O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a teoria da ação humana presente na Ética Nicomaqueia de Aristóteles e, em particular, os elementos que constituem os critérios para a determinação da noção de responsabilidade do agente moral e identificar se tais critérios se encontram presentes na teoria sobre a imitação da ação humana na tragédia grega, apresentada na Poética. Para ilustrar essa possível relação, utilizar-se-á o mito de Édipo, paradigma da discussão sobre a virtude na ação heroica, presente na tragédia de Sófocles, Édipo-Rei. / The aim of this master degree dissertation is to investigate the theory of human action available in Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics. The aim is particularly to investigate the elements that constitute the criteria to determining the notion of responsibility of the agent and to identify if these criteria can be found in the theory about the imitation of human action in Greek tragedy available in Aristotles Poetics. In order to ilustrate this possible relation, it will be used Oedipus myth, as a paradigm of the discussion about virtue in heroic action, available in Sophocles tragedy, Oedipus-Rex.

La letteratura che studia perché le persone si impegnano nell’azione collettiva mostra due principali limitazioni: 1) l’utilizzo di un approccio di ricerca top- down e researcher-centered e 2) il mancato coinvolgimento attivo delle persone in ottica partecipata e co-costruita. Quanto detto mostrerebbe la necessità di applicare un approccio bottom-up che veda il coinvolgimento in prima persona degli attivisti. Il presente lavoro è un disegno di ricerca qualitativo multi-metodo concorrente nel quale sono state combinare due metodologie di ricerca: la Grounded Theory costruttivista (Studio 1) e il Concept Mapping (Studio 2), partendo dalla domanda di ricerca: quali sono le motivazioni che portano gli attivisti oggigiorno a impegnarsi nell’azione collettiva? Lo Studio 1 ha evidenziato, attraverso interviste semi-strutturate individuali, le componenti processuali che portano le persone a impegnarsi nell’azione collettiva. Lo Studio 2, attraverso uno sguardo sulla comunità degli attivisti e tramite un approccio partecipato, ha permesso di far emergere le motivazioni che portano gli attivisti a impegnarsi e come incentivare questo impegno. I risultati suggeriscono come l’azione collettiva non possa più vedere un lavoro e uno studio solo sul singolo che agisce in gruppo, ma dovrebbe prevedere un lavoro di comunità: del contesto, dell’associazione e delle persone che ne fanno parte. / The literature studying why people engage in collective action shows two main limitations: 1) the use of a top-down, researcher-centered research approach and 2) the lack of active involvement of people from a participatory, co-constructed perspective. This shows the need to apply a bottom-up approach with the active involvement of activists. The present work is a concurrent multi-method qualitative research design in which two research methodologies were combined: constructivist Grounded Theory (Study 1) and Concept Mapping (Study 2), starting from the research question: what are the motivations that lead activists today to engage in collective action? Study 1 highlighted, through individual semi-structured interviews, the processual components that lead people to engage in collective action. Study 2, through a focus on the activist community and through a participatory approach, uncovered the motivations that lead activists to engage and how to incentivize this engagement. Results suggest how scholars and professionals can no longer study and work in the collective action context only from the individual acting in a group point of view, but instead should involve community work: in the context, in the associations and with people who are part of it.

Motivée par la conviction que la science économique et la sociologie doivent se rencontrer, notre recherche a deux objectifs. Elle questionne les filiations théoriques (ou migrations conceptuelles) entre la science économique et la sociologie d’une part ; et à analyser les caractéristiques de ces filiations théoriques d’autre part. Alors que s’accroit le dialogue entre la science économique et la sociologie depuis les années 1960, des filiations théoriques entre les deux disciplines sont-elles possibles ? Et quelles en sont les caractéristiques ? Notre recherche repose sur l’étude d’un cas, celui de la théorie de l’action. Nous abordons plus précisément différents objets de cette vaste théorie : la théorie du choix rationnel, le champ de l’économie des conventions et le concept d’encastrement. L’étude révèle que les filiations théoriques entre la science économique et la sociologie sont possibles, ne sont pas systématiques et peuvent être « imparfaites ». / Motivated by the conviction that economics and sociology must combine, our research has two goals. It questions theoretical filiations (or conceptual migrations) between economics and sociology on the one hand ; and analyzes the characteristics of these theoretical filiations on the other hand. Even though the dialogue between economics and sociology has been improving since the1960s, we question whether theoretical filiations between both disciplines are possible ; as well as the nature of the characteristics ? Our research is based on a case study, the theory of action. More specifically, we discuss different objects of this vast theory: the rational choice theory, the field of économie des conventions and the concept of embeddedness. The study reveals that theoretical filiations between economics and sociology are possible, unsystematic and can be considered as « imperfect ».

