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This study aims to explore the mosaics in the Sala delle Palestrite at Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily. These mosaics depict women wearing garments that resemble modern bikinis. However, upon closer examination of the roles of these ten women, it becomes evident that their attire is a form of Roman underwear, worn in an athletic context. Rather than being bikini-dressed figures, the women in the mosaic are athletes engaged in various sports activities from both ancient Greek and Roman cultures. The concept of aretḗ, which celebrates the ideal combination of strength, beauty, and harmony, often explains why Greek athletes are depicted nude. In contrast, the clothed female athletes in the mosaic suggest a different interpretation of female aretḗ, highlighting a paradox between the ideal representations of male and female athletic bodies. This depiction may however also signal an increase in women's autonomy during the 4th century AD, possibly resulting from broader cultural and social changes that reduced restrictions on women during this period. Furthermore, this study argues that these female athletes embody not only progressive but also aristocratic values. The mosaic reflects the upper class's interest in using artistic expressions to convey social status and intellectuality within their homes. With the increased social freedoms of the period, including women's rights to own land, the mosaic could represent the villa's domina attempt to portray a new image of women, diverging from traditional roles. Although the mosaic indicates greater social freedom for aristocratic women, it also reveals the persistence of traditional values in its stylistic expression. Given the historical association between women, fertility, and physical activity, the athletes' bodies might serve to communicate female aretḗ, often linked with fertility and reproduction. Alternatively, this could also highlight a recurring issue in art history; the limited representation of the female body, especially in contexts like athleticism, which did not conform to traditional portrayals of women. In conclusion, the mosaics offer a complex portrayal of female athletes that reflect both progressive and traditional values, illustrating broader social changes and the evolving roles of women in ancient society. It is thus unique evidence of the early female liberation.

The Modern Olympic Game is expected to not only bring a great amount of revenues, but also stimulate industrial structure. It has enormous impacts on economic indicators of the host countries. Hence, numerous countries are keen to strive for host as a strategy of motivating economic growth. The thesis works on searching and organizing papers about economic statistics of Beijing 2008 and previous Olympic Games, in order to analyze and conclude the impacts of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on China’s economy. By comparing economic indicators of China with those of previous host countries, we will realize not only what the importance of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games to China’s economic effects and industrial development is, but also if it is a milestone for China to step into one of advancing countries. / The Modern Olympic Game is expected to not only bring a great amount of revenues, but also stimulate industrial structure. It has enormous impacts on economic indicators of the host countries. Hence, numerous countries are keen to strive for host as a strategy of motivating economic growth. The thesis works on searching and organizing papers about economic statistics of Beijing 2008 and previous Olympic Games, in order to analyze and conclude the impacts of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on China’s economy. By comparing economic indicators of China with those of previous host countries, we will realize not only what the importance of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games to China’s economic effects and industrial development is, but also if it is a milestone for China to step into one of advancing countries.

This thesis principally compares the Olympic broadcasting on the Czech Television covering Winter Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver and 2014 in Sochi. The first part of the text defines the concept of Olympism, the history of the Olympic Games and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, and the current form of the Games and their future. The further analysed Winter Olympics 2010 and 2014 are being briefly described in this section as well. Moreover, the relationship between sport and media, and the media event of the Olympic Games are being defined. Considerable attention is being given to the Olympic Television Broadcasting. Consequently, the history of broadcasting, broadcasting rights, commercialization of the Olympics, their funding, and the function of Olympic Broadcasting Services is being discussed too. The latter part is devoted to the Czech Television, its history and current form as a public service broadcaster. The chapters that deal with an analysis of Olympic broadcasting covering Vancouver and Sochi describe the Olympic teams of the Czech Television in Prague and in the Olympic venue, program schedules, and web specials. The number of broadcasted hours from the Olympics, the costs of broadcasting production, and the viewership are being compared. The Olympic broadcasting from Vancouver was...

The submitted diploma thesis deals with presentations of figure skating at Winter Olympic Games from the 1990s to the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in two selected daily newspapers, and with ways in which the presentation of figure skating has changed within the analysed period. The first chapter presents sports journalism, its history and famous personalities, its text types and typical language, and characteristic features of a sport journalist. The second chapter presents the connection of sports and media, the concepts of agenda-setting, agenda-building and intermedia agenda, tabloidization and commercialization and ways in which news services work. The third chapter presents figure skating and figure skating events at the analysed Winter Olympic Games. The analysed media and changing paradigms of the media landscape are presented in the fourth chapter. The methodological basis used for the analyses is described in the fifth chapter. The sixth chapter presents the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the newspaper articles. Furthermore, the interviews with two personalities of the Czech figure skating are analysed qualitatively. The results of the quantitative analysis of the articles and the qualitative analysis of the interviews are compared. Keywords figure skating,...

