Målet med detta arbete var att belysa skillnaderna mellan ett fyravåningshus med trä- respektive halvprefabricerad betongstomme ur ett tekniskt perspektiv för att utröna vilket stomalternativ som är att föredra. Faktorer som belystes var: Tjocklekar på bärverksdelar Längsta möjliga spännvidder Installationsmontering Elementmontering Grundstorlek Ljudisolerande förmåga Risk för fuktskador Branddimensionering Projekteringskomplexitet Bygghandlingar från ett befintligt flerbostadshus med trästomme erhölls och analyserades, och ett hus med likvärdig stomme av betong projekterades. Bärverket med halvprefabricerad betong dimensionerades efter rådande Eurokoder och detaljer utformades enligt gällande lagar och regler samt erkänd branschstandard. Ur de tekniska perspektiv som avhandlats i denna rapport väger fördelarna med betong något tyngre än träalternativets fördelar trots att egenskaperna i vissa hänseenden är mycket lika. Betongalternativet ger stora fördelar vad gäller brand och ljud och är samtidigt enklare att projektera, medan trä har sina fördelar i montering och grundläggning. Att välja en stomme av trä till ett flerbostadshus verkar också ha fördelar i de icke avhandlade aspekterna, t.ex. miljö och arbetsmiljö. För att uppfylla ljud-, brand- och fuktkrav i ett trähus krävs det avancerade byggsystem som innebär stor komplexitet i projekteringen vilket kräver ett nära samarbete mellan träprojektör och fabrikör. / The goal with thisdegree project was to highlight the differences between an apartment building with a timber frame and partly prefabricated concrete frame from a technical point of view to determine which alternative that is preferable. Highlighted factors were: Thicknesses of load-bearing parts The maximum length of floor structures Assembly of installations Assembly of the frame-parts Sound-insulating ability Moisture problems Dimension of fire-protection Project-complexity Construction documents from an existing apartment building with a timber frame were obtained and analyzed, and a concrete frame house with similar abilities was projected. The half-prefabricated concrete construction was designed with current eurocodes and details were designed according to laws, regulations and recognized industry standards. From the technical perspective that has been discussed in this report, the advantages with concrete frames are greater than the timber alternative, despite the fact that they in some aspects are very similar. The concrete option provides significant benefits in terms of fire and sound abilities and it is also easier to design, while the timber option has its advantages in assembly and foundation. Choosing a frame of timber to an apartment building also seems to have advantages in the environmental and work environmental aspects. To fulfill the sound, fire and moisture requirements which are needed in a timber house it requires advanced building system that involves complexity of the design which requires close cooperation between the constructional engineer and the manufacturer.

Åhaga is a facility building for music, theater, sports, trade shows, product-launches and other events located in the city of Borås. The building is owned and run by the Åhaga Foundation and annually has over 100 000 people visiting it for different purpose. It consists of the original part from 1903 and three different extensions from 1920, 1940 and 2002.   The task of this project was to do another extension to the existing building which deals with the question of adjusting and relating to Åhga's cultural/ historical context and together with the original building meet new demands and functions.    "The accumulation of overlapping traces from successive periods, each trace modifying and being modified by the new additions to produce something like a collage of time” is a thought shared by Kevin Lynch in his work What time is this place.    The essence of the project has been to add a new layer of time to a historical context while enhancing the complexity and contrast. The aim has been to accomplish an interesting architectural entirety. / Åhaga är en anläggning för musik, teater, sport, mässor, produktlanseringar och andra evenemang som ligger i Borås. Byggnaden ägs och förvaltas av Åhaga Stiftelse och årligen har över 100 000 besökare för olika ändamål. Anläggningen består av den ursprungliga delen från 1903 och tre olika tillbyggnader från 1920, 1940 och 2002.    Uppgiften för det här projektet var att göra ett ytterligare tillägg till den befintliga anläggningen och som tar upp frågan om hur nya tillägg tar hänsyn till det kulturhistoriska värdet av en befintlig byggnad och tillsammans med den ursprungliga byggnaden uppfyller nya krav och funktioner.    "The accumulation of overlapping traces from successive periods, each trace modifying and being modified by the new additions to produce something like a collage of time” är vad Kevin Lynch skriver i hans bok What time is this place.    