Man kann die allgemeinen Probleme, denen Weber sich in seinen kulturwissenschaftlichen Studien gewidmet hat, in zwei Hauptprobleme zusammenfassen: das erste liegt im Verhältnis zwischen kulturwissenschaftlichen Allgemeinbegriffen einerseits sowie empirischer Realität d. h. je individuellen historischen Ereignissen und sozialen Handlungen andererseits; das zweite bezieht sich auf die Trennlinie zwischen Werturteilen und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis beziehungsweise auf die Unterscheidung zwischen dem „Seinsollenden“ und dem „Seienden“. Zur Lösung der ersten Problematik schlägt Weber seinen Ansatz des „idealtypischen Vorgehens“ vor, zur Lösung der zweiten sein Konzept der „Werturteilsfreiheit“ oder „wertfrei“ der Kulturwissenschaften. Wir haben uns in unserer Arbeit vorrangig auf die erste Problematik konzentriert, ohne jedoch deren Zusammenhang mit der zweiten außer Acht zu lassen. Hier kommt die Frage: Inwieweit ist Webers „idealtypische Begriffsbildung“ tauglich als eine rationale Rekonstruktion der empirischen Realität? Im Sinne Weber ist der „Idealtypus“ wohl die einzige Möglichkeit, kulturwissenschaftlich zu forschen. Somit entsteht zwangsläufig das Problem, dass das kulturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisobjekt nur auf eine idealtypische Weise zugänglich ist. So gesehen wäre es unmöglich, die Kulturwissenschaften als Wirklichkeitswissenschaften zu bezeichnen. Daher sollte man auch weiterhin über alternative kulturwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle nachdenken. Zu denken wäre hier etwa an Hempels DN-Erklärung, Drays rationale Erklärung, von Wrights praktischen Syllogismus, Schwemmers rational- rekonstruktive Erklärung sowie verschiedene Modelle weiterer moderner Autoren, die einen wichtigen Anteil an der Diskussion der Frage nach einer gangbaren kulturwissenschaftlichen Methode für die Erklärung von Handlungen hatten. Die Frage selbst wird unseres Erachtens jedoch auch der künftigen Kulturwissenschaft erhalten bleiben und sich mit der Entwicklung der Kulturwissenschaften selbst weiterentwickeln. / The general problems Weber addresses in his cultural studies can be summarised as two main problems. The first one is located in the relationship between cultural general terms on the one hand as well as empirical reality, i. e. based on historical events and social action on the other hand; the second one refers to the parting line between value judgements and scientific knowledge which is to say to the differentiation between “what should be” and “what is”. Weber proposes his approach of the “ideal-typical action” in order to solve the first problem; to solve the second problem he proposes his concept of “freedom from value judgements” or “value-free” cultural studies. In our work we are primarily focusing on the first problem without losing sight of its relationship with the second problem. So here comes the question: to what degree is Weber’s “ideal-typical concept formation” suitable as a rational reconstruction of empirical reality? In Weber’s sense, the “ideal type” is arguably the only possibility of conducting research in a cultural-scientific context. In this way the problem inevitably arises that the scientific object of cultural studies can only be accessed through an ideal-typical approach. If we looked at it that way, it would be impossible to consider cultural studies as real life science. For this reason we should continue thinking about alternative explanatory models concerning cultural studies. Perhaps here Hempel’s D-N explanation comes to mind, Dray’s rational explanation, von Wright’s practical syllogisms, Schwemmer’s rational-reconstructive explanation as well as different models of other authors who played an important role in the discussion of the question of a practicable method in cultural studies concerning the explanation of action. As far as we are concerned the question itself will continue to be explored in future cultural studies and with the further development of cultural studies continue developing itself.

