Engagemang respektive oengagemang på arbetsplatsen har en essentiell betydelse för både individer och organisationer. Studiens syfte var att ta reda på vad som skapar engagemang respektive oengagemang hos ledare utifrån Kahns (1990) definition kring engagemang och tre psykologiska tillstånd; psykologisk meningsfullhet, psykologisk trygghet och psykologisk närvaro. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med ledare från olika branscher. En tematisk analys identifierade 13 teman som var associerade med engagemang och åtta för oengagemang. Studiens resultat visade att det viktiga för ledares engagemang var att ha ett arbete där de skapade värde, som innebar utveckling samt hade ett gott samarbete i det egna teamet. Oengagemang upplevdes när arbetet var enformigt och ostimulerande. Resultatet ger en god förståelse kring hur engagemang respektive oengagemang skapas hos ledare. Tips för framtida studier är att jämföra ledare i olika branscher, som den offentliga respektive privata sektorn, för att se om innebörden kring engagemang respektive oengagemang är densamma där.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka upplevda utmaningar, resurser, barriärer samtcoping-strategier hos svenska bordtennisspelare som kombinerar idrott och utbildning. Fem intervjuer genomfördes med bordtennis-studenter mellan 22–27 år. Intervjuerna var baserade på The Holistic Athletic Career Model och The Athletic Career Transition Model. För analys och bearbetning av insamlad data användes The Athletic Career Transition Model för att beskriva upplevda utmaningar, resurser, barriärer och coping-strategier. The Holistic Athletic Career Model användes för att beskriva olika dimensioner i livet. Resultaten visade att bordtennis-studenterna upplevde utmaningar inom olika livsområden. Den största utmaningen var att söka efter balans i sin dubbla karriär. Bordtennis-studenterna upplevde social support som den största resursen och mest barriärer inom den idrottsliga dimensionen. Den vanligaste coping-strategin var att hantera den akademiska dimensionen. / The objective of this study was to investigate perceived demands, resources, barriers andcoping strategies among Swedish table tennis players who combine sport and education. Five interviews were conducted with table tennis students between 22-27 years. The interviews were based on The Holistic Athletic Career Model and The Athletic Career Transition Model. For analysis and processing of gathering data The Athletic Career Transition Model was used to describe perceived demands, resources, barriers and coping strategies. The Holistic Athletic Career Model was used to describe different dimensions of life. The results revealed that the table tennis students perceived demands within different areas of life. The biggest demand was searching for a balance in their dual career. The table tennis students perceived social support as the biggest resource and most barriers within the athletic dimension. The most common coping strategy was coping with the academic dimension.Keywords:

The school is in constant development. Parents are increasingly engaged in their childrens'  school performance. New demands emerge on the relationship between teachers and parents. And this also affects the teachers' mental work environment. This study therefore aims to examine teachers' perception of their relationship with the parents. Partly how they perceive the relationship and partly how the teachers perceive that their mental work environment is affected by this relationship. Seven active teachers have been interviewed, four who work in the upper secondary school and three who work in high school. The interviews were semi-structured and the material was compiled through a content analysis. The study showed, among other things, that the teachers' perception of the meeting with parents was mostly positive and unproblematic. The study also discuss situations when this was not the case. There was a certain difference between high school and upper secondary school teachers. The high school teachers in the study both have and feel that they have more demands on parenting. What was important for good mental work environment were good parent relationships and support from colleagues at work. Common to many of the informants was that there was a desire for even more contact with parents', in order to favor the child's schooling and performance.   Keywords: teachers, parents, school, mental work environment

Seven professionals who worked with men sentenced for intimate partner violence in a psychosocial intervention project in Valencia were interviewed about motivational interviews. Motivational interviews can increase these clients' assumption of responsibility and motivation. The purpose of this study was to seek knowledge about the function of motivational interviews in an intervention with offenders. The method for the study was qualitative using a semi-structured interview. An inductive thematic analysis was used to code and analyze data. The analysis resulted in four themes: 1. Assume responsibility, 2. Motivation - a reason to change and to set a goal, 3. Strategies to motivate and 4. A bond. The respondents described the motivational interviews of use to bond with clients, to resolve their resistance and to deal with difficult feelings towards the clients. As professionals they considered that motivated clients had found a personal reason to change and had formulated a relevant goal. / Programa Contexto University of Valencia