Kärnan i projektet har varit att lämna spår från vår tid i ett historiskt kontext och samtidigt stärka komplexitet och kontrasten. Målsättningen i projektet har varit att åstadkomma en intressant arkitektonisk helhet.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit untersucht die Thematik der Vorfertigung im Holzbau und zielt darauf ab, einen umfassenden Einblick zu der Entwicklung, den Praktiken, den Herausforderungen und Potentialen zu geben. Angesichts des steigenden Fachkräftemangels sowie der wachsenden Nachfrage nach bezahlbarem, qualitativ hochwertigem Wohnraum stellt die Produktion im Werk eine entscheidende Komponente für die zukünftige Entwicklung der Bauindustrie dar. Dabei wird die Integration von automatisierten Lösungen und Robotik thematisiert. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen der Integration solcher Systeme zu untersuchen und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Umsetzung in Werkhallen abzuleiten. Um einen ausgewogenen Überblick zu gewährleisten, basiert die Untersuchung auf einer Analyse der traditionellen Vorfertigung und deren Limitation. Dabei werden zusätzlich automatisierte Technologien berücksichtigt. Ein Hauptaugenmerk liegt darauf, wie Robotik in diesem Kontext den Produktionsprozess optimieren kann. Im Zuge dieser Analyse werden Vorteile wie Effizienzsteigerung, Produktivität, Präzision und Ressourcenmanagement sowie potenzielle Herausforderungen in Bezug auf eine hohe Anfangsinvestition, Schulungsbedarf und Flexibilitätseinschränkungen herausgestellt. Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse, aus der Quellenarbeit und den Experteninterviews, zeigen die wachsende Bedeutung der Integration von Robotik in der Vorfertigung im Holzbau und verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung und Entwicklung in diesem Bereich. Die vorliegende Arbeit legt einen Grundstein für das Verständnis der Vorfertigungsprozesse, die Integrationsmöglichkeit verschiedener Technologien und fördert das Verständnis der Potenziale und Herausforderungen, die mit der Nutzung dieser Technologien einher gehen. ...:1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen der Vorfertigung 2.1 Vorfertigung 2.1.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 2.1.2 Intention und Voraussetzungen der Vorfertigung 2.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des Bauens mit vorgefertigten Elementen 2.1.4 Kritische Gegenüberstellung zur konventionellen Produktion 2.2 Automatisierung und Digitalisierung im Kontext 2.2.1 Begriffsabgrenzung 2.2.2 Notwendigkeit des Ausbaus der Vorproduktion im Holzbau 2.2.3 Analyse der aktuellen Vorproduktionsprozesse in der Werkhalle 3 Effizienzsteigerung durch Prozessanalysen und Automatisierung 3.1 Identifizierung von Engpässen und Schwachstellen 3.2 Einsatz moderner Technologien und Maschinen 3.2.1 Fertigungsform 3.2.2 Materialzuführung 3.2.3 Varianten des Aufbaus 3.3 Automatisierung – Chancen und Herausforderungen 4 Der robotergestützte Ansatz in der Werksfertigung des Holzbaus 4.1 Einführung in den robotergestützten Ansatz 4.1.1 Grundprinzipien 4.1.2 Aufbau 4.1.3 Konvertierung der Daten 4.1.4 Varianten des Aufbaus 4.1.5 Auswahl des passenden Roboters 4.2 Vor- und Nachteile des robotergestützten Ansatzes 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel 5 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.1 Gegenüberstellung der Fertigungsmethoden 5.2 Handlungsempfehlung für die Integration in Werkshallen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Literaturverzeichnis Online - Quellen Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang / This bachelor thesis explores the topic of prefabrication in timber construction and aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the development, practices, challenges and potentials. In view of the increasing shortage of skilled workers and the growing demand for affordable, high-quality housing, factory production is a crucial component for the future development of the construction industry. The integration of automated solutions and robotics will be addressed. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibilities and challenges of integrating such systems and to derive recommendations for action for implementation in factory buildings. To ensure a balanced overview, the study is based on an analysis of traditional prefabrication and its limitations. Automated technologies are also taken into account. A main focus is on how robotics can optimise the production process in this context. In the course of this analysis, benefits such as increased efficiency, productivity, precision and resource management are highlighted, as well as potential challenges in terms of high initial investment, training needs and flexibility limitations.The main findings from the source work and the expert interviews show the growing importance of the integration of robotics in prefabrication in timber construction and highlight the need for further research and development in this area. This thesis lays a foundation for understanding the prefabrication processes, the integration possibilities of different technologies and promotes the understanding of the potentials and challenges associated with the use of these technologies. The work emphasises the importance of further research and implementation of robotics in prefabrication to ensure the competitiveness and sustainability of the timber construction industry and to drive innovative advances.:1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen der Vorfertigung 2.1 Vorfertigung 2.1.