Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University. / Bibliography: p. 177-181.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past three decades in South Africa, the documentation of slave history at the Cape Colony by historians has burgeoned. Congruently, interest in the history of slavery has increased in South African letters and culture. Here, literature is often employed in order to imaginatively represent the subjective view-point and experiences of slaves, as official records contained in historiography and the archive often exclude such interiority. This thesis is a study of the representations of slave subjectivity in two novels: Rayda Jacobs’s The Slave Book (1998) and Unconfessed (2007) by Yvette Christiansë. Its task is to investigate and traverse the multitude of readings made possible in these literary representations, and then to challenge such readings by juxtaposing the representational strategies of the two novels. Both primary texts are works of historical fiction that, in different ways, draw on the archive and historiography in order to grant historical plausibility to their narratives. Engaging with the distinct methods with which they approach and interpret such historical information, I adopt the terms “glimpsing” and “reading sideways”. Throughout this study, I engage each of these methods in order to demonstrate the value, and limits, of each technique in its engagement with the complexities of representing slave subjectivity in the wake of its (predominant) occlusion from historical and official data. Chapter One presents a brief overview of the emergence of the slave past in historiography and public spaces. Following Pumla Gqola’s statement that “slave memory [has] increase[d] in visibility in post-apartheid South Africa”, I move to a discussion of the theoretical perspectives on (re)memory as employed by writers of fiction that exemplify “a higher, more fraught level of activity to the past than simply identifying and recording it ” (“Slaves” 8) . In turn, I identify the imperative archival silence places on authors to write about slaves, and the relevance of genre in this undertaking. Specifically, I consider the romantic and tragic historical fiction genres as they are utilised by Jacobs and Christiansë in approaching representations of slave subjectivity, and how this influences emplotment. Chapter One concludes with a brief exposition of the literary representations offered by Unconfessed and The Slave Book. Chapter Two presents a detailed study of Rayda Jacobs’s The Slave Book as a novel of historical fiction. Jacobs takes up a methodology of “glimpsing” at the slave past through the representations available in historiography. I trace the moments at which the text seeks to convey slave subjectivity, within and without historical discourses, through such “glimpses”, and show how they are employed to establish a focus on interiority and to humanise slave characters. Chapter Three focuses on Yvette Christiansë’s Unconfessed and explores its explicit engagement with silences surrounding the protagonist Sila van den Kaap’s historical presence in the Cape Town Archives. I read Christiansë’s representation of these silences as “acts of looking sideways” at the discursive practices inherent in the historical documentation of slave voices that enact her resistance to “filling” these silences with detailed narrative. I argue that the various forms of silence in the narrative allow for a deeper understanding of the injustices and oppression suffered by Sila van den Kaap, and that it is these silences, ironically, which grant her voice. Chapter Four presents a comparison of the novels and their respective representational techniques of “glimpsing” versus “looking sideways”. While the distinct efficacy and implication of each approach is critically evaluated, both are ultimately found to make an invaluable addition to the literary exploration of slave subjectivity as attention is drawn to the interiority of each text’s characters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope drie dekades, het die dokumentasie wat opgelewer is deur historici in Suid- Afrika met betrekking tot die slawe in die Kaapkolonie floreer. Ooreenstemmend, het belangstelling in die geskiedenis van die slawe in die gebied van kultuur en letterkunde toegeneem. In hierdie konteks, word literatuur dikwels in diens geneem om op ‘n verbeeldingsryke manier die subjektiewe standpunt en die bestaan van die slawe te verteenwoording, wat vroeër in amptelike rekords dikwels sodanige innerlikheid uitsluit. Hierdie tesis is 'n studie van die voorstellings van slaaf subjektiwiteit in twee romans: Rayda Jacobs se The Slave Book (1998) en Unconfessed (2007) deur Yvette Christiansë. Dit beoog verder om ondersoek in te stel na die menigte lesings in literêre voorstellings en sodanige lesings uit te daag deur die vergelyking van die twee betrokke tekste. Ek neem die "skramse” en "sywaartse" sienings as metodiek vir die eien en interpretasie van argief-materiaal in die twee tekste. Deurgaans in hierdie studie gebruik ek hierdie metodieke op hulle beurt ten einde die waarde van elke tegniek te demonstreer, in terme van die voorstellingshandeling wat elk gebruik om slaaf subjektiwiteit te verteenwoordig. In Hoofstuk