De la profondeursur 2 sites en Guadeloupe pendant la saison sèche et la saison humide (Chapitre 3). A u cours de cette étude,les genres Ostreopsis et Prorocentrum étaient les plus abondants. Aucune influence de la profondeur n'a é;étrouvée sur l'abondance totale des dinoflagellés benthiques ; cependant les genres Ostreopsis et GambiericLscusétaient principalement abondants en surface, alors que le genre Coolia était présent plus en profondeur.L'approche d'écologie trophique concernait le lien trophique entre dinoflagellés benthiques toxiqueset méiofaune (Chapitre 1). Les transferts au sein des réseaux trophiques de phycotoxines synthétisées par lesdinoflagellés benthiques toxiques sont généralement étudiés chez les organismes de grande taille, délaissantles organismes de μeLile Laille qui sulll pourtant en contact direct avec les microalgues. Au cours de cetteétude, une attention particulière a été portée aux copépodes harpacticoïdes qui composent ia méiofaune.Cette étude expérimentale, par marquage des microalgues aux isotopes stables, s'est focalisée sur lescopépodes harpacticoïdes et a permis de mesurer le taux d'ingestion d'Amphidinium sp. et d'Ostreopsis sp ..Cette étude démontre que les organismes de la méiofaune peuvent constituer une voie d'entrée des toxinessynthétisées par les dinoflagellés benthiques dans les réseaux trophiques. / The distribution of benthic toxiï rlinofüeefü1tes is 1111known in (Juadeloupe and Martinique even if at theCaribbean basin spatial scale, those microalgae are responsible for serious poisoning such as ciguatera.During this thesis, the ecology of benthic toxic dinoflagellates μreseul was sLudieJ using: spatio-temporalstudies (Chapters 1, 2, 3) and a trophic ecology approach (Chapter 4).First, 27 sites were explored to describe the spatial distribution of benthic dinoflagellatf's prPsf'nt inGuadeloupe and Martinique (Chapter 1). Only the most abundant macrophytes (biological substrates ofbenthic dinoflagellates) at the different sites were considered. ln this study, 161 samples were analyzed and 7times more taxie benthic dinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. The genus Ostreopsisdominated the benthic dinoflagellate community in both islands, although this trend has only rarely beenfound in the Caribbean basin.Then, 3 sites per department were chosen in order to set up a monthly monitoring of benthicdinoflagellates abundances duringl8 months (Chapter 2). The sites selected i) had a high abundance ofbenthic toxic dinoflagellates and ii) were identified as potentially dangerous by the Agence Régionale de laSanté. During this study, 927 samples of macrophytes were analyzed and 5 times more benthic toxicdinoflagellates were found in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera dominatedrespectively in Guadeloupe and in Martinique. Two times more Gambierdiscus were found in Martinique thanin Guadeloupe even if Guadeloupe is located in the high prevalence area and this genus being responsible forciguatera. This result suggested that species with different toxicities structured the benthic toxicdinoflagellates community in this area. The abundances of benthic dinoflagellates were little influenced byabiotic parameters (temperature and salinity) but structured by biotic parameters (host macrophytes).Halophila stipulacea an invasive angiosperm in the Lesser Antilles has been identified as promoting thedevelopment of the genus Gambierdiscus.. The distribution of benthic toxic dinoflagellates was also studied according to the depth at 2 sites inGuadeloupe during the dry and the wet seasons (Chapter 3). ln order to avoid bias due to the presence ofdifferent macrophytes, this experiment was conducted only on H. stipulacea constituting mono-specificmeadows along a strong depth gradient. ln this study, the Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum genera were the mostabundant. No influence of the depth was found on total abundance of benthic dinoflagellates; however,Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus genera were mainly abundant near the surface while the genus Coolia was presentdeeper.The trophic ecology approach focused on the trophic link between taxie benthic dinoflagellates andmeiofauna (Chapter 4). Transfers within the food webs of phycotoxins synthesized by benthic dinoflagellatesare mainly studied in large organisms neglecting smaller ones in direct contact with microalgae. Thisexperimental study, by labeling the microalgae with stable isotopes, focused on harpacticoides copepod andmeasured for the first time their ingestion rates of Amphidinium sp. and Ostreopsis sp.. This studydemonstrated that meiofauna organisms can constitute an input channel of phycotoxins from benthicdinoflagellates in food webs.