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 2.1.2 Intention und Voraussetzungen der Vorfertigung 2.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des Bauens mit vorgefertigten Elementen 2.1.4 Kritische Gegenüberstellung zur konventionellen Produktion 2.2 Automatisierung und Digitalisierung im Kontext 2.2.1 Begriffsabgrenzung 2.2.2 Notwendigkeit des Ausbaus der Vorproduktion im Holzbau 2.2.3 Analyse der aktuellen Vorproduktionsprozesse in der Werkhalle 3 Effizienzsteigerung durch Prozessanalysen und Automatisierung 3.1 Identifizierung von Engpässen und Schwachstellen 3.2 Einsatz moderner Technologien und Maschinen 3.2.1 Fertigungsform 3.2.2 Materialzuführung 3.2.3 Varianten des Aufbaus 3.3 Automatisierung – Chancen und Herausforderungen 4 Der robotergestützte Ansatz in der Werksfertigung des Holzbaus 4.1 Einführung in den robotergestützten Ansatz 4.1.1 Grundprinzipien 4.1.2 Aufbau 4.1.3 Konvertierung der Daten 4.1.4 Varianten des Aufbaus 4.1.5 Auswahl des passenden Roboters 4.2 Vor- und Nachteile des robotergestützten Ansatzes 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel 5 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.1 Gegenüberstellung der Fertigungsmethoden 5.2 Handlungsempfehlung für die Integration in Werkshallen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Literaturverzeichnis Online - Quellen Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang

In today’s society cities grow increasingly larger, not only on the ground but vertically as well. Utilizing height means taller buildings, which often are large steel- and concrete constructions. Why not construct tall buildings out of timber instead, a material by many believed to be far better from an environmental perspective than steel and concrete? The answer lies in the lack of knowledge regarding tall timber constructions and the stresses they need to withstand. The report was conducted at the construction consulting company Bjerking AB, Uppsala. The focus in this report was to examine accelerations and deformations as an effect of wind loads. The issue at hand was whether the connections between building elements affect the dynamic responses that occur. The chosen model was a 15 storey timber building whose walls and floors consisted mainly of cross laminated timber elements as the load bearing structure. As a large amount of the analyses were complex, the calculations were made in the computer program FEM-Design, which is a finite element program. After performing numerous calculations with different settings, a result emerged. Clear trends could be seen in the connections’ influence on accelerations and deformations. A stiffer connection makes the building more resistant to wind loads. This result has to be considered when constructing tall timber buildings to avoid problems with accelerations and deformations. However, merely adjusting the connections to meet requirements is not sufficient, other measures are also needed. / I dagens samhälle växer sig städer allt större, inte bara till ytan utan även på höjden. För att kunna exploatera på höjden krävs högre hus vilka ofta byggs av stora stål- och betongkonstruktioner. Men varför byggs inte höghus istället av trä som av många anses vara mycket bättre ur bland annat miljösynpunkt? Svaret ligger i kunskapsbristen som finns kring hur höga trähus ska konstrueras för att klara de olika påfrestningarna det utsätts för. Arbetet genomfördes i samarbete med konsultföretaget Bjerking AB, Uppsala. En del av de problemen som finns har undersökts, nämligen accelerationer och deformationer som en effekt av vindlaster. Frågeställningen är huruvida infästningarna och dess inspänningsgrad mellan olika byggnadselement påverkar de statiska respektive dynamiska effekterna som uppstår. Den valda modellen, ett 15-våningar högt trähus, bestod i huvudsak av CLT-element, Cross Laminated Timber, i både väggar och bjälklag som hade till uppgift att föra ner lasterna till grunden. Då analysen är komplex utfördes en stor del av beräkningarna i FEM-Design som är ett avancerat beräkningsprogram. För att säkerställa indata samt komplettera kunskapen inom området utfördes en bakgrundsstudie. Efter utförta beräkningar på den bestämda modellen fastslogs resultatet. En tydlig trend kunde följas vid beaktning av accelerationer och deformationer vid olika värden på inspänningen mellan byggnadselementen. Styvare förband gör byggnaden mer beständig gentemot vindlaster. Ett resultat som måste beaktas för att kunna lösa en del av de problem som uppstår med höga hus i trä. Dock räcker det inte att enbart justera inspänningsgraden för att klara gällande krav och normer, utan ytterligare åtgärder krävs.