Een, word teoretiese perspektiewe oor ‘herinnering’ soos dit bestaan as gevolg van, en ten spyte van, die argief, beskryf en ontleed. In my oorsig van die rol en doel van die argief sowel as die onthou van 'n slaaf verlede in die hedendaagse Suid-Afrika, word benaderings wat in verskeie velde onderneem is om slawerny en sy slagoffers uit te beeld, ook in ag geneem. Ek identifiseer die noodsaaklikheid wat “stiltes” in die argief op skrywers plaas om oor slawe te skryf, asook die relevansie van die genre in hierdie onderneming. Ek kyk spesifiek na die romantiese en historiese fiksie genres soos hulle deur Jacobs en Christiansë gebruik word in hul voorstellings van slaaf subjektiwiteit, en hoe dit voorstellingshandeling beïnvloed. Hoofstuk Een word afgesluit met 'n kort uiteensetting van die literêre voorstellings, soos uitgebeeld in The Slave Book en Unconfessed. Hoofstuk Twee is 'n ondersoek na die funksie van Rayda Jacobs se The Slave Book as 'n historiese fiksie-roman. Jacobs se roman bepeins die geskiedenis van slawerny deur die voorstellingshandeling van ‘n "skramse kyk”. Ek ondersoek die waarde van die romanse wat in die roman opgeneem word, sowel as Jacobs se gebruik van historiografie om haar verhaal te ondersteun. Hoofstuk Drie fokus op Yvette Christiansë se Unconfessed en die wyse waarop die slaaf karakter as protagonis die stiltes as gemarginaliseerde aan die leser kommunikeer, en daaropvolgend, die wyse waarop die historiese figuur, ten spyte van die stiltes in die argief, kommunikeer. Hierdie metodiek bestempel ek as die "sywaartse kyk". Ek argumenteer dat die stiltes in die roman ‘n leemte laat vir 'n dieper begrip van die onreg en onderdrukking wat deur die protagonis gely word, en dat, ironies genoeg, dit hierdie stiltes is wat aan haar ‘n “stem” gee. Hoofstuk Vier is 'n vergelyking tussen die romans en hul doeltreffendheid. Altwee tekste, van ewe belang nagaande die bevordering van subjektiwiteit van slawe tydens die Kaapkolonie, beslaan elk 'n ander benadering tot die argief en geskiedenis self. Dit is met hierdie perspektiewe waarmee hierdie studie omgaan. Beide tekste vorm ‘n waardevolle toevoeging tot die literêre verkenning van slaaf subjektiwiteit deurdat aandag op die innerlikheid van elke teks se protagoniste gevestig word. Verder, deurdat die tekste met historiografie en die argief omgaan, spreek hulle diskursiewe kwessies rakende slaaf subjektiwiteit en die voorstellings daarvan aan.

Esta investigação se propõe a analisar a prática do crime de sequestro e escravização de cidadãos negros livres uruguaios conduzidos à força para o território brasileiro, assim como a manutenção ilegal da condição de cativo dos que viveram em solo oriental por vontade de seus senhores e foram trazidos de volta ao Império do Brasil. A partir da constatação de que essas ações se intensificaram na segunda metade do século XIX, a pesquisa tem por objetivo explicitar os mecanismos de funcionamento e logística dessa atividade ilegal, relacionados ao novo quadro conjuntural que então se inaugurava. Nesse sentido o texto foi estruturado em quatro eixos que se complementam e ao mesmo tempo oferecem uma visão da temática em diferentes níveis. O primeiro trata das repercussões internacionais do problema em conexão ao conflito de interesses vivenciados no ambiente doméstico de cada país, de forma a problematizar as relações entre o tenso ambiente de disputas regionais e as específicas questões bilaterais envolvendo Brasil e Uruguai. No segundo eixo o foco se fixou sobre as condições de legalidade / ilegalidade das escravizações, com atenção especial para a questão da definição e legitimação da nacionalidade de um indivíduo, que em diversos casos determinou legalmente seu estatuto de liberdade ou escravidão. O terceiro eixo partiu da análise de um importante grupo documental - os mapas estatísticos sobre os casos de escravização ilegal – para propor a sistematização de dados sobre tais crimes, dando visibilidade a aspectos ligados a forma de ocorrência, às providências no sentido de combater essa atividade e às características das vítimas. O último eixo se utiliza de alguns casos ocorridos com o intuito de identificar as principais rotas do tráfico e as peculiaridades destas ações criminosas, investindo especialmente nas questões locais decorrentes e na atividade dos agentes consulares uruguaios no sentido de impedir o prosseguimento dessas ações, libertar seus concidadãos e punir os responsáveis. Para este trabalho foram selecionadas fontes primárias de diversas áreas de procedência: processos-crime, inquéritos policiais, leis uruguaias e brasileiras relativas à escravidão, notas diplomáticas, acordos e tratados assinados entre Brasil e Uruguai, pronunciamentos na Assembleia Legislativa da Província rio-grandense, jornais da época – com destaque para a extensa e importante documentação do Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores do Uruguai obtida junto ao Archivo General de la Nación de Montevidéu. / This research aims at analyzing the practice of kidnapping and enslavement of free black Uruguayan citizens forced to go to the Brazilian territory and the illegal continuing of the captive condition of those returned to the Brazilian Empire after living in Oriental territory in the interest of their