This qualitative case study addressed the problem at a West Indies theological college that lacked the ability to provide courses for spiritual care training by using the teaching methodology of clinical pastoral education (CPE). CPE is an experiential process using a clinical method of learning to interpret human conditions. Spiritual care training through CPE teaches clerics how to help persons find meaning in life's situations and make connections with their God. Guided by the frameworks of transformative learning and critical theological reflection, this study explored the lived experiences of 5 purposefully selected CPE students who participated in 1 unit of CPE training at the college. Interview data were coded and analyzed to uncover emergent themes. The findings revealed these overarching themes: (a) personal empowerment, (b) increased pastoral care competencies, (c) increased sensitivity to suffering, and (d) connectivity to self-care and ministry. The interview data provided the impetus for the developed CPE Orientation (CPEO) to help students obtain basic skills in pastoral/spiritual care and critical theological reflections. It is recommended that persons with advanced CPE training could conduct the CPEO training, negating the need for a certified CPE supervisor expertise. Positive social change may occur when pastoral/spiritual care training is provided to clergy and laity to improve basic pastoral/spiritual care skills by helping clergy and parishioners respond to stressors in a healthy manner. Theological education that promotes spiritual care for persons in crisis may benefit the world and presents an avenue for social change to occur in the communities where clergy serve.

Within-population behavioural variation can greatly affect the ecology of a species and the outcome of evolutionary processes. This study aimed to determine how variable sperm whale social and vocal behaviour is between both individuals and their social units. The population of whales off Dominica is small and isolated from communities in neighbouring waters. Female and immature whales live together in social units containing about 7 animals. I analysed their social relationships and their ‘coda’ communication signals using an unparalleled dataset of social and vocal interactions at the level of the individual. Within units, calves were significant nodes in their social unit’s network, and thus I provide quantitative support for the hypothesis that communal calf care acts as the primary evolutionary driver for group formation in this species. Social relationships within and between units were diverse, while the spatial spread of individuals within units and their travel speeds were similar among all of the units. I identified long-term patterns of association between units consistent over decadal time scales. Social units had characteristic vocal repertoires, but all were dominated by the ‘1+1+3’ and ‘5R’ coda types. Differences between units resulted from some units using specific 4-click coda types. Units and individuals used different accents on their ‘5R’ codas, but the ‘1+1+3’ coda was stereotyped across all individuals and units studied. The repertoires of different units were as similar as units within vocal clans in the Pacific. My results support the hypothesis that the ‘5R’ coda may function in individual identification. The stability of the ‘1+1+3’ coda may be the result of selection for a marker of clan membership. Individual repertoires differed consistently across years; and contrary to an existing hypothesis, new mothers did not vary their repertoire to be more distinct after giving birth. However, calves did use a class-specific ‘3+1’ coda. In summary, sperm whale social and vocal behaviour vary between individuals and among units. Variation in the social and vocal behaviour of female sperm whales results from a trade-off between individuality and conformity within units and clans.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1912. / "Printed from type, 600 copies, July, 1912." Bibliography: p. 341-364.

Une société hétéronormative reconnaît l’hétérosexualité, les sexes et les rôles de genre qui y sont traditionnellement associés comme seuls comportements socialement acceptables. En Martinique, ces rôles de genre sont incarnés par des personnages fictifs auxquels les individus se réfèrent dans leurs interactions. Cette fiction hétéronormative s’écrit autour de personnages légitimes qui respectent des normes assez contradictoires décrites par les études de genre aux Antilles (Réputation, Respectabilité, Matrifocalité) et elle se maintient grâce à la stigmatisation de personnages identifiés comme monstrueux. Dans un contexte où l’essentiel des îles indépendantes des Antilles conserve une législation coloniale hostile à l’homosexualité, le Makoumè est un personnage de sexe mâle au rôle de genre féminin et supposé homosexuel, qui définit en négatif le rôle de genre masculin. Dans un contexte judéo-chrétien et post-colonial, la Walpa structure les rôles de genre féminins en dessinant la limite de comportements incompatibles avec la Respectabilité. La recherche sur la marginalisation de ces personnages met en lumière les violences auxquelles sont exposées les personnes LGBTI en Martinique. Elle révèle aussi les souffrances causées par la stigmatisation du Makoumè et de la Walpa dans l’ensemble de la population, quelle que soit l’identité sexuelle des individus. Déconstruire les axiomes de l’hétéronormativité dans le cadre scolaire pourrait alors participer à la diminution des violences sexistes et homophobes générées par cette fiction. Cette hypothèse a été explorée dans le cadre d’une étude de terrain pionnière sur l’homophobie et le sexisme en milieu scolaire en Martinique. / A heteronormative society recognizes heterosexuality, gender and gender roles traditionally associated with it as the only socially acceptable behavior. In Martinique, these gender roles are embodied by fictional characters to which people refer in their interactions. This heteronormative fiction is written around legitimate characters who respect the quite contradictory norms described by the West Indies gender studies: Reputation, Respectability, Matrifocality. But it is maintained through the stigmatization of characters considered monstrous. In the context of the West Indies where most of the independent islands penalize homosexuality, Makoumè is a male character of feminine gender and supposed homosexual, which defines in negative the masculine gender. In a Judeo-Christian and post-colonial context, the Walpa structures feminine gender roles by drawing the limit of behaviors incompatible with Respectability. Research on the marginalization of these characters highlights the violence faced by LGBTI people in Martinique. It also reveals the suffering caused by the stigmatization of Makoumè and Walpa in the entire population, regardless of the sexual identity of individuals. Deconstructing the axioms of heteronormativity in the school system could then contribute to the reduction of the sexist and homophobic violence generated by this fiction. This hypothesis was explored in a pioneering field study on homophobia and sexism in schools in Martinique.