Capturing and studying the moments in psychotherapy that clients find most important can help us understand more about how psychotherapy works, what the curative ingredients are, and by what processes they are mediated. Qualitative research in this area has, so far, mainly focused on describing, and categorizing clients’ experiences of important factors and events. The methods employed to analyse the data have been rather limited in variation and are usually based on a realist epistemology, according to which data are basically treated as reflections of the clients’ actual experiences. This entails a risk of overlooking and obscuring other aspects of therapy and the therapy process that are equally important to explore, for example the microprocesses of interaction within important events, or how clients’ accounts of their experiences are shaped and limited by the context in which they are produced. The overall aim of this licentiate thesis was to explore client-identified important events in psychotherapy with a focus on studying therapy talk and talk about therapy from a social constructionist point of view, which would allow a closer exploration of the understudied areas mentioned above. In Study I, Conversation Analysis was used to explore the interaction taking place between seven client-therapist dyads in 16 client-identified important events collected from their third sessions. The analysis identified that 12 of the events contained clients’ expressions of disagreement. Three different ways that the therapists handled the disagreement were discerned: The first, and most common, way was to orient to the client’s cues of disagreement by inviting the client to elaborate on his or her point of view and to establish a shared understanding acceptable to both participants. The second way was to orient to the client’s disagreement cues but define the therapist’s own point view as more relevant than the client’s, and the third way was a single case in which the therapist did not in any way orient to the client’s disagreement cues. In Study II, two qualitative methods based on different epistemologies were used to analyse the same set of eight clients’ accounts of 18 important events. The aim was to first identify what types of events clients describe as important, and then explore how their accounts of these events were contextually shaped and  organized, and the consequences of this. The first analysis, a content analysis, yielded descriptions of five different types of events, which were similar to the ones found in previous research on important events. The second analysis, a discourse analysis, demonstrated how clients’ accounts were not only influenced by the participants’ ability to accurately remember and report their experience, but also by what was sayable within the context of the research interview. In conclusion, the two studies demonstrate how qualitative methods based on a socialconstructive perspective can contribute to our understanding of clientidentified important events by highlighting and describing participants’ use of language in interaction, and its forms and  functions within therapy sessions and in research interviews. The findings point out the need to broaden the range of qualitative methods used in psychotherapy research in general and indicate the potential value of methods like CA and DA to psychotherapy process research and research on important events in particular.

Dehumanization is a process whereby people fail to view others as human beings. Instead, the others are perceived as nonhuman animals or objects, unworthy of the same moral treatment. Dehumanization has previously been studied in a variety of different scholarly domains without adhering to a uniform theoretical framework. This literature review contrasts research on fully humanized perception, with research on dehumanized perception, and proposes neural areas which are likely to be involved. Not every aspect of dehumanization can be understood at the neurological level. To understand what factors lead up to, and modulates dehumanization, other perspectives might also be necessary. Dehumanized perception is coupled with reduced activity in the social cognitive brain network, a wide network which encompasses several cortical and subcortical areas. This disengages prosocial abilities and allows for other people to be treated like objects and means to an end. One area of special interest is the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). It functions as an integration center in the person perception network and is also active when we make moral judgments, empathize, or take the perspective of someone else. For this reason, the MPFC is sometimes used as an index of dehumanized perception.

Hur har vi kunskap om vad som är möjligt? Enligt vad som kan betraktas som det traditionella svaret till den frågan, har vi kunskap om modalitet via föreställningsbarhet. Vi föreställer oss ting och tar sedan detta som bevis för möjlighet. Denna uppsats kommer att undersöka tre invändningar till detta svar angående hur vi har kunskap om möjlighet. Vi kommer sedan att överväga Williamsons förmodan: att vår kognitiva kapacitet för att hantera kontrafaktiska konditionaler bär med sig den kognitiva kapaciteten för oss att även hantera metafysisk modalitet (2007, 136), och undersöka om denna förmodan undviker dessa invändningar. Det kommer här att argumenteras att Williamson’s förmodan undviker två av invändningarna och att den inte tycks kunna svara på den sista invändningen. Det kommer även att argumenteras att en invändning mot Williamson’s förmodan ser ut att vara särskilt problematisk, och att det inte är klart att Williamson’s förmodan är i någon bättre position än den negativa föreställningsbarhets vyn. / How do we have knowledge of what is possible? On what could be considered as the traditional response to this question, we have knowledge of modality by conceivability. We conceive of things and on the basis take this as evidence for possibility. This thesis will consider three objections to this response of how we have knowledge of possibility. We will then consider Williamson’s conjecture: that our cognitive capacity to handle counterfactual conditionals carries the cognitive capacity for us to also handle metaphysical modality (2007, 136), and see if this conjecture avoids these objections. It will be argued that Williamson’s conjecture avoids two of the objections and that it does not seem to have a response to the last objection. It will also be argued that one objection to Williamson’s conjecture seems particularly problematic, and that it is not so clear that Williamson’s conjecture is any better off than the negative conceivability view.

