The thesis aims to apply the theoretical approach of IPOs and financial services firm valuation on the Czech subsidiary of KBC: ČSOB. The theoretical part reviews the process of IPO with typical features of IPOs, and the pricing of IPO is discussed with the focus on theory of banks valuation. The empirical part of the thesis provides a financial analysis of the ČSOB, business plan and the valuation of the bank as of 30 September 2010 with the price of the actual IPO. This part aims at practical application of the theory of IPO and valuation. Al in all, the aim of the thesis is to apply theoretical knowledge of the IPOs on the practical case of ČSOB. Various analyses such as of KBC, ČSOB, Czech banking market, development of IPOs in CEE are used in order to apply and determine the reasons for the IPO, its timing, price and potential structure of investors.

The application of the internet technology on securities markets has been increasing over recent years, so is the influence it has caused on the way the stock market is operated. There is no doubt that internet technology is changing the access between investors and issuing firms, as well as the access between investors and exchanges. How would this affect the stock market microstructure? Little study has been done thus far in this regard, and, as far as we know, none has looked into the issue of IPOs on internet and its related impact on IPO returns. In addition to the impact on the primary market, internet tradings also have immense impact on the underlying performance of the secondary market. The purposes of this study are mainly twofold:(1) To explore the related issues in IPOs or DPOs on internet, e.g., the disclosure requirements, the restriction of investors, and the effect it has on IPO discounts,(2) To empirically test how the internet trading affects the daily and intraday performance (i.e., liquidity, volatility and efficiency) of the market.This is the first study attempting to examine the pricing issue of IPOs on the internet. We hope to compare the returns of initial public offerings on the internet with those of the traditional IPOs and analyze the differences, if any. In addition to provide useful analyses to the security authority on DPOs or IPOs on internet, the result of this study should contribute to our understanding of the market microstructure.

Underprissättning vid en börsintroduktion (Initial Public Offering, IPO) har blivit ett uppmärksammat fenomen inom litteraturen för företagsfinansiering. Tidigare forskning har identifierat en trend att IPO:er är i genomsnitt underprissatta, och graden av underprissättning kan variera kraftigt. Men en enhetlig förklaring till denna variation har ännu inte kunnat fastslås. Fenomenet har studerats på internationella och lokala reglerade marknader, men ingen studie har hittills gjorts på en svensk oreglerad marknad. Syftet med uppsatsen är således att bidra till den existerande forskningen om underprissättning vid en börsintroduktion genom att undersöka huruvida det föreligger ett samband mellan resultatvolatilitet innan en börsintroduktion och graden av underprissättning av en IPO på den svenska marknaden. Urvalet består av 96 företag som noterats på First North Stockholm under åren 2017-2022, och för att undersöka sambandet genomförs en multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Vi kan konstatera att under den studerade tidsperioden var svenska IPO:er som noterats på First North i genomsnitt underprissatta med 6.52 %, och vi finner ett svagt stöd för vår hypotes att det föreligger ett positivt samband mellan resultatvolatilitet innan en börsintroduktion och underprissättning.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) are public shell entities uniquely constructed to acquire one or more privately held businesses. The transaction's structural characteristics put significant pressure on the management team's capabilities to find a suitable company to acquire within the predetermined time frame. This thesis investigates whether management team characteristics, such as operating experience and gender diversity, increases the likelihood of success in identifying the target company and conducting the merger. Although not statistically significant, the results indicate that SPACs led by “C-suite” operators do not have a higher likelihood of successfully consummating a business combination. Furthermore, our data indicates gender diversity to have a positive impact on acquisition likelihood. / Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) är publika skalbolag konstruerade enkom i syfte att förvärva ett eller flera privata bolag. Transaktionen lägger stor vikt på ledningens förmåga att identifiera och förvärva en eller flera verksamheter inom en förbestämd tidsram. Studien undersöker huruvida relevanta karaktärsdrag i ledningsgruppen, såsom operationell erfarenhet och skillnader i kön, ökar sannolikheten att identifiera och förvärva dessa bolag. Resultatet av studien påvisar inget samband mellan operationell erfarenhet och ökad sannolikhet för förvärv, men däremot visar sig skillnader i kön inom ledningsgruppen ha en positiv inverkan på sannolikheten för förvärv. Sammantaget är resultaten dock inte statistiskt signifikanta.

