The master's thesis is devoted to the history and performance of non-contact temperature measurement, characterization of infrared cameras and infrared thermometers. Temperature is one of the most important physical quantities. Using an infrared camera we obtain information about the surface temperature in all picture. In the master's thesis is included the measurement and capturing the fatal defects on the punched billet, finding out the quality of temperature field and the quality of the overlapping work rolls. During the measurements were used infrared cameras TIM200, TIM400 from the company Micro-Epsilon and infrared cameras SC325, SC660 from the company Flir.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur barn erfar vardagsteknik, att synliggöra vilken förståelse de har för tekniken samt se hur de använder den. En del av syftet var också att se hur barnen tar sig an tekniken och använder den i sin egen lek. Deltagarna i studien är tre barn på 5 år, som går på samma förskola och avdelning. Metoderna som används i studien är deltagande observation i en planerad vardagsrelaterad aktivitet, där vi tillsammans bakar muffins samt kvalitativ intervju. Studien har utgått från empirin och analyserats utifrån ett teknikdidaktiskt perspektiv. Resultatet lyfter fram barnens tidigare erfarenheter av vardagstekniken och visar en förståelse för olika artefakters funktion. Studien visar att det finns intresse hos barnen, för modern teknik och hur barn använder sig av ett undersökande tillvägagångssätt i sitt användande av tekniken. En annan del av resultatet lyfter fram pedagogens roll och visar svårigheten att behålla fokus på ett planerat lärandeobjekt i en aktivitet med barn. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how children experience everyday technology, to visibly-make their understanding of the technology and see how they use it. Part of the purpose was also to see the children´s approach of technology and use it in their own play. The participants in the study are three children of 5 years who attend the same preschool and department. The methods used in the study are participatory observation in a planned life-related activity, where we together baked muffins, as well as qualitative interview. The study was based on empirical analysis and analyzed from a technical didactic perspective. The result highlights the children's previous experiences of everyday technology and shows an understanding of the different artefacts. The study shows that there is interest with the children, in modern technology and how children use an investigative approach in their use of technology. Another part of the outcome highlights the role of the educator and shows the difficulty of maintaining focus on a planned learning object in an activity with children.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur barn erfar vardagsteknik, att synliggöra vilken förståelse de har för tekniken samt se hur de använder den. En del av syftet var också att se hur barnen tar sig an tekniken och använder den i sin egen lek. Deltagarna i studien är tre barn på 5 år, som går på samma förskola och avdelning. Metoderna som används i studien är deltagande observation i en planerad vardagsrelaterad aktivitet, där vi tillsammans bakar muffins samt kvalitativ intervju. Studien har utgått från empirin och analyserats utifrån ett teknikdidaktiskt perspektiv. Resultatet lyfter fram barnens tidigare erfarenheter av vardagstekniken och visar en förståelse för olika artefakters funktion. Studien visar att det finns intresse hos barnen, för modern teknik och hur barn använder sig av ett undersökande tillvägagångssätt i sitt användande av tekniken. En annan del av resultatet lyfter fram pedagogens roll och visar svårigheten att behålla fokus på ett planerat lärandeobjekt i en aktivitet med barn. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how children experience everyday technology, to visibly-make their understanding of the technology and see how they use it. Part of the purpose was also to see the children´s approach of technology and use it in their own play. The participants in the study are three children of 5 years who attend the same preschool and department. The methods used in the study are participatory observation in a planned life-related activity, where we together baked muffins, as well as qualitative interview. The study was based on empirical analysis and analyzed from a technical didactic perspective. The result highlights the children's previous experiences of everyday technology and shows an understanding of the different artefacts. The study shows that there is interest with the children, in modern technology and how children use an investigative approach in their use of technology. Another part of the outcome highlights the role of the educator and shows the difficulty of maintaining focus on a planned learning object in an activity with children.

This thesis contains an overview of physical principles concerning thermography and infra-red sensing, and a specification of a measuring instrument in a measurement system. Next, there are some particular examples of IR sensing applications. In the second part there is a thermal camera market research including individual manufacturers and models with their attributes and prices. There is a closer view of the thermal camera used for this thesis (Guide EasIR-4). In the end of the thesis there are some drafts of computer vision subject tasks (or practices), including workplace designs and solutions, and three task suggestions for bachelor or diploma theses including solution verifications.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to give information about the thermo camera measurement with error minimization. The basic concepts of thermography are explained with an implementation of postprocesing technique which uses graphically modified thermogram back projected to the scene. This is closely related to the scene design, calibration of thermal camera with projector, image rectification, thermogram processing with highlighting of interesting information and implementation of control elements as the user interface. The results obtained are analyzed and re-evaluated.