Public transport policies play a key role in shaping the social and spatial structure of cities. These policies influence how easily people can access opportunities, including health and educational services and job positions. The accessibility impacts of transport policies thus have important implications for social inequalities and for the promotion of just and inclusive cities. However, in the transportation literature, there is still little theoretically informed understanding of justice and what it means in the context of transport policies. Moreover, few studies have moved beyond descriptive analyses of accessibility inequalities to evaluate how much those inequalities result from transport policies themselves. This is particularly true in cities from the global South, where accessibility and equity have so far remained marginal concerns in the policy realm. This thesis builds on theories of distributive justice and examines how they can guide the evaluation of transport policies and plans. It points to pathways for rigorous assessment of the accessibility impacts of transport policies and it contributes to current discussions on transportation equity. A justice framework is developed to assess the distributional effects of transport policies. This framework is then applied to evaluate recent transport policies developed in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in preparation to host sports mega-events, such as the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, which included substantial expansion of the rail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) infrastructure. This research presents ex-post analyses of the policies implemented between 2014 and 2017 and ex-ante analysis of an as yet unfinished BRT project. It evaluates how the planned transport legacy of those mega-events impacted accessibility to sports venues, healthcare facilities, public schools and job opportunities for different income groups. The results show that there were overall accessibility benefits from the expansion in transport infrastructure between 2014 and 2017, but these were generally offset by the reduction in bus service levels that followed an economic crisis that hit the city after the Olympics. Quasi-counterfactual analysis suggests that, even if the city had not been hit by the economic crisis, recent transport investments related to mega-events would have led to higher accessibility gains for wealthier groups and increased inequalities in access to opportunities. Results suggest that those investments had, or would have had, greater impact on inequalities of access to jobs than in access to schools and healthcare facilities. The evaluation of the future accessibility impacts of the unfinished BRT corridor, nonetheless, indicates that such project could significantly improve access to job opportunities for a large share of Rio's population, particularly lower-income groups. Spatial analysis techniques show that the magnitude and statistical significance of these results depend on the spatial scale and travel time threshold selected for cumulative opportunity accessibility analysis. These results demonstrate that the ad-hoc methodological choices of accessibility analysis commonly used in the academic and policy literature can change the conclusions of equity assessments of transportation projects.

Associadas a uma governança urbana empreendedorista e a um desenvolvimento baseado no estímulo ao consumo, as estratégias de organização dos megaeventos da atualidade estão fortemente orientadas às diferentes formas de lazer, turismo, esporte e entretenimento. Atualmente, os Jogos Olímpicos são considerados o evento esportivo de maior dimensão e repercussão no mundo e, sua organização, diz respeito a um amplo conjunto de intervenções urbanas que, quando bem organizadas e estruturadas, podem estimular a qualificação do espaço urbano trazendo benefícios para a população local. No entanto, em um relatório publicado em 2007 pelo Centro de Direitos de Moradia e Expulsão (COHRE), foi divulgado que entre 1988 e 2008 as Olimpíadas deslocaram mais de dois milhões de pessoas, de forma direta e indireta, ao redor do mundo e são uma das principais causas da inflação imobiliária, gerando processos de gentrificação. Como parte crucial de um planejamento estratégico adotado pela cidade, o Rio de Janeiro sediará, em 2016, os Jogos Olímpicos de Verão e tem incluído em seu Plano de Legado Urbano e Ambiental a reestruturação urbana da Região Portuária da cidade, através de uma Operação Urbana Consorciada, denominada Porto Maravilha, objeto de estudo desse trabalho. Com uma temática relacionada aos processos de gentrificação decorrentes das reestruturações urbanas vinculadas aos Jogos Olímpicos, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo principal, verificar se, após seis anos do lançamento do Projeto Porto Maravilha e com a primeira etapa das obras de infraestrurura concluída, há indícios de um processo de gentrificação ocorrendo no local. Para alcançar o objetivo, são delimitadas, através da construção da análise, quatro variáveis de pesquisa para o estudo de caso: a física, a econômica, a social e a cultural. Os métodos de coleta de dados englobam levantamento de arquivo, levantamento físico, levantamento fotográfico, produção de mapas, observação e entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores, artistas, comerciantes e prestadores de serviço, localizados no percurso escolhido para a análise. Por meio da descrição dos resultados das quatro variáveis apresentadas, constata-se que apesar da área estar em uma fase de transição, já é possível observar no recorte espacial indícios de algumas características fundamentais dos processos de gentrificação, tais como o reinvestimento no dilapidado