I denna studie har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med yrkesverksamma dagbarnvårdare som arbetar i en kommun i Sverige. Syftet med studien är att utforska dagbarnvårdares förhållningssätt och inställning till sin anmälningsskyldighet och om det finns faktorer som påverkar deras beslut att göra en orosanmälan. Med hjälp av en tematisk analys på intervjumaterialet framkom fyra huvudteman: Var går gränsen, Organisationens stöd, Privat och professionell och Svart på vitt. Var går gränsen handlar om att det finns en svårighet i att veta när det är dags att göra en orosanmälan till socialtjänsten och hur man upptäcker att ett barn far illa. Organisationens stöd innefattas av chefens och kollegornas stöd i anmälningsprocessen. Privat och professionell handlar om det upplevda dilemmat av att vara privat och professionell på samma gång. Svart på vitt belyser behovet av att mer kunskap och utbildning kring anmälningsplikt såväl som kring tecken på att barn bar illa. Resultatet kopplas till tidigare forskning samt handlingsteori och handlingsutrymme. / In this study ten qualitative interviews were conducted with professional home daycare providers in a Swedish municipality. The aim of the study is to explore home daycare providers approach and attitudes towards their mandatory reporting and to find out if there are any factors that affects their decision of reporting to the child protective service. With a thematic analysis four main themes were found; Where is the limit, The support from the organization, Private and professional and Black on white. Where is the limit implies that there is a difficulty of making a decision when to report child maltreatment to the child protective service and how to discover child maltreatment. The support of the organization includes support from the manager and colleagues in the process of reporting. Privat and professional includes the experienced dilemma of being private and professional at the same time. Black on white intend to discuss the need of getting more knowledge and education regarding mandatory reporting as well as signs of maltreatment. The result has been analyzed with previous research and the theory of action and discretion.

What happens when teachers are required to implement a mandatory mathematics literacy curriculum whose purposes and pedagogy is distinctly different from that of mathematics curricula of the past? More specifically: How do teachers beliefs and understandings of the curriculum affect the implementation pathway of a mathematics reform intended for ALL? In 2006 the national Department of Education of South Africa introduced a new curriculum into the mathematics landscape, namely Mathematical Literacy. This curriculum, which is markedly dissimilar in pedagogy, politics and purposes from past mathematics curricula, was introduced as a mandatory alternative to mathematics in the senior secondary phase of schooling; not as an integral component of mathematics curricula but as a unique subject of its own. It recognizes that every adult and therefore every child can and should do some form of mathematics. This research focuses on the implementation of this new curriculum in a context were mathematical literacy levels are not only unacceptably low among pupils leaving secondary schooling but also among many teachers charged with delivering mathematics education to the learners in South Africa. The three research questions guiding this study are: 1) What do teachers understand to be the purposes, problems and possibilities contained in the mathematical literacy curriculum? 2) How do teachers proceed to implement the mathematical literacy curriculum in their classrooms? 3) Why do teachers implement this curriculum in the ways they do? In other words, what explains the implementation pathways followed by the mathematical literacy curriculum in real classroom contexts? A review of the literature on curriculum and policy implementation revealed broad encapsulating themes that provide lenses for reform failure. It also provided a perspective that calls for domain specific research. Following on this, the study articulated a broader conceptual framework premised on the perception that a deep understanding of a curriculum is required, for contemporary reforms in mathematical literacy, especially if the goal is to pursue deep change in instructional practices and beliefs. Within this framework, three propositions were generated and then later tested against the emerging data: Proposition one: Teachers may not have a deep understanding of the purposes, problems and possibilities contained in the Mathematical Literacy curriculum. Proposition two: Teachers implement the Mathematical Literacy curriculum in their classroom using beliefs and pedagogies that are already entrenched in their practice. Proposition three: Teachers implement mathematical literacy only because it is a mandatory subject and not because of any strong conviction of the inherent value of this curriculum. A qualitative research design was used which included two in-depth case studies against the backdrop of a snapshot survey of fifty-four mathematical literacy teachers as an embedded unit of analysis. Using evidence from an array of data collection instruments, the study found that the two educators had a superficial understanding of the intentions of the curriculum both in terms of required pedagogy and purpose of the reform. For both educators the teaching of mathematics in context was outside their paradigm of understanding as was their limited grasp of the 'spirit' of this new reform. What was further revealed was that educators teaching mathematical literacy felt and expressed an overwhelming threat to the status of their professional teaching identity. The explorative study concludes with implications for future studies and professional teacher development. It also further expands on why a strong theory of action is mandatory if the challenges of complex curriculum change are to be met. / Thesis (PhD (Education Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo fundamental investigar, descrever e analisar o impacto das tecnologias digitais sobre as formas de ação nas artes cênicas contemporâneas. Entendemos que as tecnologias digitais contribuem para alterar a ação linear e frontal precipitada a partir de um ator humano, típica das formas artísticas tradicionais, dando origem a processos nos quais elementos humanos e não humanos interagem numa configuração ecossistêmica e em rede. Partindo de um percurso histórico-teórico que busca refletir sobre a presença e a participação da tecnologia nas artes cênicas, do teatro grego a nossa contemporaneidade, apresentamos a perspectiva da ação em rede, pela qual se pretende analisar a cena contemporânea como uma ecologia e pensar as novas formas em que se organizam as relações entre artista, espectador e obra de arte no contexto das tecnologias digitais. Como analisar, por exemplo, uma obra em que atores, em lugares físicos distintos, contracenam apenas a partir de uma conexão de Internet? Qual a natureza da relação com o espaço característico dessas obras, sobretudo quando comparadas àquelas que se ancoram na pressuposição de um espaço físico? Em última instância, promovendo a pesquisa transdisciplinar, pretende-se, assim, analisar como a comunicação digital estaria alterando a própria forma de atuação artística em nossa época. Para aprofundar a reflexão, a pesquisa apresenta uma análise de casos representativos, com obras do grupo catalão-espanhol La Fura dels Baus, do francês Collectif Iduun e do brasileiro Coletivo Phila 7, a fim de realizar uma articulação teórico-prática entre seus trabalhos e alguns dos conceitos que tangenciamos, como presença, tempo, espaço e performatividade da tecnologia / This research aims to investigate, describe and analyze the impact of digital technologies on the forms of action in contemporary performing arts. We believe that digital technologies contribute to change the linear and frontal action, precipited from a human actor and characteristic of traditional art forms, giving rise to processes in which human and non-human elements interact in an ecosystemic and networked configuration. From a historical and theoretical path that seeks to reflect on the presence and the participation of the technology in the performing arts - from the Greek theater to our times -, we present the perspective of the networked action, by which we intend to analyze the contemporary scene as an ecology and to think the new ways in which the relations between artist, spectator and work of art are organized in the context of the digital technologies. How to analyze, for instance, a work in which actors, in different physical locations, perform only by an Internet connection? What is the nature of the relationship with the space in this works, especially when compared to those anchored in a physical space? Finally, we intend, therefore, to analyze how the digital communications are altering the forms of art in our time. To develop our reflection, the research presents an analysis of representative cases, with works of Catalan-Spanish group La Fura dels Baus, the French Collectif Iduun and the Brazilian Coletivo Phila 7, in order to realize a theoretical and practical connection between their works and some of the concepts which we discuss, as presence, time, space and performativity of the technology.