lords. Following evidence that these actions were intensified in the second half of the nineteenth century, the research objective is to clarify the mechanisms and logistics of this illegal activity as related to the then recent onset of a new conjuncture. In this sense the text was structured around four intertwined axes which offer a thematic view in different levels. The first treats the international repercussions of the problem as related to the conflict of interests, occurring in the domestic setting of each country, troubling the relationships in the strained ambiance of regional disputes and the specific bilateral issues involving Brazil and Uruguay. The second axis focuses on the legal/illegal condition of enslavement with special attention to the question of the definition and the granting of the nationality of an individual which often legally determined his status of free man or slave. The third axis relies on the analysis of an important document set – the statistical maps of the illegal enslavement – to propose the systematization of the data on those crimes to shed light on aspects relating to the form of occurrence, the actions to fight this activity and the characteristics of the victims. The last axis uses some cases for the purpose of identifying the main routes of the traffic and the peculiarities of those criminal actions with special attention to the local resulting issues and to the activity of the Uruguayan consular agents to impede the continuation of these actions, to free their citizens and punish those responsible. To this end, various primary sources of different origins were selected: criminal prosecutions, police inquires, Uruguayan and Brazilian laws relating to slavery, diplomatic notes, accords and treaties signed by Brazil and Uruguay, statements of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, historic newspapers – with emphasis on the extensive and important documentation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay acquired from the General Archives of the Nation in Montevideo.

O objetivo desta investigação é analisar o tráfico de escravos na Capitania do Rio Grande de São Pedro do Sul, na passagem do século XVIII para o XIX. Duas questões básicas orientaram nossa investigação: a análise das características demográficas dos escravos traficados (sexo, naturalidade, condição e faixa etária) e a caracterização da dinâmica de funcionamento do circuito mercantil (composição dos envios, concentração do tráfico e traficantes envolvidos). Verificou-se que, embora se realizasse apenas na sua etapa interna, o tráfico de escravos da capitania apresentava características semelhantes àquelas observadas nas regiões que participavam diretamente do tráfico atlântico de escravos. Quanto ao perfil demográfico, constatou-se o predomínio dos escravos africanos e uma elevada razão de masculinidade, tanto entre os africanos quanto entre os crioulos.Por outro lado, observou-se que aproximadamente 1/3 dos escravos despachados para o Rio Grande de São Pedro do Sul, entre 1788-1802, tinham entre 10 e 14 anos. No que diz respeito ao circuito mercantil, concluiu-se que o comércio se dava através de pequenos envios e era realizado por um grande número de “traficantes eventuais”. Estes pequenos comerciantes foram responsáveis pela comercialização de uma parcela importante do total de escravos e pela maior parte dos envios realizados e, deste modo, foram indispensáveis para o funcionamento do mercado negreiro sul-rio-grandense. As principais fontes utilizadas foram as guias de transporte de escravos emitidas pela Provedoria da Fazenda Real, os despachos e passaporte de escravos emitidos pela Polícia da Corte e o Livro de Sisas da Vila do Rio Grande. / The objective of this investigation is to analyze the slave trade in Capitania do Rio Grande de São Pedro do Sul, during the passage from the 18th to the 19th century. Two basic subjects guided our investigation: the analysis of the demographic characteristics of traded slaves (sex, naturalness, condition and age) and the characterization of the trading circuit (composition of shipments, trade concentration and traders engaged). It was noticed that, although it took place only internally, the slave trade in capitania presented characteristics similar to the ones observed in the regions which participated directly in the Atlantic slave trade. As to the demographic profile, it was verified a predominance of african slaves and a high percentage of males, both among africans and crioulos. On the other hand, it was observed that approximately 1/3 of the slaves sent to Rio Grande de São Pedro do Sul, between 1788-1802, was between 10 and 14 years old. Concerning the trading circuit, it was concluded that the slave trade took place through small shipments and was accomplished by a high number of “eventual traders”.These little traders were responsible for the commercialization of the majority of the slaves and of the shipments. This way, they became indispensable to the success of the slave trade in Rio Grande de São Pedro do Sul. The main sources used were the documents of slaves transportation issued by the Provedoria da Real Fazenda; the dispatching and passports of slaves issued by the Polícia da Corte and the Livro de Sisas da Vila do Rio Grande.

