Forskning visar på en lång historia av sexualisering och objektifiering av kvinnor i reklam. Vad forskning inte fokuserat på är sexualiserat våld i reklambilder. Den här studien är en sammanfogning av forskningsfälten genus och våld i reklam. Vad studien vill ta reda på är om sexualiserat våld används vid framställningen av kvinnor i reklambilderna samt den manliga blickens perspektiv. Studien använder sig av kvalitativ semiotisk analys för att undersöka om sexualiserat våld existerar i sex stycken reklambilder från tre stora modeföretag. Reklambilderna är från Calvin Klein, Diesel och Tom Ford 2016 och 2017. Det teoretiska ramverk för analysen är Hirdmans, med fleras, genusteori, Ekman och Mulveys den manliga blicken samt semiotik i form av Barthes fyra nyckelpunkter för konnotation och Goffmans kategorier om framställning av genus i reklam. Analysen visar slutsatser på att kvinnor objektifieras och sexualiseras i reklambilder och framställs som sexobjekt. Denna sexualisering och objektifiering mynnar ut i tecken på att sexualiserat våld normaliseras i samhället. / Research shows a long history of sexualization and objectification of women in advertising. What research has not focused on is sexualized violence in commercials. This study is a merger of the research fields gender and violence in advertising. The study wants to find out if sexualized violence is used in the portrayal of women in the advertising and the male gaze perspective. The study uses qualitative semiotic analysis to investigate if sexualized violence occurs in six commercials from three major fashion companies. The commercials are from Calvin Klein, Diesel and Tom Ford 2016 and 2017. The theoretical framework for the analysis is Hirdman’s, among others, gender theory, Ekman and Mulvey’s the male gaze and semiotics in the form of Barthes’ four key points for connotation and Goffman’s categories for gender advertisement. The analysis shows that women are objectified and sexualized in commercials and are illustrated as sex objects. This sexualization and objectification results in signs that sexualized violence is normalized in society.

Si la littérature et la critique se sont abondamment intéressées aux figures du clown et du saltimbanque depuis le XIXe siècle, force est de constater que les artistes féminines n’ont connu ni la même gloire ni la même légitimation. Tandis que leurs homologues masculins peuplent les romans, les femmes saltimbanques sont peu mises en scène dans les œuvres littéraires et n’ont en général qu’un rôle secondaire. À sa publication en 1901, Lulu, roman clownesque, de Félicien Champsaur, change cette donne en plaçant au centre de son récit un personnage féminin fort. Le roman relate alors l’ascension et la gloire sans précédent de Lulu la clownesse. En nous attardant plus spécifiquement au traitement du corps de l’artiste féminine dans le roman, nous dégagerons le rôle essentiel que joue l’enveloppe charnelle dans la réussite du parcours de la saltimbanque, ainsi que dans les rapports qu’entretient cette dernière avec le public. Nous verrons dans un premier temps que le corps s’impose dans l’œuvre comme un puissant outil d’agentivité. Par la suite, nous constaterons que ce travail est mis à mal dès lors que la chair du personnage féminin devient l’objet du spectateur masculin. Lulu n’est plus définie selon ses actes, mais plutôt selon les termes de celui qui l’observe. Nous montrerons que le corps féminin constitue un enjeu primordial et ambigu dans le roman de Champsaur dans la mesure où il se situe au cœur de la construction du personnage romanesque et de son parcours.

The purpose of this study was to examine which kind of expressions of the woman that were present in the selected advertising images and how they could affect how women are represented. A qualitative content analysis was conducted. The six most liked CAIA Cosmetics Instagram posts from their lipstick campaign in 2019 were chosen and analysed. The study used a denotative and connotative analysis of the pictures. In conclusion this study showed that the analysed pictures contained a sexualised, objectified, and stereotypic way of portraying women. We found expressions that showed that looks were more important than skills and that the woman’s place was at home being good-looking. We also found the expression of that the pictures sold the feeling of desire. The desire was built on a narcissistic notion of selfimprovement and an illusion of that acquiring a product will make you beautiful, sexy, successful, and thereby desirable.

