In 1904, Black British composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor published six songs from the oeuvre of white British poet Christina Georgina Rossetti, only a few months after reading W.E.B. Du Bois’ groundbreaking work The Souls of Black Folk (1903). This seminal book included a chapter called “Sorrow Songs” devoted to discussing slave songs. It also introduced the concept of double-consciousness to describe how Black people, see themselves through the lens of the white society. This point of view creates a sense of doubleness in their identity and recognition of self. The songs that Coleridge-Taylor composed, which he titled Six Sorrow Songs, Op. 57, address themes of love, death, and spirituality. Coleridge-Taylor grouped these art songs under the title “Sorrow Songs”—showing a connection to Du Bois’ work and its influence. This fusion of art song and slave song opens up room for examinations of cross-genre relations, which highlights complexity of meaning and textual changes when interpreted and performed—revealing a “doubledness” to the composition in this time in the composer’s life. Serge Lacasse’s (2018) model for intertextuality offers a framework for considering the cross-genre relations that emerge in this song cycle. The concepts of architextuality, transfictionality, and polytextuality from his model are particularly relevant in this cycle, as they account for inter-genre relationships, fictional elements of the story (including speakers and the setting), as well as the overall compilation of the songs, respectively. Drawing this model together with scholarship on Sorrow Songs, this thesis focuses on the emergence of “Sorrow Songs” at this pivotal moment in the composer’s life, which will enable the consideration of the intertext of Western classical and African slave songs in this composition as well as the creation of a story in this musico-literary hybrid. Context is critical to this discussion so his trips to the USA, personal experiences, the socio-political events of the time, and the encounter with the influential Black figures will be discussed to understand how this song cycle reshaped Coleridge-Taylor’s musical path. Intertextual analysis of this song cycle reveals a sense of double meaning in Six Sorrow Songs, Op. 57, where one clearly sees Du Bois’ concept at work in the life of the composer living as a Black man in a white society, in his music combining Western classical and Sorrow Song genres, in the medium he chose to write for, a singer and a pianist, and in setting spiritual/religious poetry written by a white poet to these romantic songs.

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Rome's dependence upon slaves has been well established in terms of economics and general society. This paper, however, seeks to demonstrate this dependence, during the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, through detailed examples of slave use in various areas of Roman life. The areas covered include agriculture, industry, domestic life, the state, entertainment, intellectual life, military, religion, and the use of female slaves. A look at manumission demonstrates Rome's growing awareness of this dependence. Through this discussion, it becomes apparent that Roman society existed during this time as it did due to slavery. Rome depended upon slavery to function and maintain its political, social, and economic stranglehold on the Mediterranean area and beyond.

This study examines the criticism of Christianity expressed by Friedrich Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard, particularly in relation to the question of moral action. These author's work were both published in the 19th Century. To analyze their written works, a hermeneutic approach is assumed. The Concepts pf slave morality, nihilism, and the disticntion between Christendom and Christianity are emphasized in the previous research and are here used analytically to contrast the author's works. The results of the study reveals both clear similarities and differences between Nietzsche and Kierkegaard's thought. The main difference lies in their views on the Church as an institutional doctrine and the impact of western moral principles on divine and human reason. The main similaraity is the emphasis both authors place on the individual's free will. The analysis also highlights the problematic nature of prevailing principles and the Christian image of God in the author's works. The concept of free will is seen as most central to their arguments, partilcarly in relation to wheter mankind's deire for the Christian God is rational or not. In conclusion to the result, the study also discusses the implications pf the study for teaching about philosophy of religion in the classroom. Therefore, a discussion regarding didactics is held to suggest how this subject matter could be utilized in a teaching context, espacially to encourage critical thinking and reflection.

The purpose of this study was to explore the development of sexuality in relation to one's overall sense of identity. The most popular measures of identity development assess identity in a number of life's domains ( e.g., politics, religion, occupation, values, friendships, dating, gender roles, and recreation/leisure), but none of the measures include an assessment of identity development in the domain of sexuality. Measures of sexuality have typically been limited to measures of sexual orientation or surveys of sexual experiences. The purpose of this research was to explore identity formation and development within the domain of sexuality, but not limited to sexual orientation and sexual experience. Toward that endeavor, a measure was constructed based on Marcia's ( 1966) identity status paradigm and modeled after Balistreri, Busch-Rossnagel, & Geisinger' s (1995) Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ). The development of this measure was an attempt to capture a more comprehensive summation of a person's sense of sexuality than has previously been measured, including the areas of sexual knowledge, experience, motivation, values, orientation, relationships, and desire. Participants were undergraduate students (N=121) from a medium size suburban college campus in the Southern U.S. All participants completed an anonymous survey including a demographic questionnaire, our sexual identity survey, the EIPQ, a measure of sexual adjustment, a measure of identity distress, and a psychological symptom measure. Our sexual identity survey had very good internal consistency with a reliability alpha coefficient of .895. Sexual identity was significantly correlated with ego identity and all the sexual adjustment variables. Sexual identity development variables predicted sexual adjustment over and above (and better than) ego identity development variables, even when controlling for psychological adjustment and identity distress, thus providing evidence of incremental validity for our sexual identity construct. These results are encouraging because they suggest that it is appropriate to consider sexuality as another identity domain.