Ce manuscrit de thèse rapporte quelques études méthodologiques sur la régionalisation du climat par l’approche dynamique. Le domaine géographique couvre une large zone allant du milieu de l’Atlantique Nord à l’Europe de l’Est, et du Sahel à l’Arctique. La quête à tout prix d’une amélioration du climat régional n’est pas au cœur du manuscrit. Pourtant, l’accent est mis sur trois points clefs, généralement rencontrés par toutes tentatives de régionalisation du climat. Le premier point concerne le schéma d’imbrication : imbrication du sens unidirectionnel du GCM vers le RCM (one-way nesting, OWN) ou bidirectionnelle entre le GCM et le RCM (two-way nesting, TWN). Le deuxième point examine la réalisation technique d’imbrication, qui est généralement une opération de relaxation newtonienne ajoutée aux équations pronostiques du modèle. Le troisième point est sur l’effet du raffinement de maille dans le RCM. L’esprit général du manuscrit consiste à conceptualiser et réaliser des simulations numériques pour traiter ces trois points avec astuces afin de les isoler et quantifier. Le modèle de circulation générale LMDZ est utilisé pour l’ensemble des expériences. Il joue à la fois le rôle du GCM et celui du RCM. Dans les deux cas, il conserve strictement ses paramétrisations physique et sa configuration dynamique, ainsi que tous les forçages ou paramètres externes. La stratégie d’expérimentation, qualifiée comme Master versus Slave, consiste à réaliser des simulations sous deux protocoles reliés l’un et l’autre : « DS-300-to-300 » désigne Downscaling du GCM à 300 km de résolution horizontale au RCM qui est identique au GCM, aussi à 300 km de résolution spatiale ; « DS-300-to-100 » désigne Downscaling de 300 km (GCM) à 100 km (RCM). Il est clair que « DS-300-to-300 » est un cadre idéalisé, particulièrement approprié pour évaluer l’effet de l’opération de relaxation. Le protocole « DS-300-to-100 », soustrait du « DS-300-to-300 », permet d’évaluer très précisément l’effet de la résolution du RCM augmentée. Dans chaque protocole, deux schémas de communication entre le RCM et le GCM ont été implémentés, l’un (OWN) est la méthodologie classique du sens unique qui consiste à piloter le RCM par les sorties du GCM, l’autre (TWN) est d’établir un échange mutuel entre les deux modèles. Le climat régional est sensible au choix des schémas de communication entre le RCM et le GCM, surtout aux moyennes latitudes. TWN apporte une nette amélioration sur la représentation des informations frontalières. Au niveau des modes régionaux de circulation atmosphérique, exprimés en structures d’EOF, OWN et TWN sont tous deux capables de les reproduire, mais avec de légères déformations dans l’espace. La relaxation newtonienne, largement utilisée dans la régionalisation du climat, permet au RCM de bien suivre la trajectoire synoptique du GCM. Pourtant, la concomitance temporelle et la ressemblance spatiale sont dépendantes des variables considérées, des saisons, des régimes de temps, et des échelles spatio-temporelles de circulations atmosphériques. Des cas de dé-corrélation sont remarquables quand la circulation dominante de la région est de petites échelles. Le raffinement de maille augmente la liberté du RCM à développer sa dynamique interne, surtout aux petites échelles, mais aussi à l’ensemble du spectre de la circulation à travers l’interaction des échelles. Ainsi le RCM devient plus indépendant et s’écarte davantage du GCM. Cette thèse, autour des aspects méthodologiques de la régionalisation du climat, aide à avoir une meilleure compréhension sur la pratique. Elle adresse aussi un message de précaution à la communauté RCM et l’invite à bien vérifier leur méthodologie de régionalisation. / The work developed in this thesis explores through