Previous studies have shown that characteristics like gender and ethnicity can affect the possibility to be hired. Decisions in hiring may also be justified by weighting the importance of hiring criteria and can thus seem unbiased. In other areas, bias due to political affiliation have been noted to be even more pronounced than bias due to ethnicity. However, effects of candidates’ political affiliation in hiring are not equally researched. This study aimed to fill this blank. Participants (N= 283) were randomized to a between-subjects design; A third read a resumé from a candidate affiliating with the The Left Party, a third read a resumé from a candidate affiliating with The Sweden Democrats, a party at the right end of the spectrum, and a third read a resumé from a candidate with no political affiliation. After reading the resumés, participants evaluated the hireability of their candidate. They also stated which hiring criteria, experience or education, was considered most important in this evaluation. Results showed that participants evaluated candidates with divergent political affiliation from the own as less hireable than candidates with unknown political affiliation, or a politicalaffiliation more similar to the own. Cues of political affiliation may thus be a disadvantage for an individual, applying for a job. However, biased evaluations were not justified to seem unbiased by weighting criteria. It is suggested that social norms do not imply hiding political bias to the same degree as bias due to for example gender or ethnicity.

<p>Långvarig stress ökar risk för ohälsa och sjukfrånvaro, med negativa konsekvenser för individ, organisation och samhälle. En preventiv metod för stresshantering är Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT). Syftet var att med en randomiserad, kontrollerad studie undersöka huruvida en kortvarig ACT-intervention påverkar stress och generell psykisk hälsa hos socialsekreterare inom Stockholms stad (<em>n</em>=106). Bortfall hanterades med intent-to-treat-analys. Vid förmätning rapporterade två tredjedelar av deltagarna hög stressnivå (PSS≥25). Resultaten visade att de som genomgått interventionen (<em>n</em>=70) hade signifikant lägre skattningar av stress, generell psykisk ohälsa och utbrändhet jämfört med kontrollgrupp (<em>n</em>=36). Separata analyser visade att dessa skillnader fanns även för deltagare med hög stress vid förmätning, men inte för de med låg. Effektstorlekarna var små till måttliga. Ingen signifikant skillnad fanns för prestationsbaserad självkänsla, psykologisk flexibilitet eller krav och kontroll i arbetet. Genom randomisering kontrollerades även för gruppledarinflytande. Slutsatsen var att interventionen kan användas för att minska symtom på stress, utbrändhet och psykisk ohälsa hos socialsekreterare. Vidare forskning bör undersöka effekten över tid.</p>

<p>I föreliggande arbete undersöker jag begreppet negativ terapeutis reaktion. Undersökningen tar sin utgångspunkt i Karl Abrahams artikel från 1919, <em>En speciell <em>form av neurotiskt motstånd mot den analytiska metode</em>n, och fortsätter med en granskning av Sigmund Freuds beskrivning av begreppet i <em>Jaget och Detet</em> 1923. Jag följer sedan begreppets utveckling i arbeten av Joan Riviere (1936), Melanie Klein (1957), Herbert Rosenfeld (1971), Ludvig Igra (1988) och Horacio Etchegoyen (1991).</em></p><p>Negativ terapeutisk reaktion är en form av motstånd som visar sig i den terapeutiska processen. Den är ett tekniskt begrepp och inget diagnoskriterium. Den tillhör jaget och är att betrakta som en jag-strategi som är omedveten till sin natur. Den är att betrakta som ett uttryck för destruktiva krafter, som ett derivat av dödsdriften.</p><p>De bakomliggande faktorerna kan vara av skilda slag, men det finns gemensamma överensstämmande områden. Dessa är omedveten skuld, ett problematiskt förhållande till överjaget och ett försvagat libidinöst själv. Den anses vanligast förekommande hos patienter med svårare narcissistiska personlighetsstörningar präglade av en narcissistisk omnipotent hållning, en manisk attityd och primitiv avund.</p><p>Förekomsten av negativ terapeutisk reaktion är en signal om att processen är på väg att stanna upp och att det finns problem som behöver avtäckas och analyseras. De bakomliggande faktorerna, vilka oftast har en global karaktär i betydelsen att de inbegriper hela personligheten samt patientens inställning till terapin som helhet och relationen till terapeuten, behöver identifieras. Detta ger då möjliga förklaringar till vad som kan tänkas försiggå i patientens inre. Olika vägar att gå i det kliniska arbetet berörs.</p><p>Den teoretiska genomgången belyses med ett kliniskt exempel.</p>