Cette thèse, sur la traite des esclaves noirs en Libye, dans les temps modernes, en particulier aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, a nécessité une recherche à partir de questions telles que : quelles sont les origines et les catégories des esclaves noirs qui arrivèrent en Libye ? Les divers prix pratiqués ? Les stations commerçantes les plus importantes du Sahara ? Les routes caravanières empruntées pour le transport des esclaves vers l’Afrique du Nord et plus particulièrement la Libye ? La thèse porte sur les principaux marchés libyens, les méthodes d’achat et de vente, les prix des esclaves, les impôts, les douanes. La Libye a servi, en premier lieu, de plaque tournante pour l’exportation des esclaves vers d’autres destinations et notre étude s’est attachée à ses ports d’où partaient les esclaves en direction de l’Egypte, de l’Empire ottoman, du Levant et des pays du Maghreb. La thèse met aussi l’accent sur la vie sociale des esclaves, leurs rituels religieux, leurs traditions et coutumes, leur habitat, leurs relations avec leurs maîtres, leur intégration dans la communauté libyenne et musulmane jusqu’à en faire partie, le point de vue de la société libyenne sur ce phénomène de l’esclavage. La dernière partie de la thèse aborde la diminution du phénomène de l’esclavage en Libye, puis l’interdiction et l’abolition du commerce à partir de la pression internationale exercée sur l’Empire ottoman. Une évaluation est faite sur la qualité des mesures gouvernementales à cet égard, à travers un récit historique des évènements jusqu’à la fin du commerce à partir de l’occupation italienne, en 1911. / This thesis is about the black slaves’ trade in Libya in the modern era especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It illustrates a range of research issues such as, the sources of black slaves which came to Libya, its types and prices, the important commercial stations in the desert, the routes of the caravans which carried the slaves to North Africa and to Libya in particular. The research study comes across the most important markets on the Libyan soil, the methods of purchasing and buying, the slaves’ prices, the taxes and the customs. Hence, Libya was the area of re-exporting the slaves in the first place, the theses will mention the important exporting harbours and the important destinations such as Egypt, the Ottoman State (Turkey), and the Levant and the Maghreb countries. The thesis extends its scope to cover the social life of the slaves, their religious rituals, their customs and traditions, their houses, their relationships with their masters, the perception of the Libyan society to the slave phenomenon until they become an important component of the Libyan society and the Islamic societies in general. The last part of the thesis deals with the history of abolition of the slave trade and the disappearance of the slave phenomenon totally in Libya. This will be done by following the sequence of events starting with the international pressure on the Ottoman Empire for the abolition of slavery, the assessment of the seriousness of the governmental measures (procedures) and recalling the historical events until the end of the slave trade by the Italian occupation to Libya in 1911.