methodological modelling studies the current techniques of climate regionalization. In this case, the regionalization focuses on a geographical domain covering from the North Atlantic to Eastern Europe longitudinal wise, and from the Sahel to the Arctic as a latitudinal interval. The aim of this thesis is not the improvement of regional climate modelling per se, but tackling three key questions that are commonly met by all attempts when trying to improve climate regionalization. Firstly, the choice and advantages of the nesting scheme: one-way nesting (OWN) versus two-way nesting (TWN). Secondly, the evaluation of the nesting method, which is generally a Newtonian relaxation operation added to the prognostic equations of the model. And finally, the consequences of the mesh refinement in Regional Circulation Models (RCM). The objective of this manuscript consists in conceptualizing and carrying out numerical simulations to answer these three questions by isolating each individual effect and quantifying the consequences of each of the effects. The general circulation model LMDZ is used for all experiments. It is able to play the role of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and the RCM, keeping the same physical parameterizations and the same dynamical configuration, as well as the same external forcings and model parameters. Our experimental set-up, referred as “Master versus Slave”, consists on two related protocols: “DS-300-to-300” and “DS-300-to-100”. The former implies the downscaling of the GCM at 300 km of horizontal resolution while the RCM has the identical resolution of 300 km. The latter implies the downscaling from 300 km (GCM) to 100 km (RCM). We have assumed the “DS-300-to-300” as an idealized framework, particularly appropriate to evaluate the relaxation operation effect. In parallel, the “DS-300-to-100” protocol, subtracted from the “DS-300-to-300”, allows assessing the effect of the increased resolution for the RCM. In each protocol, two communication schemes between the RCM and the GCM have been implemented. The first one -OWN- is the classic one-way methodology to control the RCM by the outputs of the GCM. The second one -TWN- is used to establish a mutual exchange between the two models (RCM and GCM). This thesis has found that climate regionalization is highly sensitive to the choice of the communication scheme between the RCM and the GCM, especially at mid-latitudes. TWN clearly improves the representation at the boundaries. For the regional atmospheric circulation modes, expressed in EOF structures, both OWN and TWN are able to reproduce them, but with a slight deformation in space. Newtonian relaxation, widely used in climate regionalization, allows the RCM to follow the GCM’s synoptic trajectory. However, temporal concomitance and spatial resemblance of the two depend on the variables considered, on the particular seasons selected, on the weather regimes, and on the spatiotemporal scales of atmospheric circulation. De-correlation cases are remarkable when the dominant circulation on a regional scale is small. Moreover, mesh refinement increases the freedom of the RCM to develop its internal dynamic circulation, especially at small scales, and also across the whole spectrum of circulation regimes through the scales in which the RCM operates. Thus, when resolution increases, the RCM becomes more independent from the GCM behavior and the model results deviate significantly from the GCM. Focused on the methodological aspects of climate regionalization, this thesis helps to gain a better understanding on the regionalization practice. Il also sends a precautionary message to the RCM community, kindly inviting to verify their regionalization strategy.

No description available.

