mandarin in later years, their attitude toward Mandarin learning will not be so positive; (3) the longer the students learn English in early childhood, the more they will prefer English. 4) Finally, suggestions are given in the end for policy making and people related.

This thesis combines corpus-based and contrastive approaches, seeking to provide a systematic explanation of passive construction in two typologically distinct languages, Mandarin Chinese and Bahasa Indonesia. Previous studies of bei construction and di- passive have mentioned and discussed some verbs which can or cannot be passivized; however, they have not yet provided a systematic categorization of those passivized verbs. Therefore, this thesis aims to reveal the semantic restrictions that affect the compatibility of verbs to appear in passive form. This corpus-based contrastive study also suggests similarities and differences of passives in both languages in terms of structure, meaning, and function. Analysis in this study is based on two corpora: (1) the internet posting of news articles in Bahasa Indonesia from Kompas Cyber Media between January 7-13, 2008; (2) the internet posting of news articles in Mandarin Chinese from 中國時報 ‘China Times’ between January 7-13, 2008. News articles were taken from the same or consecutive days from two main topics: international news and entertainment news. The findings in this study show that transitivity is the most prominent semantic feature of the verbal stems in order to be eligible for passivization in both languages. Bei passives are more often to co-occur with transitive verbs while di- passives can co-occur with both intransitive and transitive verbs. Regarding the relation between structure and meaning, passivization process in Mandarin Chinese only adds a causative-resultative reading and does not change the lexical meaning of the verbal stem. On the contrary, the passivization process in Bahasa Indonesia involves a complex derivation process which alters the transitivity and lexical meaning of the base verb.

老品牌往往能夠創造夢想來滿足消費者的夢想，且能長時間保持一致性，獲得消費者的信賴，如此老品牌方能長青。 品牌經營者不能完全仰仗老品牌的知名度而不做任何革新，否則當銷售量下跌、成長率衰退的時候，老品牌的原有支持者逐漸年老，新的客群又未能接續支持老品牌，此時光環退色，當年風光不再，徒留懷舊與感慨的傷情。 為避免危機臨頭，能長期創造佳績，永保金字招牌閃亮，品牌經營者應不時在目標顧客中注入新生命，創造令人印象深刻的復甦，重新恢復品牌地位。 「國語日報」從1948年創刊，六十年來的執著，推行國語文教育不懈，在語文教育與兒童文學領域，均創建輝煌佳績，六十年來堅持以教育理念辦報及關心社會公益，在讀者心目中建立多面向的良好品牌印象。 本研究從品牌再造觀點出發，供給面透過「國語日報」內部高層深入訪談來研究，需求面透過針對國語日報的讀者──學童、家長及教師，舉辦焦點團體討論，整理出由消費者需求角度切入的觀點，重新定義「國語日報」的品牌定位，加以品牌創新，讓國語日報經由品牌再造在未來可以繼續發光發熱六十年。 / Old brands are often able to create dreams that satisfy what consumers yearn for, and remain consistent over a long period of time, winning consumers’ trust and loyalty. Brand operators should not fully rely on established name recognition without making any change. Otherwise, when sales drop and growth decline, and original supporters of an old brand gradually age and new customers do not fill the gap left behind, the brand would lose its luster, leaving only reminiscence and much regret. To prevent an impending crisis, and deliver brilliant performance in the long term and maintain an unshakable status forever, brand operators should constantly inject new life into target customers, creating a revival that leaves a deep impression and restoring brand status. Since its establishment in 1948, the Mandarin Daily News has for 60 years commit itself to the promotion of Mandarin education, showing splendid performance in language education and children’s literature. For 60 years, the newspaper has built its business on the concept of education and has contributed greatly to social welfare, establishing an excellent, multi-faceted brand image amongst readers. By compiling opinions from the perspective of consumers’ requirements through in-depth interview with the Mandarin Daily News’ top level management and the newspaper’s readers, including students, parents and teachers, the Study, taking the approach of brand reengineering, seeks to redefine the brand positioning of the Mandarin Daily News and achieve brand innovation that would allow the newspaper to continue shining in the next 60 years.