As technology accelerates the dynamism in the global markets, companies are forced to adapt to the changing landscape. A company’s success in navigating the external environment depends on their dynamic capabilities. One of the most critical moments for many companies’ is when they conduct an IPO. Research into how an IPO affects a firm is necessary since newly listed firms have been shown to underperform compared to private firms. Dynamic capabilities have been observed to be of critical importance for IPO firms and previous research suggests that an IPO changes processes that affects a firm's ability to develop dynamic capabilities. This study explores how the development of dynamic capabilities is affected by changes to microfoundations following an IPO. The study gains insight into the subject by conducting interviews with executives from Swedish firms that underwent the IPO process during 2018-2020. The empirical findings indicate that seven microfoundations are affected by going public. The study contributes to prevailing literature by laying the groundwork for future research on how a firm's ability to develop dynamic capabilities is affected by going public and it has the potential to be a practical tool when making strategic decisions during and after an IPO process.

In recent years, the initial public offerings (IPOs) on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) witnessed some level of undersubscriptions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which valuation, pricing, and performance of prior IPOs listed on the GSE contributed to this state of undersubscriptions. The research was informed by the valuation and pricing framework of Roosenboom. The research questions addressed whether IPOs on the GSE were under/overpriced and whether the projected and pre-issue financials were free from forecasting errors and earnings management. A cross-sectional, explanatory research design was employed to examine a dataset of 30 sampled IPOs. The dataset, obtained from IPO prospectuses, trading data, and financial statements, was analyzed using both logistic and multiple regressions. IPO valuation methods, first-day returns (R(1st day)), absolute forecast errors (AFE), and discretionary current accruals (DCA) served as dependent variables and firm characteristics of size, age, profitability, dividends, price-to-value (P/V) ratios, owner-manager, and auditors' reputation served as independent variables. Results revealed that firm characteristics were not significant predictors of the choice of IPO valuation methods, IPOs were underpriced and their R(1st day) were significantly predicted by P/V ratios, the financial projections were over forecasted and their AFE were not predicted by the independent variables, and the pre-IPO financials experienced earnings management and their DCA were significantly explained by the owner-manager variable. This research contributes to positive social change by assisting regulators, investment bankers, corporations, and institutional investors in improving their respective roles in the valuation and pricing of IPOs on the GSE, thus reducing the observed IPO undersubscriptions in the stock market.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka problemet med övervärdering vid börsintroduktioner, samt att öka förståelsen och uppmärksamma dess potentiella negativa effekter på investerare och företag. Enligt vår kännedom har ingen tidigare genomfört en studie av övervärderade börsintroduktioner på den svenska marknaden. Studien avser att identifiera och undersöka olika faktorer som kan bidra till övervärdering, såsom tillhörighet i teknologibranschen, teckningspriset, marknadsplatsens påverkan och fördelningen av andel svenska- och utländska institutioners ägande. Studien använder data från Refinitiv Eikon, Euroclear och andra källor för att genomföra en analys av svenska börsintroduktioner som ägde rum mellan 2014–2022. Huvudsyftet är att undersöka den procentuella skillnaden i aktiekursen från teckningskurs till stängningskurs på första handelsdagen. Efter att ha applicerat urvalskriterier återstod 294 företag, 38,78 procent av företagen visade negativ avkastning första handelsdagen. En linjär regressionsanalys tillämpas för att analysera det oberoende variablerna. Hypoteser testas med hjälp av p-värde. Värt att notera är att regressionsanalysen enbart inriktades på negativ förstadagsavkastning och inte beaktade positiv eller neutral avkastning. Resultaten av studien indikerar att en ökad andel utländska institutioner, teckningspriset samt företag som noterades på Nasdaq Stockholm signifikant reducerar sannolikheten för övervärdering vid börsintroduktioner. Dessutom observerades en ökad sannolikhet för övervärdering för företag verksamma inom teknologisektorn. Dessa slutsatser ger värdefulla insikter om övervärdering vidbörsintroduktioner och har potential att bidra till en bättre förståelse för både företag och investerare. / The purpose of this study is to examine the issue of overpricing in initial public offerings and its detrimental consequences for investors and corporations. To the best of our knowledge, no prior study has been conducted on overpriced initial public offerings in the Swedish market. By identifying contributing factors, such as being part of the technology sector, offering price, market affiliation and the proportion of domestic and foreign institutions. Using a dataset from Refinitiv Eikon, Euroclear and other sources, our sample consists of 294 companies out of which 38,78 precent preform negatively on the first trading day. The study employs a linear regression model to examine the relationship between these factors and the percentage difference in the share price from offering to the closing price on the first day of trading. Exclusively focusing on negative first day returns. The findings indicate that the presence of an increased proportion of foreign institutions, a higher offering price and firms listed on Nasdaq Stockholm significantly reduce the risk of overpricing. A heightened risk of overpricing was identified for technology companies. These insights provide a valuable understating of IPO pricing mechanisms.