This master´s thesis deals with QFN packages soldering and technology procedures optimization. The aim of theoretical part is description of QFN packages, their assembly and reflow soldering on PCB in HONEYWELL. The aim of the practical part is to propose a method of measuring temperature and optimizing the thermal profiles of selected PCB with QFN packages by using convection (HONEYWELL) and infrared (BUT) reflow ovens. Comparison and evaluation of thermal profiles for 3 production PCBś with QFN packages using solder paste AIM NC257-2 were realised. The main part of master´s thesis are appearance evaluation of solder joints, preparing microsection and measuring intermetallic layers thickness by using the optical and the scanning electron microscopes, analysation and study of QFN defects created during soldering proces. These tests were performed with 2 production PCB´s. Optimization of SPI and soldering technology procedures where were analyzed QFN packages were processed on one type of PCB. Interesting part of this diplomma thesis is creating of the 3D heat transfer model of QFN package during the reflow soldering in SolidWorks.

This work deals with the issue of emissivity and its impact on the heat dissipation.The first part describes the basics of thermal management, the issue of emissivity and its measurement. In the second, experimental part, are dedicated the emissivity values of examined specimens. These values are then used as initial conditions for the thermal simulation. In the last part are compared the measured results and the simulated results and is evaluated the impact of emissivity for the heat dissipation.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could play an important role in Search & Rescue (SAR) operations thanks to their ability to cover large, remote, or inaccessible search areas quickly without putting any personnel at risk. As UAVs are becoming autonomous, the problem of identifying humans in a variety of conditions can be solved with computer vision implemented with a thermal camera. In some cases, it would be necessary to operate with one or several small, agile UAVs to search for people in dense and narrow environments, where flying at a high altitude is not a viable option. This could for example be in a forest, cave, or a collapsed building. A small UAV has a limitation in carrying capacity, which is why this thesis aimed to propose a lightweight thermal solution for human detection that could be applied on a small SAR-UAV for operation in dense environments. The solution included a Raspberry Pi 4 and a FLIR Lepton 3.5 thermal camera in terms of hardware, which were mainly chosen thanks to their small footprint regarding size and weight, while also fitting within budget restrictions. In terms of object detection software, EfficentDet-Lite0 in TensorFlow Lite format was incorporated thanks to good balance between speed, accuracy, and resource usage. An own dataset of thermal images was collected and trained upon. The objective was to characterize disturbances and challenges this solution might face during a UAV SAR-operation in dense environments, as well as to measure how the performance of the proposed platform varied with increasing amount of environmental coverage of a human. This was solved by conducting a literature study, an experiment in a replicated dense environment and through observations of the system behavior combined with analysis of the measurements. Disturbances that affect a thermal camera in use for human detection were found to be a mixture of objective and subjective parameters, which formed a base of what type of phenomena to include in a diverse thermal dataset. The results from the experiment showed that stable and reliable detection performance can be expected up to 75% vegetational coverage of a human. When fully covered, the solution was not reliable when trained on the dataset used in this thesis. / Obemannade drönare (UAVs) kan spela en viktig roll i sök- och räddningsuppdrag (SAR) tack vare deras förmåga att snabbt täcka stora, avlägsna eller otillgängliga sökområden utan att utsätta personal för risker. För autonoma UAVs kan problemet med att identifiera människor i en mängd olika förhållanden lösas med datorseende implementerat tillsammans med en värmekamera. I vissa fall kan det vara nödvändigt att operera med en eller flera små, smidiga UAVs för att söka efter människor i täta och trånga miljöer, där flygning på hög höjd inte är ett genomförbart alternativ. Det kan till exempel vara i en skog, grotta eller i en kollapsad byggnad. En liten UAV har begränsad bärförmåga, vilket är varför denna avhandling syftade till att föreslå en lättviktslösning för mänsklig detektering med värmekamera som skulle kunna appliceras på en liten SAR-UAV för drift i täta miljöer. Lösningen inkluderade Raspberry Pi 4 och en FLIR Lepton 3.5 värmekamera gällande hårdvara, tack vare liten formfaktor och liten vikt, samtidigt som de passade inom budgetramen. Gällande detekterings-mjukvara användes EfficentDet-Lite0 i TensorFlow Lite-format tack vare en bra balans mellan hastighet, noggrannhet och resursanvändning. En egen uppsättning av värmebilder samlades in och tränades på. Målet var att identifiera vilka störningar och utmaningar som denna lösning kan påträffa under en sökoperation med UAVs i täta miljöer, samt att mäta hur prestandan för den föreslagna plattformen varierade när täckningsgraden av en människa ökar p.g.a. omgivningen. Detta löstes genom att genomföra en litteraturstudie, ett experiment i en replikerad tät miljö och genom observationer av systemets beteende kombinerat med analys av mätningarna. Störningar som påverkar en värmekamera som används för mänsklig detektion visade sig vara en blandning av objektiva och subjektiva parametrar, vilka utgjorde en bas för vilka typer av fenomen som skulle inkluderas i en mångsidig kollektion med värmebilder. Resultaten från experimentet visade att stabil och pålitlig detekteringsprestanda kan förväntas upp till 75% täckningsgrad av en människa p.g.a. vegetation. När människan var helt täckt var lösningen inte tillförlitlig när den var tränad på kollektionen som användes i denna avhandling.