The work presented in this Doctoral dissertation concerns the ability of heavy timber structures to passively reduce the fluctuations of the indoor temperature and of the indoor relative humidity, through the dynamic process of heat and moisture storage in wood. We make the hypothesis that the potential offered by the hygrothermal inertia of heavy timber structures is significant, and that it could provide a passive way of regulating the indoor climate. This ultimately could results in a decrease of the energy demand from the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning systems. In this Thesis, the author tries to characterise and quantify the significance of the hygrothermal inertia providing by the heavy timber constructions. The experimental studies contain an in-situ measurement campaign carried out at the Vetenskapsstaden building located in Stockholm and erected in 2001. The results from the test campaign show that a heavy timber construction may contribute to buffer the indoor temperature. A direct quantification of the moisture stored in the wood structure is measured regarding the year-to-year indoor humidity fluctuations. It was however hardly possible to directly quantify the moisture storage potential offered by the structure regarding the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations because of the low sensitivity of the measuring technique used. In regard to the limitations noticed during the in-situ measurements, laboratory measurements were launched to develop new methods to determine the day-to-day hygric performances of wood exposed indoor. A new method based on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging technology was developed and is intended to provide information about the Moisture Buffer Value measured according to a NORDTEST protocol, and about the moisture distribution in wood with high spatial resolution. The Moisture Buffer Value of untreated Scots pine measured with this method is in accordance with the gravimetric method provided by the NORDTEST protocol. The Moisture Buffer Value of coated Scots pine was also investigated and it is normally assumed that any coatings will decrease the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure. The results show however that for specific coating such as waterborne alkali silicate coating, the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure may on the contrary be improved. At last, numerical simulations were carried out. They were based upon the extension of a modular simulation environment IDA ICE 3.0, with the implementation of a specific model for heat and moisture transport in a wood. The results obtained pinpoint the highly synergetic effects between the indoor moisture loads, the ventilation rate, the outdoor climate and the moisture interactions with the structure. The outcomes also show that the Moisture Buffering Capacity of a heavy timber structure is appreciable. The structure is able to even out substantially the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations for a certain range of ventilation rate. / QC 20100825

During the past years, the usage of wood as construction material in multistory applications has increased. In Germany and Sweden, various activities have been, and are about to be performed, to accentuate and improve the position of wooden multistory houses. In line with that, this thesis tries to contribute to the understanding of how consumers perceive durable products; in the contextual frame of how German and Swedish consumers perceive wooden multistory houses. It was hypothesized that consumers’ perceptions on durable products differ, depending on their age, income, national and within-country habitation. Based on the Means-End Chain Theory, the Association Pattern Technique has been further developed to collect and analyze data for two samples. In Germany and Sweden, 31 respectively 34 laddering interviews have been carried out which formed the base for a survey-study in each country. Here, 229 surveys were received from German, and 503 from Swedish respondents. The results show that age, income, national and within-country habitation have significant impact on consumers’ perceptions of wooden multistory houses. Moreover, the extension of the Association Pattern Technique was validated. It allowed for additional data to be gathered, which can be regarded as rather important, since it appeared in the most dominant Means-End Chains of the respondents in both Germany and Sweden. This helps to understand consumers’ underlying reasons why one product is favoured over another.