Pirminių viešų siūlymų reikšmė yra itin aktuali finansų krizės nuniokotose rinkose, nes pirmieji vieši vertybinių popierių siūlymai yra alternatyva įprastiniam skolinimuisi ir galėtų išjudinti stagnacijos apimtas rinkas. Jie padėtų kompanijoms pritraukti lėšas bei plėtoti verslus, pritraukiant finansinius išteklius ir nukreipiant juos pelningoms investicijoms ar kitiems poreikiams tenkinti. Sėkmingas pirminis viešas siūlymas kompanijos suteikia ne tik galimybę pritraukti gana dideles garantuotas lėšas, bet ir stabiliai augančias akcijų kainas biržose. Po sėkmingų pirminių viešų siūlymų kompanijos netgi turi geresnes skolinimosi galimybes įprastiniu būdu bei didesnį pasitikėjimą užsienio rinkose. Darbo objektas – pirminių viešų siūlymų pradinės kainos Baltijos šalyse. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti ir įvertinti pirminio viešo siūlymo pradinės kainos efektyvumą ir ją įtakojančius veiksnius Baltijos šalių rinkose. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie svarbiausi uždaviniai:  Išanalizuoti pirminio viešo siūlymo ypatybes, tikslus, privalumus ir trūkumus;  Išnagrinėti emisijos platinimo būdus bei pirminės viešos emisijos procesą, jos įkainojimo aspektus;  Atlikti Baltijos biržų pirminės rinkos analizę,  Atlikti pirminių viešų vertybinių popierių siūlymų pradinės kainos efektyvumo tyrimą Baltijos šalių rinkose;  Remiantis atlikta teorijos analizė bei praktiniais tyrimais suformuluoti išvadas ir pasiūlymus. Darbo struktūra. Darbas suskirstytas į tris... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Initial public offering value is particularly relevant to markets affected by the the financial crisis since the initial public offering of securities is an alternative to the conventional borrowing and could cure the stagnation of the market. IPO helps companies to raise funds and develop their business by attracting financial resources and using them for profitable investments or other needs. A successful initial public offering not only provides the ability to raise enough funds, but also guarantees high, but steadily rising share prices on stock exchanges. After a successful initial public offering, the company has even greater possibilities for the routine borrowing and the greater confidence in foreign markets. The object of this paper work – initial prices of IPO‘s in the Baltic market. The goal of this paper work – research and evaluation of the Initial price Efficienty, factors, which have influence on it in the Baltic IPO market. The main tasks of the paper are as follows: 1. analyze characteristics of IPO, it‘s gals, advantages and disadvantages; 2. study of offerings types and the process of IPO , pricinig aspects; 3. analyze the Baltic initial market; 4. research of the Initial price Efficienty in the Baltic IPO market; 5. formulate conclusions and recommendations according the performed theoretical analysis and practical research. This paper work consists of three main parts. In the first part the conception of IPO and it‘s basic characteristics are given... [to full text]