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Un animal qui s’approvisionne en groupe peut rechercher soi-même sa nourriture (tactique producteur) ou tenter de se joindre à des parcelles déjà découvertes par un autre individu (tactique chapardeur). Bien que les modèles de jeu producteur-chapardeur partent du principe que les gains moyens à l’équilibre associés à chacune de ces tactiques sont égaux et ne dépendent pas des caractéristiques des individus, de plus en plus d’études démontrent que le gain de chaque tactique est influencé par certaines caractéristiques phénotypiques (agressivité, capacités d’apprentissage,…). Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons aux effets de la testostérone sur le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement chez les mâles de diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata). La testostérone est connue pour influencer le développement du cerveau et l’agressivité, nous avons donc testé les effets d’une exposition prénatale à la testostérone ainsi que durant l’âge adulte sur le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement lorsque la nourriture est cryptique ou défendable. Nous avons réalisé deux expériences : nous avons tout d’abord utilisé la longueur du tarse ainsi que la différence entre les longueurs des doigts 2 et 4 comme des indicateurs de l’exposition prénatale à la testostérone puis testé si ces différences morphologiques se traduisent par des différences dans le choix des tactiques dans une condition défendable et une condition cryptique. Nous avons trouvé que le choix des tactiques chez les diamants mandarins était limité par le phénotype. Une exposition précoce à la testostérone au cours du développement prénatal pourrait donc être la cause d’au moins une part de la variation observée dans le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement. Ensuite, nous avons manipulé le taux de testostérone plasmatique chez des mâles adultes grâce à des implants hormonaux sous-cutanés puis comparé le comportement des individus lorsqu’ils portaient un implant hormonal et un implant contrôle et ce, dans chacune des deux conditions d’approvisionnement. Nous n’avons mis en évidence aucun effet du taux de testostérone plasmatique sur le choix des tactiques à l’âge adulte. Nos résultats sont en accord avec l’hypothèse que le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement peut être influencé par les hormones. Notre conclusion est que les hormones stéroïdiennes peut affecter le choix des tactiques via l’existence d’effets maternels dans le jeu producteur-chapardeur. / An animal foraging in groups can search for its own food (producer tactic) or try to join food patches previously discovered by another group member (scrounger tactic). Although producer-scrounger game models assume that the payoffs associated with both tactic are equal at equilibrium and so do not depend on individual characteristics, there is recent evidence that tactic choice is constrained by certain phenotypical traits (aggressivity, learning abilities…). In this study, we examined the effect of testosterone on tactic use in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Because testosterone is known to affect both brain development and aggressiveness, we tested whether differences in testosterone exposure either during development or in adulthood had an effect on producer-scrounger tactic use, when food was cryptic or defendable. First, we measured the tarsus length and the distance between the end of the fourth and the end of the second digit as proxies of prenatal exposure to testosterone, and tested whether they were correlated with foraging tactic use under both conditions. We found that tactic choice in zebra finches is phenotypically constrained. We suggest that early exposure to sex hormones during the embryonic period could be responsible for at least a part of the variation in tactic choice. Second, we manipulated the circulating level of testosterone in adult male zebra finches using subcutaneous testosterone implants, and compared the behavior of individuals when they had either a control implant or a testosterone implant. This time we found no effect of plasmatic level of testosterone on tactic choice. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that tactic choice in zebra finches could be mediated by hormones. Our finding that steroid hormones can affect tactic use provides evidence for maternal effects in producer-scrounger games.