O presente trabalho de dissertação é um exercício de demografia histórica que examina a população, a configuração dos fogos e a família escrava em Porto Alegre entre 1810 e 1835. Utilizamos fontes primárias de caráter seriado: o rol de confessados de 1814 e os registros de batismo de escravos de 1810 a 1835, ambas alocadas no Arquivo Histórico da Cúria Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (AHCMPA). No contexto das primeiras décadas do século XIX, marcado pelas dinâmicas sociais e econômicas de uma zona de fronteira, a Capitania de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, examinamos a população de Porto Alegre considerando a estrutura da propriedade escrava e a configuração dos fogos. Encontramos um grande percentual de população escrava frente à população total. Esses escravos estavam dispersos em fogos chefiados por homens casados, homens não-casados e mulheres, totalizando quase 2/3 dos fogos de Porto Alegre, o que demonstrava o forte vínculo da capital sulina com a escravidão, no período estudado. Ao procurarmos a família escrava, quer sacramentada quer consensual, investigamos as cores e as origens dos pais e das mães das crianças escravas recém-nascidas batizadas (designadas como crioulos escravos batizados). Constatamos a preferência por uniões endogâmicas, principalmente quanto à cor, mas também quanto à origem. Procuramos relacionar esses parâmetros ao mercado de escravos e pudemos constatar que havia relação entre as variações nos batismos dos cativos e as oscilações do tráfico de escravos. Para isso, também contribuiu a análise das origens, das idades e da razão de masculinidade dos batizados africanos. Finalmente, ao estudarmos as famílias escravas, nos detivemos às possibilidades de acesso ao matrimônio católico por parte dos escravos e às relações de compadrio, em cruzamento com duas variáveis: o tamanho relativo de plantel e a freqüência ao compadrio. Identificamos que a grande maioria dos batizados escravos de Porto Alegre era formada por crianças crioulas naturais, sendo a legitimidade um atributo de menos de 10% dos rebentos batizados. Esses recém-nascidos teriam grandes chances de ter escravos de outros plantéis como padrinhos e madrinhas de seus batizados. Entretanto, esse padrão poderia variar de diferentes formas: o tamanho da escravaria e a freqüência com que um escravo era batizado influenciavam sua legitimidade e, também, a condição jurídica, a cor, a origem e até mesmo a pertinência ou não de seu padrinho e de sua madrinha ao mesmo plantel. Essas condições estavam relacionadas às escolhas dos escravos por firmar relações sociais horizontais ou verticais através do compadrio e também ao grau de influência dos senhores nessas relações. No caso dos africanos, o leque de escolhas parece ter sido menor e a possibilidade do compadrio ser usado como estratégia de administração da mão-de-obra escrava no cativeiro, por parte dos senhores, foi provavelmente maior. / This work is a paper of historical demography that examines the population, the household types and the slave family in Porto Alegre between 1810 and 1835. We use the following primary sources: the rol de confessados of 1814 (a kind of parochial census) and the records of slave’s baptisms of 1810-1835, both of Porto Alegre. In the context of the first decades of the nineteenth century, which was marked by social and economic dynamics of a border area, the Capitania of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, we examined the population of Porto Alegre considering the structure of slave property and the household types. We found a large percentage of slaves dispersed in different ownership headed by married men, not married men and women and it corresponds nearly 2/3 of the households of Porto Alegre. This demonstrated the strong bond of the southern capital with slavery. We studied the slave family, married and consensual, through the investigation of colors and origins of the fathers and of the mothers of baptized slave children (named baptized slave crioulos). We found the preference for endogamous marriages, especially by color, but also by origin. We related these parameters to the slave market and we found that there was relationship between variations in baptisms of the captives and the slave trade fluctuations. It contributed for this the analysis of origins, ages and sex ratio of African baptized. Finally, we studied the slave families looking for the possibilities of Catholic marriage and baptism. We found that the majority of baptized slaves were illegitimate children in Porto Alegre. These newborns would have a good chance of having slaves from other ownership as godfathers and as godmothers. However, this pattern could vary in different ways: the size of the slave ownership and the frequency a slave was baptized influenced their legitimacy and also the legal status, color, origin of their godfather and godmother and if they lived or not in the same household. These conditions and the management of the householders influenced the slaves to keep horizontal or vertical social relations. For Africans slaves the range of choices was smaller and the baptism was used most probably as management strategy under slavery by householders. / Esta tesis es un trabajo de demografía histórica que examina la población, la configuración de los domicilos y la familia de los esclavos en Porto Alegre entre 1810 y 1835. Utilizamos fuentes primarias em serie: la lista de confesados de 1814 y los registros de bautismos de esclavos de 1810 hasta 1835, ambos situados en el Archivo Histórico de la Curia Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (AHCMPA). En el contexto de las primeras décadas del siglo XIX, marcado por las dinámicas sociales y económicas de una zona fronteriza, la Provincia de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, examinamos la población de Porto Alegre teniendo en cuenta la estructura de la propiedad de esclavos y la configuración de los domicilios. Encontramos un gran porcentaje de esclavos en comparación a la población total, dispersa