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Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker porträtteringen av den normativa kvinnokroppen på plattformen Instagram till följd av trenden kroppspositivism. Syftet med vår studie är att genom en semiotisk bildanalys, undersöka huruvida två klädföretag följer trenden kroppspositivism i sina samarbeten med influencers på Instagram. Studien ämnar även till att undersöka huruvida de två företagen följer sina slagord om att bryta ny mark och vara tillgängliga för alla kvinnliga kroppsformer. Studiematerialet är hämtat från Instagram och influencerna som är valda för studiens analys är hämtade från Na-kd och Boohoos hemsidor. Analysen utförs med hjälp av semiotik, vilket både är en teori och metod där verktygen denotation och konnotation har använts. Med hjälp av en forskningsöversikt om olika kroppsideal och teoretiska ramverk som social jämförelse och The Male Gaze har analysen delats in i tre teman; kroppstyp, posering och digital redigering av kvinnokroppen. Studiens resultat påvisar ett smalhetsideal där de influencers som undersökts i analysen ingår i normen. Kvinnokropparna kunde till viss del skilja sig åt men kvinnorna gestaltade fortfarande ett smalhetsideal, vilket tyder på att varken företaget Na-kd eller Boohoo har anammat kroppspositivismen utifrån sina val av influencers på Instagram. Resultatet visade även att klädföretagen inte följde sina slagord om att vara normbrytande och tillgängliga för alla kvinnor. / This qualitative study examines the portrayal of the normative woman’s body on Instagram and how the trend of body positivism is followed on that platform. The purpose of our study is, through semiotic image analysis, to investigate whether two fashion companies’ follow the trend of body positivism in their collaborations with influencers on Instagram. The study also intends to investigate how the two companies follow their slogans of being norm-breaking and accessible for all female body types. The study material is collected from Instagram and the influencers selected for this study are selected from Na-kd and Boohoo’s websites. The analysis is performed using semiology, which is both a theory and a method where the tools denotation and connotation have been used. With the help of a research overview on different body ideals and theoretical frameworks such as social comparison and The Male Gaze, the analysis has been divided into three themes; body type, posing and digital editing of the female body.  The study’s results show a narrow ideal where the investigated influencers of the analysis are included in the norm. The women’s bodies could differ to some extent, but they all embodied a narrow-minded ideal, which indicates that neither Na-kd nor Boohoo has embraced body positivism based on their choice of influencers on Instagram. The results also showed that none of the fashion companies followed their slogans about being norm-breaking and accessible to all women.

Critical examination on the topic of gender representation, sexualisation, video gamecharacters and their designs is not untreated ground, and has been analysed using variousmethods; qualitatively, quantitatively (Tompkins & et. al., 2020), and textually. However,these analyses are often analysed from the assumption that the consumer of video game mediais male, cis, and heterosexual. This assumption is not unfounded, but ignores the experienceof the part of the population that does not fit this description. Therefore, the research question;“How is gender represented in Street Fighter V, when analysed from different gazes?” A textual corpus analysis on Street Fighter V: Champion Edition was performed using gazetheory as a theoretical framework. It was found that although the male gaze applied in almostevery point of the study, instances where the queer gaze applied could still be found. / Kritisk examination runt könsrepresentation, sexualisation, videospelkaraktärer och derasdesign är ej otrampad mark, och har blivit analyserad under mångfaldiga metoder; kvalitativt,kvantitativt, och textuellt. Dock så är dessa analyser ofta analyserade från antagandet attkonsumenten av videospelmedia är cis, heterosexuell, och manlig. Detta antagande är inteogrundad, men ignorerar upplevelsen av elen av populationen som ej passar dennabeskrivning. Därav utforskningsfrågan; “Hur är kön representerad i Street Fighter V, näranalyserad från olika blickar?” En textuell korpusanalys som använder sig blick-teori som teoretiskt ramverk av StreetFighter V: Champion Edition var genomförd. Det var funnet att trots att den manliga blickenkunde appliceras i varje punkt i studien, exempel där den queera blicken kunde appliceraskunde fortfarande hittas.