Souvent, lorsque les locuteurs d'une langue n'ont pas accès à l'item conventionnel pour étiqueter un objet ou un événement, ils étendent, consciemment ou inconsciemment, le sens d'un autre item lexical disponible. Ce phénomène se produit particulièrement au cours de la phase d'acquisition lexicale des jeunes enfants. Lorsqu'une telle sur-extension sémantique va au-delà de la catégorie d'objet ou d'événement conventionnellement dénotée par l'item lexical produit, il s'agit d'une sur-extension catégorielle et l'énoncé produit est d'allure métaphorique: par exemple, « déshabiller la pomme » pour l'action peler une pomme est un énoncé d'allure métaphorique. Tout d'abord, cette thèse a permis de développer SLAM, un système de résolution lexicale automatique des métaphores produites en situation de manque du mot. SLAM s'appuie, d'une part, sur l'analyse syntaxique de grands corpus et, d'autre part, sur la structure Petit Monde Hiérarchique des réseaux lexicaux de synonymie. Par exemple, à partir des énoncés « elle déshabille* la pomme » ou « les bras* de l'arbre », SLAM permet d'obtenir les interprétations suivantes: respectivement, « elle pèle une pomme » et « les branches de l'arbre ».Ensuite, cette thèse a permis d'étudier spécifiquement la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes qui se stabilise après celui des noms. D'une part, des outils méthodologiques pour l'étude inter-linguistique de la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes ont été élaborés: (a) un cadre méthodologique pour la construction de procédures d'identification des sur-extensions sémantiques catégorielles des verbes; (b) une méthodologie pour le repérage des stimuli visuels d'action sans biais culturel. D'autre part, les liens entre la structure des réseaux lexicaux de synonymie et la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes en français et en mandarin ont été mis au jour. Après avoir pointé des différences dans la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes par les jeunes enfants natifs du français et du mandarin, cette étude a servi à construire le score REFLEX, mesure du degré d'acquisition du lexique des verbes, qui permet de catégoriser automatiquement les jeunes enfants vs adultes en français et en mandarin. / When speakers have no access to the conventional label for an object or an event, they tend to extend, consciously or not, the meaning of another available lexical label. This phenomenon often occurs during the lexical acquisition stage of young children. When a such overextension goes beyond the conventional object or event category denoted by the produced label, it is a categorical overextension and the produced utterance is metaphorical: for instance, ``to undress an apple'' for the action to peel an apple is metaphorical.During this thesis, I developed SLAM, a computational system that automatically gives lexical solutions to metaphors filling a lexical gap. SLAM is based on a syntactic analysis of large corpora and on the Hierarchical Small World structure of synonymy networks. For instance, when the produced utterances are ``elle déshabille* une pomme'' ( ``she undresses* an apple'') or ``les bras* de l'arbr'' (``the arms* of the tree''), SLAM gives the interpretations here after: respectively, ``elle pèle une pomme'' (``she peels an apple'') and ``les branches de l'arbre'' (``the branches of the tree'').Then, I studied the dynamics of verb lexicon acquisition that is longer than noun lexicon acquisition. On the one hand, I built methodological tools for inter-linguistic studies of the dynamics of verb lexicon acquisition: (a) a methodological frame to build procedures to identify categorical overextensions of verbs; (b) a methodology to detect visual stimuli containing actions without cultural bias. On the other hand, I highlighted the links between the structure of synonymy networks and the dynamics of verbs lexicon acquisition in french and mandarin. This study has indicated differences in dynamics of verb lexicon acquisition between french and mandarin native speakers. Finally, I built REFLEX, a score that indicates the degree of verb lexicon acquisition and automatically categorizes young children vs adults in french and mandarin.

No description available.