en domicilios encabezados por hombres casados, hombres no-casados y mujeres, correspondiente a casi 2/3 de los domicilos de Porto Alegre, que ha demostrado fuerte relación de la capital sureña con la esclavitud en el período estudiado. Estudiamos la familia de esclavos, sea consagrada sea consensual, por medio de la investigación de los colores y de las orígenes de los padres y de las madres de los niños recién nacidos esclavos bautizados (llamados criollos esclavos bautizados). Encontramos la preferencia por los matrimonios endogámicos, sobre todo con base en el color, sino también con base en el origen. Nosotros tratamos de relacionar estos parámetros con los del mercado de esclavos y verificamos que había relación entre las variaciones en los bautismos de los cautivos y las fluctuaciones del comercio de esclavos. Para ello, también contribuyó el análisis de las orígenes, de las edades y de los sexos de los africanos bautizados. Por último, estudiamos las familias de esclavos desde las posibilidades de acceso al matrimonio católico por los esclavos y de las relaciones de compadrazgo por medio de dos variables: el tamaño relativo a la propiedad de esclavos y la frecuencia del compadrazgo. Se ha encontrado que la gran mayoría de los esclavos bautizados en Porto Alegre ha sido formada por los hijos naturales criollos, siendo los legítimos menos de 10% de los niños esclavos bautizados. Estos recién nacidos tendrían una gran oportunidad de tener esclavos de otras propiedades como padrinos y madrinas de su bautismo. Sin embargo, esto podría variar de diferentes formas: el tamaño de la propiedad de esclavos y la frecuencia con que se bautizó el cautivo tendría efectos en su legitimidad y también en el estatus legal, en el color, en el origen e incluso en la pertinencia o no de su padrino y de su madrina a la misma propiedad. Estas condiciones estaban relacionadas con las opciones de los esclavos mediante la firma de relaciones sociales horizontales o verticales a través del compadrazgo, sin eludir la influencia de los señores. Para los africanos, la gama de opciones parecía ser más pequeña y la posibilidad de los señores manejaren el compadrazgo en la estrategia de gestión del trabajo esclavo en cautiverio fué probablemente mayor.

O presente trabalho pretende problematizar os crimes de cativos em Pelotas no contexto de intensificação do tráfico interno que caracterizou a segunda metade do século XIX. A partir da análise de processos criminais com cativos como réus e tendo como proposta a abordagem do cotidiano vivenciado pela comunidade cativa, esta pesquisa propõe-se a compreender o padrão de crimes cometidos por trabalhadores escravizados, identificar o perfil dos acusados e suas vítimas, analisar a agência cativa no contexto de incremento do tráfico interno, assim como as disputas existentes entre parceiros de cativeiro, os sentidos de liberdade atribuídos pelos cativos pelotenses, a porosidade entre as fronteira da escravidão e da liberdade e, brevemente, o papel da Justiça no cotidiano escravista da segunda metade do Oitocentos. / The present work aims to problematize the captives’ crimes in Pelotas in the context of internal slave trade’s intensification that characterized the second half of the XIX century. From the analyze of criminal processes with captives as defendants and having as proposal the approach of the daily routine experienced by the captive community, this research proposes to comprehend the pattern of crimes committed by enslaved workers, identify the accused’s and victim’s profiles, analyze the captive agency in the increase of the internal slave trade’s context, as the disputes between captivity partners, the liberty’s meanings attributed by the captives in Pelotas, the porosity between the frontiers of slavery and liberty and, briefly, the Justice’s role in slaver’s daily routine in the second half of the XIX century.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-05T17:55:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2015-05-06T13:33:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T13:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Afrânio Mário Simões Filho.pdf: 4818346 bytes, checksum: 7ce4ddcc829847664e2c81dba4a5a9eb (MD5) / CAPES / O Celeiro Público da Bahia, concebido pelo governo colonial para solucionar as crises constantes que abalavam o concorrido mercado de abastecimento da cidade de Salvador, foi instrumento para regular a ampla rede de distribuição de farinha de mandioca, elemento essencial ao funcionamento da empresa colonial. Instituído em 1785, apesar de inúmeras críticas, funcionou em um armazém do Arsenal da Marinha até 1870: depois de 1822, administrado pelo governo provincial, e, com poderes reduzidos, foi assumido pela Câmara Câmara Municipal, de 1856 em diante. Cobrava um vintém por cada alqueire de farinha, arroz, feijão e milho que entrava pelo mar, e, com o seu lucro líquido sustentava o lazareto. O exame da documentação relativa ao Celeiro Público da Bahia permite identificar as relações entre o mercado de farinha de mandioca da cidade de Salvador e os interesses da economia mercantil escravista. Designed by the colonial government as a solution to the constant crises that shook the competitive market to supply the city of Salvador, the Public Granary of Bahia was the regulatory instrument of an extensive distribution network of cassava flour, an essential element for the operation of the colonial enterprise. Established in 1785 despite widespread criticism, the granary functioned in a warehouse of the Navy Arsenal until 1870: after 1822, administrated by the provincial government and with reduced powers, it was assumed by the City Council from 1856 onwards. The Granary charged a penny for every bushel of flour, rice, beans and corn that entered by sea, and its net income supported the leper hospital. The exam of documentation relating to the Public Granary of Bahia allows to identify the relationship between the market of cassava flour in the city of Salvador and the interests of slavery mercantile economy.