The Norwegian Tv-series Exit displays the lives of four rich financiers that has it all: money, careers, and families. However, they are bored and escape their family lives by the use of drugs, sex and violence. The Tv-series display badly treated women in various scenes, they are either prostitutes or housewives. Exit has been watched by 1,3 million people in Norway and been called “this year's most disgusting Tv-series” and “chock porn”. The attention and major reactions this Tv-series has been given led to this analysis of the power relations between men and women. This study examines how power is constructed in relation to gender, with a critical discourse analysis with semiotic elements. The theoretical framework includes theories concerning gender, power, master’s suppression techniques and The Male Gaze. The eight scenes that the empirical material was based upon demonstrates power relations and gender inequality: men are portrayed as powerful and women are portrayed as subordinated and/or as objects, rather than individuals. On the other hand, two of the men are portrayed as weak and passive in two of the scenes, this indicates that power is changeable. The male dominance is often exercised by the use of master suppression techniques like derision, objectification and imposition of guilt and shame. The male dominance exercised is legitimized by the gender system and by men’s financial advantage which gives them power over the women in the series. Aspects was also found which show the producers’ critique against the male characters' behavior. A risk, however, is that the critique does not reach the viewers and instead reproduces the critique that they want to communicate.

Though Sylvia Plath’s poems and novel undergo frequent scholarly research, her short fiction is often overlooked. Plath’s journals influenced her short fiction writing, and her stories reflected Plath’s lived experiences. Plath’s short fiction, like her other works, explore themes of identity and detachment. Each of her protagonists exist in a personal limbo, and they strive to find their identities and to fit the roles in which they occupy. This thesis focuses on “Mary Ventura and the Ninth Kingdom,” stories from Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams, and additional research from scholarly journals and biographies, with comparisons to identity struggles shown in The Bell Jar and The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. I found the catalysts for their identity crises stem from observations surrounding femininity, societal roles, and psychological wellness. Furthermore, this research shows Plath’s subjective writing habits and highlights her protagonists’ commonalities throughout her writing career.

I denna uppsats tittar jag på utdrag av Victoria’s Secrets och Savage x Fentys bildflöden på Instagram, för att med hjälp av en semiotisk analys se hur de representerar kvinnlighet som en del av deras marknadsföring. Syftet är att undersöka skillnaden mellan märkenas visuella varumärkesbyggande, och hur det står i samband till konsumenters personliga identitetsbyggande. Resultatet analyseras utifrån litteraturstudier i form av vald teori kring representation, genus, distinktion, klass och märkeskultur. I min slutsats kommer jag fram till att de två märkena använder sig av liknande tecken som är olika kodade för att referera till kvinnlighet, och därför genererar olika budskap. På så sätt utvecklar de två flödena kulturella särdrag som konsumenter kan ta till sig som en del av sitt personliga varumärkesbyggande. / In this paper I examine excerpts from Victoria’s Secret’s and Savage x Fenty’s feeds on Instagram with the help of a semiotic analysis in order to see how they each represent women as a part of their marketing. The purpose is to investigate the difference between the two brand’s visual branding, and how it correlates to consumer’s personal branding. The result is then analysed with the help of selected theories regarding representation, gender, distinction, class and brand culture. In my conclusion I conclude that the two brands use similar signs that are coded differently to refer to femininity, and thus generates different messages. The two brands thus develop cultural characteristics that consumers can adopt as part of their personal branding.

This essay investigates the character Rhysand from Sarah J. Maas’ popular Young Adult series A Court of Thorns and Roses through a feminist perspective. Maas’ series has gained popularity since the release of the first novel in 2015, yet there has not been much academic analysis of it. Instead, most analyses of the series have taken place online, on social media websites such as TikTok and Twitter. This essay focuses on Rhysand and aims to investigate how his masculinity, as well as power, is constructed, and how these notions work together in the way he treats the main female character, Feyre. The essay demonstrates that Rhysand’s masculinity leans more towards a traditional kind; that there is a link between power, violence, and pleasure for him; and that he actively enjoys utilizing his traditional masculinity and patriarchal power through objectifying Feyre in multiple ways. Lastly, it emphasizes the effect of Feyre’s narration – how it is through her focalization that Rhysand is characterized, and his masculinity, power, and objectification are mediated.