ambiente construído, valorizações significativas no mercado imobiliário, melhorias no padrão de estabelecimentos comercias e de serviços, indícios iniciais de mudanças no perfil da população e novos discursos culturais sobre o bairro, redesenhando assim, o perfil da região. / Associated with an entrepreneurial urban governance and development based on consumption stimulation, organization strategies of current mega events are strongly oriented to different forms of leisure, tourism, sports and entertainment. Currently, the Olympics are considered the largest and with biggest impact sporting event on the world and its organization, refers to a wide range of urban interventions that, when properly organized and structured, can stimulate the qualification of urban space bringing benefits for local people. However, in a report published in 2007 by the Center of Housing Rights and Expulsion (COHRE), it was reported that between 1988 and 2008 Olympic Games have displaced more than two million people, directly and indirectly, around the world and are a major cause for price raising on housing market, generating gentrification. As a crucial part of a strategic plan adopted by the city, Rio de Janeiro will host the 2016 Summer Olympics and has included in its Urban Legacy and Environmental Plan an urban restructuring of the city´s Port Region, through an Urban Operation consortium, called Porto Maravilha, study object of this work. With a theme related to gentrification processes arising from urban restructuring linked to the Olympic Games, this research aims to determine whether, after six years of Porto Maravilha Project launch and infrastructure´s first stage completed, there are gentrification process indications taking place in one location. To achieve the goal, are bounded through the construction of the analysis, four research variables for the case study: physical, economic, social and cultural. Data collection methods include file searching, physical survey, photographic survey, map production, observation and semi-structured interviews with residents, artists, merchants and service providers, located in the chosen route for analysis. Through the results description of the four variables presented, it appears that despite the area being in a transition phase, it is possible to observe the spatial area´s evidence of some fundamental features of gentrification processes, such as reinvestment in dilapidated built environment, significant increases in the housing market, standard improvements of commercial and service establishments, initial indications of changes in the population profile and new cultural discourses about the neighborhood, so redesigning the region´s profile.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Ferreira Santos.pdf: 1942591 bytes, checksum: ea9529b6ec26447454ef59673448a6f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-23 / No bojo do processo da gênese do olimpismo, um elemento chaves que surge na dinâmica do mesmo é a televisão. Um dos momentos quando esse elemento mais se explicita nos Jogos Olímpicos é justamente quando há a maior expressão dos valores do olimpismo e a maior demonstração simbólica da celebração do potencial do esporte: as cerimônias de abertura. Considera-se tal momento como integrante de um contexto social mais amplo, aqui denominado (de acordo com Bauman) de modernidade líquida, onde a forma é difícil de ser mantida e onde predominam a estética do consumo e a instantaneidade. Esta pesquisa também se ancora teoricamente nos estudos dos Jogos Olímpicos como performances culturais . De acordo com essa abordagem, o traço espetacular dos Jogos dá o seu caráter atrativo. Um dos meios de essa atração se concretizar é a imagem que se faz das cerimônias de abertura através das narrações televisivas, as quais são construções cuidadosamente criadas de um evento ao vivo, diferindo-se em sua apresentação e impacto na medida em que viajam pelo globo. Nesse contexto, é válido o estudo de uma narração televisiva brasileira contemporânea. Para tanto, coloca-se como questão principal do trabalho a seguinte pergunta: como uma rede brasileira de televisão (a Rede Globo) constrói, apresenta e traduz sentidos sobre valores no/do esporte e sobre valores olímpicos na transmissão da cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim-2008? Desse modo, objetiva-se: identificar os valores do esporte e do olimpismo (e seus possíveis deslocamentos de sentidos) que aparecem no discurso televisivo da Rede Globo durante a cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim-2008; compreender como os narradores/comentaristas brasileiros dessa rede de televisão constroem as narrativas sobre os valores do/no esporte e sobre os valores olímpicos no contexto da complexa oscilação social e esportiva em que vivemos hoje ao narrarem através de um elemento cotidiano sintomático da citada complexidade (a televisão) uma performance cultural não cotidiana. Metodologicamente, provem-se, aqui, do chamado método qualitativo . Os dados foram coletados a partir de fontes primárias. Tais fontes se inserem na pesquisa documental, que também é classificadora deste estudo. Compõe os dados um texto oral a narração televisiva da cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos de Pequim-2008, o qual chama-se aqui de corpus de análise, sendo este constituído da fala de narradores, repórteres e comentaristas de uma emissora de televisão brasileira.Utilizam-se como técnicas principais de abordagem a Análise Crítica do Discurso e o paradigma indiciário. Na análise dos dados foi possível identificar que a maioria dos valores olímpicos e esportivos está de algum modo presente na narração televisiva da cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim-2008. A maneira como tais valores são