Esta investigação se propõe a analisar a prática do crime de sequestro e escravização de cidadãos negros livres uruguaios conduzidos à força para o território brasileiro, assim como a manutenção ilegal da condição de cativo dos que viveram em solo oriental por vontade de seus senhores e foram trazidos de volta ao Império do Brasil. A partir da constatação de que essas ações se intensificaram na segunda metade do século XIX, a pesquisa tem por objetivo explicitar os mecanismos de funcionamento e logística dessa atividade ilegal, relacionados ao novo quadro conjuntural que então se inaugurava. Nesse sentido o texto foi estruturado em quatro eixos que se complementam e ao mesmo tempo oferecem uma visão da temática em diferentes níveis. O primeiro trata das repercussões internacionais do problema em conexão ao conflito de interesses vivenciados no ambiente doméstico de cada país, de forma a problematizar as relações entre o tenso ambiente de disputas regionais e as específicas questões bilaterais envolvendo Brasil e Uruguai. No segundo eixo o foco se fixou sobre as condições de legalidade / ilegalidade das escravizações, com atenção especial para a questão da definição e legitimação da nacionalidade de um indivíduo, que em diversos casos determinou legalmente seu estatuto de liberdade ou escravidão. O terceiro eixo partiu da análise de um importante grupo documental - os mapas estatísticos sobre os casos de escravização ilegal – para propor a sistematização de dados sobre tais crimes, dando visibilidade a aspectos ligados a forma de ocorrência, às providências no sentido de combater essa atividade e às características das vítimas. O último eixo se utiliza de alguns casos ocorridos com o intuito de identificar as principais rotas do tráfico e as peculiaridades destas ações criminosas, investindo especialmente nas questões locais decorrentes e na atividade dos agentes consulares uruguaios no sentido de impedir o prosseguimento dessas ações, libertar seus concidadãos e punir os responsáveis. Para este trabalho foram selecionadas fontes primárias de diversas áreas de procedência: processos-crime, inquéritos policiais, leis uruguaias e brasileiras relativas à escravidão, notas diplomáticas, acordos e tratados assinados entre Brasil e Uruguai, pronunciamentos na Assembleia Legislativa da Província rio-grandense, jornais da época – com destaque para a extensa e importante documentação do Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores do Uruguai obtida junto ao Archivo General de la Nación de Montevidéu. / This research aims at analyzing the practice of kidnapping and enslavement of free black Uruguayan citizens forced to go to the Brazilian territory and the illegal continuing of the captive condition of those returned to the Brazilian Empire after living in Oriental territory in the interest of their lords. Following evidence that these actions were intensified in the second half of the nineteenth century, the research objective is to clarify the mechanisms and logistics of this illegal activity as related to the then recent onset of a new conjuncture. In this sense the text was structured around four intertwined axes which offer a thematic view in different levels. The first treats the international repercussions of the problem as related to the conflict of interests, occurring in the domestic setting of each country, troubling the relationships in the strained ambiance of regional disputes and the specific bilateral issues involving Brazil and Uruguay. The second axis focuses on the legal/illegal condition of enslavement with special attention to the question of the definition and the granting of the nationality of an individual which often legally determined his status of free man or slave. The third axis relies on the analysis of an important document set – the statistical maps of the illegal enslavement – to propose the systematization of the data on those crimes to shed light on aspects relating to the form of occurrence, the actions to fight this activity and the characteristics of the victims. The last axis uses some cases for the purpose of identifying the main routes of the traffic and the peculiarities of those criminal actions with special attention to the local resulting issues and to the activity of the Uruguayan consular agents to impede the continuation of these actions, to free their citizens and punish those responsible. To this end, various primary sources of different origins were selected: criminal prosecutions, police inquires, Uruguayan and Brazilian laws relating to slavery, diplomatic notes, accords and treaties signed by Brazil and Uruguay, statements of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul, historic newspapers – with emphasis on the extensive and important documentation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay acquired from the General Archives of the Nation in Montevideo.