華語三聲變調的運作範疇(domain)一直以來皆是漢語音韻學家激烈探討的主題，不同研究對於運作範疇的定義皆不同，而過去研究也留下了一些尚待解決的問題，例如分類詞(Classifier)以及介係詞(Preposition)如何與其他音節形成三聲變調的運作範疇。本篇論文藉由觀察語料庫中324句最短為6音節，最長為24音節且由數個三聲音節所組成的中文句子，來檢視台灣華語三聲變調若以Nespor & Vogel (1986)所提出之韻律階層(Prosodic hierarchy)為範疇來運作是否能得出自然且多樣的聲調組合。以下分析主要根據韻律階層的順序分成以下四部分：音韻詞(Phonological word)、附著詞組(Clitic group)、音韻詞組(Phonological phrase)、語調詞組(Intonational phrase)。而作者假設三聲變調有兩種運作方式，一種為循環(Cyclic)，一種為同時(Simultaneous)。循環運作時，三聲變調可先以音韻詞邊界為範疇，再以附著詞組邊界為範疇，再以音韻詞組邊界為範疇，最後再以語調詞組邊界為範疇。同時運作時，三聲變調則只以語調詞組邊界為範疇。語料庫分析結果顯示，中心語(Head)之非遞歸邊(Nonrecursive side)的分支性(Branchingness)需被納入音韻詞組的定義中以得出正確的聲調組合。再者，語調詞組的定義也需將語意(Semantic)以及韻律(Metric)的因素納入考量，以限制語調詞組邊界的形成。經過修正，韻律階層理論不僅能成功描述分類詞以及介係詞之三聲變調現象更可預測華語三聲變調的多樣性。 / Mandarin tone sandhi has been argued by different scholars to apply to different phonological domains such as the foot, the phonological phrase etc. This thesis tackles three main issues left by Shih (1986) and Hsiao (1991): the classifier, the preposition and the under-generation problem. In revising the framework of Nespor & Vogel (1986)’s Prosodic Hierarchy, this thesis proposes a possible explanation of the problems. This thesis constructed a corpus of 324 sentence tokens consisting of 6 to 24 third tone syllables. The tokens were recorded from four Taiwan Mandarin native speakers at a speech rate of at least 200 beats per minute. Through the observation of the tone patterns collected, it is found that the original definitions of the phonological phrase and the intonational phrase given by Nespor & Vogel (1986) are not able to describe the Taiwan Mandarin data. This thesis provides a revision of the prosodic hierarchy by taking into account the branchingness of the nonrecursive side on the phonological phrase level and by incorporating Selkirk (1984)’s Sense Unit Condition on the intonational phrase level. Finally, a foot formation condition is also proposed in order to restrict the minimal length of a phonological phrase or an intonational phrase.

La théorie de la sélection sexuelle a drastiquement orienté l’effort de recherche sur la communication acoustique chez les oiseaux : les mâles apprennent et produisent des chants élaborés et les femelles choisissent. Par conséquent (1) la production vocale chez les femelles a été négligée, (2) les cris (la majorité de la communication sociale) ont été peu étudiés. Contrairement aux chants, les cris ont été considérés comme innés et aucun effet de l’environnement sur leur structure n’était attendu. J’ai donc posé la question de la flexibilité vocale (court-terme) et de la plasticité vocale (au cours du développement) chez les femelles, en étudiant les cris majoritairement. J’ai étudié deux contextes où les deux sexes vocalisent: la communication dans le couple au nid et la communication parent-jeunes. Les vocalisations produites au nid par les couples montrent-elles de la flexibilité en réponse au bruit? Le développement des cris est-il influencé par l’environnement social ? J’ai travaillé sur deux espèces: le cincle plongeur, Cinclus cinclus et le diamant mandarin, Taeniopygia guttata. Chez les deux espèces, en réponse au bruit, les couples augmentent l’amplitude de leurs vocalisations. Chez le cincle une variation de la structure spectrale est observée dans les notes de chant mais pas dans les cris. Chez le diamant mandarin, les cris montrent des changements de leur structure spectrale: ils peuvent donc être flexibles en réponse au bruit. Les changements sont similaires chez les femelles et les mâles : la flexibilité n’est pas spécifique du sexe. Enfin, j’ai montré que l’environnement social précoce influence le développement des cris de quémande alimentaire chez le diamant mandarin : il existe une plasticité précoce des cris chez les mâles. J’ai montré que les femelles expriment des degrés de flexibilité similaires aux mâles mais que leur développement vocal peut prendre des trajectoires différentes. Les cris sont de bons objets de recherche pour étudier des variations de comportement vocal liées au sexe / The theory of sexual selection has drastically oriented research on acoustic communication in birds: males learn and sing conspicuous songs and females choose. Consequently, (1) female vocal production has been neglected, (2) birdcalls (most bird social communication) have been understudied. Birdcalls were supposed to be non-learned and no effect of the environment was expected on