Manual accuracy in microsurgery is reduced by tremor and limited access. A surgical approach through the middle ear also puts delicate structures at risk, while the surgeon is often working at an unergonomic position. At this point a micromanipulator could have a positive influence. A system was developed to measure “working accuracy”, time and precision during manipulation in the middle ear. 10 ENT- surgeons simulated a perforation of the stapedial footplate on a modified 3D print of a human skull in a mock OR. Each trial was repeated more than 200 times aiming manually and using a micro-manipulator. Data of over 4000 measurements was tested and graphically processed. Work strain was evaluated with a questionnaire. Accuracy for manual and micromanipulator perforation revealed a small difference. Learning curves showed a stronger decrease both in deviation and time when the micromanipulator was used. Also a lower work strain was apparent. The micromanipulator has the potential as an aiding device in ear surgery.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Bibliografische Beschreibung 3 Referat 3 1 Einführung 4 1.1. Mittelohrchirurgie= Mikrochirurgie 4 1.1.1. Stapedotomie- Operationsprinzip 4 1.1.2. Mögliche Komplikationen einer Stapedotomie durch manuelle Manipulation 4 1.2. Chirurgische Genauigkeit 5 1.3. Störfaktoren der Genauigkeit bei einem mittelohrchirurgischen Eingriff 6 1.3.1. Physiologische Limitationen der menschlichen Hand 6 1.3.2. Ergonomie des mittelohrchirurgischen Eingriffs 7 1.3.3. Besondere Bedingungen des mikrochirurgischen Eingriffs 8 1.4. Chirurgische Assistenzsysteme 8 1.5. Ziel der Arbeit 13 2 Publikationsmanuskript 15 3 Zusammenfassung 24 4 Literaturverzeichnis 30 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 36 Curriculum Vitae 37 Danksagung 39 / Die manuelle Genauigkeit in der Mikrochirurgie wird duch Tremor und limitierten Zugang eingeschränkt. Ein chirurgischer Eingriff am Mittelohr birgt außerdem ein Verletzungspotential für empfindliche anatomische Strukturen. Überdies ist die Sitzposition des Operateurs oft unergonomisch. Ein neuartiger Mikromanipulator kann auf diese Faktoren einen positiven Einfluss haben. Eine spezielle Software wurde entwickelt und Genauigkeit, Zeit und Präzision bei einem Eingriff am Mittelohr zu bestimmen. 10 Kopf- Hals- Chirurgen simulierten die Perforation der Steigbügelfußplatte an einem 3D Modell eines menschlichen Schädels in einem Demonstrations- OP. Jeder Versuch wurde mehr als 200 mal zunächst manuell und später mit Hilfe des Mikromanipulators wiederholt. Die Daten von mehr als 4000 Messversuchen wurden getestet und grafisch dargestellt. Die Arbeitsbelastung wure mittels eines Fragebogens evaluiert. Manuelle und mikromanipulatorgestütze Genauigkeit zeigten einen signifikanten, jedoch ,absolut betrachtet,sehr geringen Unterschied der Genauigkeit. Die Lernkurven zeigten einen steileren Verlauf sowohl im Hinblick auf Genauigkeit als auch Versuchszeit, wenn der Mikromanipulator zur Anwendung kam. Weiterhin war eine geringere Arbeitsbelastung zu erkennen. Der Mikromanipulator birgt Potential als kompaktes Hilfsmittel für die Ohrchirurgie.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Bibliografische Beschreibung 3 Referat 3 1 Einführung 4 1.1. Mittelohrchirurgie= Mikrochirurgie 4 1.1.1. Stapedotomie- Operationsprinzip 4 1.1.2. Mögliche Komplikationen einer Stapedotomie durch manuelle Manipulation 4 1.2. Chirurgische Genauigkeit 5 1.3. Störfaktoren der Genauigkeit bei einem mittelohrchirurgischen Eingriff 6 1.3.1. Physiologische Limitationen der menschlichen Hand 6 1.3.2. Ergonomie des mittelohrchirurgischen Eingriffs 7 1.3.3. Besondere Bedingungen des mikrochirurgischen Eingriffs 8 1.4. Chirurgische Assistenzsysteme 8 1.5. Ziel der Arbeit 13 2 Publikationsmanuskript 15 3 Zusammenfassung 24 4 Literaturverzeichnis 30 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 36 Curriculum Vitae 37 Danksagung 39

This thesis explores the late-eighteenth-century movement to end Britain’s transatlantic slave trade through recovering one of the major discourses in favour of abolition, namely that of the evangelical Anglicans. This important intellectual milieu has often been ignored in academia and is discovered through examining the sermons, hymns, and prayers of three influential leaders in this movement: Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, pastor and hymn writer John Newton, and pastor and professor Charles Simeon. Their oral texts reveal that at the heart of their discourse lies the doctrine of Atonement. On this foundation these abolitionists primarily built a vocabulary not of human rights, but of public duty. This duty was both to care for the destitute as individuals and to protect their nation as a whole because they believed that God was the defender of the enslaved and that he would bring providential judgement on those nations that ignored their plight. For the British evangelicals, abolishing the slave trade was not merely a means to avoid impending judgement, but also part of a broader project to prepare the way for Jesus’s imminent return through advancing the work of reconciliation between humankind and God as they believed themselves to be confronting evil in all of its forms. By reconfiguring the evangelical abolitionist arguments within their religious framework and social contexts, this thesis helps overcome the dissonance that separates our world from theirs and makes accessible the eighteenth-century abolitionist discourse of a campaign that continues to resonate with human rights activists and scholars of social change in the twenty-first-century.

This thesis explores the late-eighteenth-century movement to end Britain’s transatlantic slave trade through recovering one of the major discourses in favour of abolition, namely that of the evangelical Anglicans. This important intellectual milieu has often been ignored in academia and is discovered through examining the sermons, hymns, and prayers of three influential leaders in this movement: Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, pastor and hymn writer John Newton, and pastor and professor Charles Simeon. Their oral texts reveal that at the heart of their discourse lies the doctrine of Atonement. On this foundation these abolitionists primarily built a vocabulary not of human rights, but of public duty. This duty was both to care for the destitute as individuals and to protect their nation as a whole because they believed that God was the defender of the enslaved and that he would bring providential judgement on those nations that ignored their plight. For the British evangelicals, abolishing the slave trade was not merely a means to avoid impending judgement, but also part of a broader project to prepare the way for Jesus’s imminent return through advancing the work of reconciliation between humankind and God as they believed themselves to be confronting evil in all of its forms. By reconfiguring the evangelical abolitionist arguments within their religious framework and social contexts, this thesis helps overcome the dissonance that separates our world from theirs and makes accessible the eighteenth-century abolitionist discourse of a campaign that continues to resonate with human rights activists and scholars of social change in the twenty-first-century.