referidos não abrange uma exposição textual propositiva, isto é, são poucos os momentos da narração estudada quando os narradores separam uma ocasião discursiva para falarem específica e propositalmente sobre os valores olímpicos e esportivos. Além disso, os termos identificados na narração são mais ligados ao caráter espetacular dos Jogos, especialmente quando as falas advém dos profissionais da comunicação. / In the midst of the genesis process of the Olympic spirit a key element that arises in the dynamics of it is the television. One of the moments when this element is more explicit in the Olympics is just when there is the greatest expression of the Olympic values and the most symbolic demonstration of the celebration potential of the sport: the opening ceremonies. These moment is considered as part of a broader social context, here called (according to Bauman) of liquid modernity, where the shape is difficult to maintain and where predominate the aesthetics of consumption and the instantaneousness. This research also is theoretically anchored in studies that consider the Olympic Games as cultural performances . According to this approach the spectacular feature of the Games gives his attractive character. One way of achieving this attraction is through the image that is made of the opening ceremonies by the television s narrations which are constructions carefully created for a live event, differing in their presentation and impact on the extent to which it travels the globe. In this context, the study of a narration in contemporary Brazilian television is worthy. To this end, stands as the leading question of the work the following interrogative: how a Brazilian television network (Rede Globo) builds, displays and translates meanings of sports and Olympics values in the transmission of the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games-2008? Thus, work s objective is: to identify the Olympics and the sports values (and possible shifts of meaning) that appear in the televised speech of Rede Globo during the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympics-2008; understand how the Brazilian narrators/commentators construct texts about the Olympics and sports values in the context of the complex social and sport oscillation in which we live today when they narrate through television (that is a crucial element of the quoted oscillation) a cultural performance not daily. Methodologically, it is used the so-called qualitative method . Data were collected from primary sources. Such sources are included in documentary research, which also classifies this study. An oral text compose the data the television narration of the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympics-2008, which is called analysis corpus. The analysis corpus is made up of narrators , reporters and commentators speeches of a Brazilian television station. The Critical Discourse Analysis and the evidential paradigm are used as the main approach techniques. For data analysis, we found that the majority of sports and Olympic values are somehow present in the television narration of the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympics-2008. The way these values are listed does not include a textual display purpose, that is, there are few moments when the narration studied is shown as a separate discursive occasion to speak specifically and purposefully about the sports and the Olympic values. In addition, terms identified in the narrative are more connected to the spectacular nature of the Games, especially when the speech comes from communication professionals.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a new perspective to the analysis of megaevent / host city relationship. The significance of the research subject depends on the interest in hosting mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the World Fairs, which generate a competition among cities. Turkish cities are recently being involved in this competition. In addition to that, mega-events have large-scale and long-term impacts on the built environment, which has not been thoroughly discussed in urban studies. The methodology which is based on a qualitative analysis comprises three steps: a historical analysis made on the Olympic host cities, and two case studies. The first case is Athens as the 2004 Olympic city, the second case is Istanbul as an Olympic bid city since 1990. This study recognizes but qualifies the concept of megaevent hosting. It is shown that mega-event hosting is a capacity-building process, whilst it has a potential to generate overdose investments problem in the built environment. The most significant conclusion of the study is that the ability of coping with this problem is correlated with the ability of absorbing the investments made.

Der Sport ist das dominierende Phänomen der heutigen Freizeitkultur und ein wachsender Wirtschaftszweig. Ob in den Medien, beim Handel mit Sportwaren oder beim Sport selbst: Wo über Sport gesprochen wird, treffen verschiedene Sprachen aufeinander. Um Sprachbarrieren zu überwinden, sind Dolmetscher oft unverzichtbar. Das Fachgebiet Sport bringt dabei Besonderheiten mit sich, z. B. die große Rolle des Fernsehens sowie eine eigene, vielschichtige Sprache, in der Jargon nicht selten mit Fachlexik kombiniert wird. War die Sportsprache bereits Gegenstand vieler Publikationen, befasst sich diese Arbeit mit den kaum erforschten Dolmetschtätigkeiten im Sport. Im Theorieteil werden u. a. der Bedarf an Dolmetschleistungen dargelegt und die Sportsprache aus Dolmetschersicht analysiert. Grundlage des Praxisteils ist eine Umfrage unter 51 Sport-Dolmetschern, die zu sprachlichen Herausforderungen ebenso befragt wurden wie zu den häufigsten Dolmetschsituationen oder den Verdienstmöglichkeiten.