their structure (no flexibility, no learning). I thus focused my thesis on vocal flexibility (short-term) and vocal plasticity (developmental) of female vocalizations (mainly calls). I studied two contexts in which both sexes produce vocalizations: intrapair communication at the nest and parent-offspring communication. Do pairs express vocal flexibility in their calls in response to environmental noise? Is call development influenced by social environment? I studied two species: the white-throated dippers, Cinclus cinclus. (in which both sexes produce calls and songs) and the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, (in which only males sing but both sexes use the same calls). I showed in both species, that in response to environmental noise, pairs increased the amplitude of their calls or song notes. In dippers, spectral flexibility was observed in song notes but not in calls. However, zebra finch calls showed spectral flexibility in response to noise. Both sexes showed similar changes in their calls: call spectral flexibility is not sex specific. Last, I showed that the structure of male begging calls changed in response to the early social environment, bringing evidence of early vocal plasticity in males. No change was found in females, showing that they either differ in their plasticity abilities or do not express plasticity because they receive different social feedbacks. My work showed that females and males show vocal flexibility but their vocal developmental trajectories may differ. Calls are thus good study objects to investigate sexual dimorphism in vocal behaviour

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Newly developed mandarin selection ―M37‖ has the potential to become a future export soft citrus cultivar. However, the selection is highly susceptible to chilling injury, which normally reduces post-storage quality and marketability of citrus fruit. Silicon (Si), applied at post-harvest as potassium silicate (K2SiO3), has potential to mitigate against chilling injury. So far, the effect of Si on ―M37‖ mandarin chilling susceptibility is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cold storage temperature and postharvest potassium silicate dips on the chilling susceptibility and physico-chemical properties of new mandarin selection ―M37‖ fruit. The experiment was carried out in a factorial, arranged in a completely randomised design (CRD) with three replicates. Treatment factors were: 2 x cold storage temperature (-0.6±1 and 4.5 ±1°C) and 4 x potassium silicate concentration (0, 50, 100 and 150 mL L-1 K2SiO3). Fruit were dipped in different potassium silicate solutions (0, 50, 100 and 150 mL L-1) for 30 minutes, air dried, waxed; and thereafter, stored for 28 days at -0.6 and 4.5°C with 85-90% relative humidity. After withdrawal from cold storage, fruit were held at ambient temperature (±23°C) for 7 days (shelf-life); during shelf-life fruit were evaluated for chilling injury, physical properties (weight loss and firmness loss) and biochemical properties (electrolyte leakage, total soluble acids (TSS), titratable acids (TA) and TSS: TA ratio). The results showed that fruit were highly susceptible to chilling injury after storage at 0.6°C when compared with 4.5°C. However, treating fruit with postharvest potassium silicate dips improved their chilling susceptibility, especially with 50 and 100 mL L-1 K2SiO3 concentrations. Electrolyte leakage was lower for fruit treated with K2SiO3 compared to the control across all the storage temperatures. Although, ―M37‖ fruit stored at 4.5°C showed higher weight loss, firmness loss, TSS and TSS: TA ratio when compared with -0.6°C storage. Fruit firmness increased with the increase in potassium silicate concentrations during storage at -0.6 and 4.5°C; with the highest firmness loss occurring on fruit treated with 150 mL L-1 than control. Similarly, TSS increased concomitant with K2SiO3 concentration. Although, TA decreased with increasing K2SiO3 concentrations for fruit stored at 4.5°C; resulting in higher TSS: TA ratio. In conclusion, postharvest silicon dips effectively improved the storability of ―M37‖ mandarin fruit, preserved quality and extended the cold storage period. xi Keywords: Biochemical properties; Chilling injury; Firmness loss; Potassium silicate dips; Weight loss / Agricultural Research Council (ARC-LNR) and National Research Fund (NRF)