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de auxilio à navegação autônoma para veículos terrestres com foco em ambientes estruturados em um cenário agrícola. É gerada a estimativa das posições dos obstáculos baseado na fusão das detecções provenientes do processamento dos dados de duas câmeras, uma estéreo e outra térmica. Foram desenvolvidos três módulos de detecção de obstáculos. O primeiro módulo utiliza imagens monoculares da câmera estéreo para detectar novidades no ambiente através da comparação do estado atual com o estado anterior. O segundo módulo utiliza a técnica Stixel para delimitar os obstáculos acima do plano do chão. Por fim, o terceiro módulo utiliza as imagens térmicas para encontrar assinaturas que evidenciem a presença de obstáculo. Os módulos de detecção são fundidos utilizando a Teoria de Dempster-Shafer que fornece a estimativa da presença de obstáculos no ambiente. Os experimentos foram executados em ambiente agrícola real. Foi executada a validação do sistema em cenários bem iluminados, com terreno irregular e com obstáculos diversos. O sistema apresentou um desempenho satisfatório tendo em vista a utilização de uma abordagem baseada em apenas três módulos de detecção com metodologias que não tem por objetivo priorizar a confirmação de obstáculos, mas sim a busca de novos obstáculos. Nesta dissertação são apresentados os principais componentes de um sistema de detecção de obstáculos e as etapas necessárias para a sua concepção, assim como resultados de experimentos com o uso de um veículo real. / This work presents a support system to the autonomous navigation for ground vehicles with focus on structured environments in an agricultural scenario. The estimated obstacle positions are generated based on the fusion of the detections from the processing of data from two cameras, one stereo and other thermal. Three modules obstacle detection have been developed. The first module uses monocular images of the stereo camera to detect novelties in the environment by comparing the current state with the previous state. The second module uses Stixel technique to delimit the obstacles above the ground plane. Finally, the third module uses thermal images to find signatures that reveal the presence of obstacle. The detection modules are fused using the Dempster-Shafer theory that provides an estimate of the presence of obstacles in the environment. The experiments were executed in real agricultural environment. System validation was performed in well-lit scenarios, with uneven terrain and different obstacles. The system showed satisfactory performance considering the use of an approach based on only three detection modules with methods that do not prioritize obstacle confirmation, but the search for new ones. This dissertation presents the main components of an obstacle detection system and the necessary steps for its design as well as results of experiments with the use of a real vehicle.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de auxilio à navegação autônoma para veículos terrestres com foco em ambientes estruturados em um cenário agrícola. É gerada a estimativa das posições dos obstáculos baseado na fusão das detecções provenientes do processamento dos dados de duas câmeras, uma estéreo e outra térmica. Foram desenvolvidos três módulos de detecção de obstáculos. O primeiro módulo utiliza imagens monoculares da câmera estéreo para detectar novidades no ambiente através da comparação do estado atual com o estado anterior. O segundo módulo utiliza a técnica Stixel para delimitar os obstáculos acima do plano do chão. Por fim, o terceiro módulo utiliza as imagens térmicas para encontrar assinaturas que evidenciem a presença de obstáculo. Os módulos de detecção são fundidos utilizando a Teoria de Dempster-Shafer que fornece a estimativa da presença de obstáculos no ambiente. Os experimentos foram executados em ambiente agrícola real. Foi executada a validação do sistema em cenários bem iluminados, com terreno irregular e com obstáculos diversos. O sistema apresentou um desempenho satisfatório tendo em vista a utilização de uma abordagem baseada em apenas três módulos de detecção com metodologias que não tem por objetivo priorizar a confirmação de obstáculos, mas sim a busca de novos obstáculos. Nesta dissertação são apresentados os principais componentes de um sistema de detecção de obstáculos e as etapas necessárias para a sua concepção, assim como resultados de experimentos com o uso de um veículo real. / This work presents a support system to the autonomous navigation for ground vehicles with focus on structured environments in an agricultural scenario. The estimated obstacle positions are generated based on the fusion of the detections from the processing of data from two cameras, one stereo and other thermal. Three modules obstacle detection have been developed. The first module uses monocular images of the stereo camera to detect novelties in the environment by comparing the current state with the previous state. The second module uses Stixel technique to delimit the obstacles above the ground plane. Finally, the third module uses thermal images to find signatures that reveal the presence of obstacle. The detection modules are fused using the Dempster-Shafer theory that provides an estimate of the presence of obstacles in the environment. The experiments were executed in real agricultural environment. System validation was performed in well-lit scenarios, with uneven terrain and different obstacles. The system showed satisfactory performance considering the use of an approach based on only three detection modules with methods that do not prioritize obstacle confirmation, but the search for new ones. This dissertation presents the main components of an obstacle detection system and the necessary steps for its design as well as results of experiments with the use of a real vehicle.