La franc-maçonnerie qui se développe en France au cours du XVIIIe siècle est définie dans l’Encyclopédie comme étant une « réunion de personnes choisies qui se lient entre elles par une obligation de s’aimer comme frères, de s’aider dans le besoin et de garder un silence inviolable sur tout ce qui caractérise leur ordre ». Bordeaux est alors, après Paris, un centre maçonnique français majeur traversé par des dynamiques particulières qui s’inscrivent dans l’espace de la ville. Ville négociante et parlementaire, premier port français au siècle des Lumières, la capitale de Guyenne se caractérise par une identité plurielle au sein de laquelle s’intègre un espace maçonnique qui bénéficie d’un brassage humain et social, d’une croissance économique exceptionnelle. Ce grand port négociant du XVIIIe siècle, est étroitement lié à un espace national, européen mais également atlantique, au travers le monde des Antilles et en particulier Saint-Domingue, faisant figure de nœud majeur au cœur des communications, où s’expriment des interconnexions auxquelles sont associées les sociabilités maçonniques. Au cours du siècle des Lumières, plusieurs loges maçonniques voient le jour au sein de la cité et ont un rôle prégnant dans la vie bordelaise dès la première création en 1732. Ces ateliers sont de fait un reflet de ce dynamisme bordelais et un aspect de la réalité de ses élites. Dès lors, celles-ci participent à cette sociabilité maçonnique qui concoure à la construction de l’identité de la ville. Une identité qui ne peut être complètement saisie sans la perception de l’interface maçonnique et des réseaux qui y sont associés, réseaux économiques, politiques, culturels ou sociaux. Les dynamiques bordelaises et maçonniques s’intègrent dans des logiques humaines et territoriales qui s‘inscrivent dans la chronologie d’un long XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à la période révolutionnaire, qui montre l’adaptation de la maçonnerie dans un contexte politique sur lequel il paraît indispensable de s’interroger quant à la profondeur des ruptures et des continuités. / The freemasonry movement that developed in France throughout the 18th century is defined by the Encyclopédie as a « gathering of chosen people bound together by an obligation to love each other like brothers, to help each other in need, and to maintain an inviolable silence about anything related to the order ». Then, Bordeaux was - behind Paris - a major French Masonic center experiencing particular dynamics resulting from the city's geographic position. As a trade, diplomatic city as well as the first French port of the Age of Enlightenment, Guyenne's capital city was characterized by a plural identity within which was incorporated a Masonic movement benefitting from a human and social diversity and a remarkable economic growth. This major 18th- century trade port was intertwined with a national, European as well as Atlantic space, throughout the West Indies – especially Saint-Domingo. It thus played a central part in communications, where were expressed interconnections associated with Masonic sociabilities. During the last century of the Ancien Régime, several Masonic lodges were born within the city and they had a important role to play in the local life, following the foundation of the first lodge in 1732. These Masonic lodges both reflected the dynamism of Bordeaux and part of the reality of its elites. Consequently, these elites, took part in the Masonic sociability which helped shape the city's identity. The latter cannot be grasped without taking into account the Masonic interface and the economic, political, cultural and social networks associated with it. The dynamics of Bordeaux and of freemasonry were part of human and territorial logics, incorporated within the timeframe starting with a long 18th century till the revolutionary era. The latter witnesses the adaptation of masonry in a political framework that needs to be questioned as far as breaks and continuities are concerned.