No description available.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo fundamental investigar, descrever e analisar o impacto das tecnologias digitais sobre as formas de ação nas artes cênicas contemporâneas. Entendemos que as tecnologias digitais contribuem para alterar a ação linear e frontal precipitada a partir de um ator humano, típica das formas artísticas tradicionais, dando origem a processos nos quais elementos humanos e não humanos interagem numa configuração ecossistêmica e em rede. Partindo de um percurso histórico-teórico que busca refletir sobre a presença e a participação da tecnologia nas artes cênicas, do teatro grego a nossa contemporaneidade, apresentamos a perspectiva da ação em rede, pela qual se pretende analisar a cena contemporânea como uma ecologia e pensar as novas formas em que se organizam as relações entre artista, espectador e obra de arte no contexto das tecnologias digitais. Como analisar, por exemplo, uma obra em que atores, em lugares físicos distintos, contracenam apenas a partir de uma conexão de Internet? Qual a natureza da relação com o espaço característico dessas obras, sobretudo quando comparadas àquelas que se ancoram na pressuposição de um espaço físico? Em última instância, promovendo a pesquisa transdisciplinar, pretende-se, assim, analisar como a comunicação digital estaria alterando a própria forma de atuação artística em nossa época. Para aprofundar a reflexão, a pesquisa apresenta uma análise de casos representativos, com obras do grupo catalão-espanhol La Fura dels Baus, do francês Collectif Iduun e do brasileiro Coletivo Phila 7, a fim de realizar uma articulação teórico-prática entre seus trabalhos e alguns dos conceitos que tangenciamos, como presença, tempo, espaço e performatividade da tecnologia / This research aims to investigate, describe and analyze the impact of digital technologies on the forms of action in contemporary performing arts. We believe that digital technologies contribute to change the linear and frontal action, precipited from a human actor and characteristic of traditional art forms, giving rise to processes in which human and non-human elements interact in an ecosystemic and networked configuration. From a historical and theoretical path that seeks to reflect on the presence and the participation of the technology in the performing arts - from the Greek theater to our times -, we present the perspective of the networked action, by which we intend to analyze the contemporary scene as an ecology and to think the new ways in which the relations between artist, spectator and work of art are organized in the context of the digital technologies. How to analyze, for instance, a work in which actors, in different physical locations, perform only by an Internet connection? What is the nature of the relationship with the space in this works, especially when compared to those anchored in a physical space? Finally, we intend, therefore, to analyze how the digital communications are altering the forms of art in our time. To develop our reflection, the research presents an analysis of representative cases, with works of Catalan-Spanish group La Fura dels Baus, the French Collectif Iduun and the Brazilian Coletivo Phila 7, in order to realize a theoretical and practical connection between their works and some of the concepts which we discuss, as presence, time, space and performativity of the technology.

No description available.