Le succès du modèle d’innovation américain pour faire émerger des firmes leaders dans plusieurs domaines a largement influencé de nombreuses transformations réglementaires concernant les Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle (DPI) et le financement par les marchés en Europe. Cette thèse vise à analyser le rôle et l’importance de ces transformations dans l’organisation et la performance des firmes du logiciel. Nous montrons que des multiples mutations réglementaires des DPI ont ouvert la voie à un certain type de brevetabilité « très restreint » du logiciel en Europe. En parallèle, les évolutions dans le domaine financier ont favorisé l’émergence des marchés financiers dont le rôle est de plus en plus déterminant dans la croissance et le développement des jeunes firmes innovantes. De plus, il semblerait que l’usage stratégique du brevet soit complémentaire avec le financement par le marché de firmes du logiciel. Nous étudions cette complémentarité à travers l’analyse de la valeur du brevet en tant que signal pour les investisseurs lors de l’introduction en bourse ainsi que son effet sur la survie des firmes du logiciel après leur cotation. Cette complémentarité expliquerait en partie le recours accru au brevet dans un secteur dans lequel il est très controversé. Elle renvoie à un processus de sélection particulier du système et à l’émergence d’acteurs gagnants et perdants. / The success of the US innovation model to help start-ups emerge as global leaders has greatly influenced many regulatory changes on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and the external finance of firms in Europe. This study aims to analyze the role and importance of these changes in the organization and performance of software firms. We show that multiple regulatory mutations of IPR have paved the way for some kind of “restricted” patentability of software in Europe. In parallel, via changes in financial markets, they play an increasing role in the growth and development of young innovative companies. In addition, it seems that the strategic use of patents is complementary with software firms’ access to capital markets. We study this complementarity by analyzing the value of patents as signals for IPO markets and their impact in the likelihood of survival of newly-listed companies. We argue that this complementarity may explain the increased importance of patents in a sector where patents are highly controversial. It refers to a particular market selection process and the appearance of winning and losing actors.

Die vorliegende Studie entstand, um die langfristige Renditeentwicklung polnischer Aktien nach Börseneinführungen und Kapitalerhöhungen in den Jahren 1994-2008 zu untersuchen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk richtet sich dabei auf die Erkennung und Analyse der performancerelevanten Unternehmenseigenschaften sowie auf die Erklärung der festgestellten Marktanomalien mit Hilfe ausgewählter Modellansätze. Die empirischen Analysen wurden aus dem Blickwinkel eines Kleininvestors durchgeführt, wodurch die meisten Ergebnisse, neben dem wissenschaftlichen Wert, eine hohe Praxisrelevanz besitzen. Die Untersuchung von insgesamt 263 Börseneinführungen ergab, dass die Emissionsrenditen der meisten Aktien zwar signifikant positiv waren, längerfristig bauten sie sich aber ab. Am Ende des 36-sten Notierungsmonats wiesen sie insgesamt eine starke Underperformance auf. Dabei entwickelten sich die langfristigen marktbereinigten IPO-Renditen in den 90-er Jahren wesentlich schlechter, als nach der Jahrhundertwende. Die Analyse des Kursverhaltens nach 157 Kapitalerhöhungen durch Aktien- und Bezugsrechtsemissionen zeigte, dass innerhalb der dreijährigen Halteperiode die Performance der betrachteten Stichprobe von der Rendite des Gesamtmarktes nur geringfügig abweichte. Dabei entwickelten sich die Kurse von Aktien der kleineren Firmen wesentlich schlechter, als die Aktienkurse der hochkapitalisierten Unternehmen. / This study investigates the long-term stock return after initial public offerings and seasoned equity offerings occurred between 1994 and 2008. A particular attention is being paid to the identification and analysis of performance-relevant issuing firm characteristics and the explanation of the identified market anomalies by means of the preselected explanatory models. Since the empirical study was carried out from the small investor’s perspective, the majority of the obtained results provide not only a considerable scientific value, but also a strong relevance to the actual practice. The study examined 263 IPOs of common stocks and found an overwhelmingly positive initial return. However, this return vanished gradually on the long run, resulting in a high overall underperformance in 36 months after the first listing. In this respect, it is remarkable that the long-term returns of the IPO-stocks issued in the 1990s proved considerably lower than of those placed after 2000. The examination of the long-term stock price behaviour after 157 SEOs reveals only a tiny difference between the performance of the sample and the overall market return. Noteworthy is however the fact that equity issues conducted by smaller firms led usually to significantly poorer stock performance, than when equity was offered by large capitalized companies.