This thesis is concerned with literature connected with the abolition of slavery in British colonies. The thesis will treat the topic of the abolitionist movement from the perspective of social, cultural and literary history from the beginnings until the abolition of slavery in British colonies in the Caribbean in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. The thesis will focus on the discourse of race and slavery. The chosen authors represent different opinions and perspectives as the discussion will focus on sentimental poetry, travel writings as well as slave narratives. The chief aim is to identify and define the strategies of abolitionist discourse and the rhetorical practices which it employed especially in shaping the image of Africans and how the hegemonic discourse of sentimentalism influenced their writing. The first part of the thesis is concerned with establishing a theoretical background and the establishing of the literary traditions and customs of the eighteenth century, definition of the sentimental discourse and philosophies of the Enlightenment. This will be framed by a definition of Edward Said's "Orientalism" as well as Paul Gilroy's theory of the "Black Atlantic," which will enable us to define the space between Britain, Africa and the Caribbean, where the history of slavery of...

The hierarchical levels at which resource selection occurs can have important consequences for individual and population energy budgets and structure the impacts of a forager on its ecosystem. Assessing factors affecting resource selection of large marine herbivores across scales is important because of their potentially large impacts on seagrass community dynamics and historical and current changes in their population sizes and those of their potential predators. I explored the factors (predation risk, resource abundance, quality and identity) affecting resource use of large marine herbivores (green turtles, Chelonia mydas) from the scale of habitat patches to forage species within patches. I used a combination of in-water surveys, aerial drone video transects, baited camera surveys, and seagrass community and nutrient content analyses to provide insights into resource use by turtles in multiple ecological contexts. In Abaco, The Bahamas I found relatively intact shark populations, including apex predators, relative to other parts of the Caribbean. In the context of healthy predator populations in Abaco, I tested a priori predictions rooted in Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) theory. Green turtles off Abaco deviated from predictions of an IFD determined by the standing stocks of seagrass. Instead, distributions are consistent with predictions of the foraging arena hypothesis with turtles largely restricted to safe habitat patches and selecting locations within these where seagrass N content is relatively high. Marine invasive species can have detrimental effects on coastal ecosystems and economies. Therefore, understanding the effects of, and factors influencing the rate of spread of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea in the Caribbean is important. In the French West Indies (Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Martin), I investigated foraging preferences for native versus invasive seagrass species and whether green turtles might facilitate or attenuate the invasion through their choice of habitats and feeding patterns. Green turtle distributions were correlated with native seagrass distributions. Also, despite similar nutrient contents, turtles preferred feeding on native seagrasses irrespective of their relative abundance within a patch. These results suggest that, as predicted by the Enemy Release Hypothesis, green turtles likely facilitate the invasion and spread of the invasive seagrass that may reduce energy flow into turtle populations.

The Caribbean countries have attracted increasing interest from students of American political history and the more their history is investigated, the more do we realize the growing significance of the role played by American capital in the development of their industries. The literature of tropical agriculture is coming to be more extensively available but until only recently has this subject received slight attention from our writers. The concentration of any attention on the fruit phase of tropical agriculture by American students of history and economics has been nearly wholly lacking, as well as receiving only scant attention from writers not connected with interests having financial investments in the Caribbean. The American people have every reason to be more actively interested in tropical agriculture, and the general public should familiarize itself more intimately with the tropical fruits that are now fast becoming a staple food for every American household.

This research examines the career of Robert Searle, an English privateer, that conducted state-sponsored attacks against the Spanish and Dutch in the Caribbean from 1655 to 1671. Set within the Buccaneering Period of the Golden Age of Piracy (1650-1680), Robert Searle’s personal actions contributed to the rise of the English in the Caribbean to a position of dominance over Spain, which dominated the region from 1492 until the 1670s. Searle serves as a window into the contributions of thousands of nameless men who journeyed to the Caribbean as a member of Oliver Cromwell’s Western Design Fleet. These men failed in their endeavor to take Hispaniola from the Spanish, successfully invaded Jamaica, and spent the next fifteen years securing England’s largest possession in the region, transitioning Jamaica from a military outpost to a successful plantation colony. These men, including Searle himself, have been overshadowed in the history of English Jamaica by more well-known figures such as Sir Henry Morgan, the famed “Admiral of the Buccaneers.” Searle and his compatriots pursued the objectives of the core in London throughout the contested periphery of the Caribbean region. These goals were first framed as the complete destruction of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and later as achieving trade between Jamaica and Spain’s American colonies. The examination of Robert Searle through the core-periphery relationship between the metropole and the Caribbean illustrates how the totality of his actions contributed to the rising English position in the Caribbean. Ultimately, Searle and his fellow privateers proved vital to Spain conceding to England the rights of trade and formal recognition of their colonies in the region with a series of succeeding Treaties of Madrid.