The environmental impacts of the construction industry, and the built environment, as the end product of construction activity, are massive due to the extensive use of energy and resources. Sustainability and circular economy are recognized as the main solution to the existing environmental impacts of this industry and the main approach to the sustainable development of it. The transition of a construction project’s life cycle from a linear one starting with material processing and ending up at demolition stage to a real cyclic life cycle needs defining alternative end-of-life scenarios. Deconstruction as one of the alternative end-of-life scenarios is defined as salvaging material of a dismantled structure for reuse or recycling. Design for deconstruction refers to the importance of considering deconstruction as the end-of-life scenario in the design stage of structures. This thesis aims to define the existing challenges and opportunities in the deconstruction of timber structures by the study of cases in which dis- and re-assembly are done. The study also aims to measure deconstructability by developing an indicator system for design for deconstruction of volumetric timber structures based on design for disassembly principles existing in ISO 20887:2020 and the practical principles of the case studies. This is done by interviewing people at five different companies who were engaged in the dis- and re-assembly of structures. The study of these cases shows the gap between disassembly principles and real-world experience from a learn-from-practice point of view. The developed tool as the indicator system is consisted of 25 indicators under seven principles and is able to measure and provide a deconstructability grade of structures out of 100 for each principle and a total deconstructability grade based on all principles. / Measurable Reusability for Wooden Houses (Mätbar Återbrukbarhet för Trähus)

L’intégration du langage informatique dans l’architecture et l’ingénierie a commencé dès les années 1960, mais a connu un réel essor dans les années 1990. Les outils de modélisation ont alors progressivement fait émerger une nouvelle architecture. Tout d’abord baptisée « architecture blob », on lui a ensuite attribué le nom de « blobisme » et ses dérivés sont aujourd’hui appelés « architecture non standard ». Au cours de la dernière décennie, certains chercheurs comme Mario Carpo ou praticiens comme Patrick Schumacher ont introduit les termes de « paramétrisme », « customisation de masse », et « architecture non standard » pour définir ces nouvelles constructions complexes. Elles ne sont pas nécessairement savantes, mais ont été conçues grâce à des outils numériques et réalisées avec des méthodes de fabrication digitales. Cette thèse prend appui sur le postulat qu’une approche non standard dans un projet est loin de se résumer à une démarche purement plastique ou fonctionnelle : elle est destinée à produire des objets constructibles. Le domaine d’étude est celui des murs et enveloppes construites en bois et plus particulièrement les parois de type cellulaire. Ce travail inclut donc un outil paramétrique d’aide à la conception (ACPT, Aided-Conception Parametric Tool) et à la fabrication qui peut accompagner les concepteurs dans l’exploration de solutions non-standards pour des problèmes architecturaux spécifiques Cet outil paramétrique et intégré s’appuie sur une modélisation géométrique et technique des parois murales et des différents dispositifs cellulaires qui les composent. L’approche paramétrique autorise le développement de nombreuses variantes morphologiques. Sa dimension intégrée permet la production et l’optimisation des données tant topologiques que constructives. La production grandeur nature d’une paroi réalisée par un robot de coupe a servi de cadre expérimental pour démontrer les potentialités de notre approche mais aussi en identifier les difficultés. Les améliorations effectuées ont conduit à produire une série de clusters (groupes de fonctions) pour Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) qui ont permis de mettre en oeuvre la première version opérationnelle de cet outil, baptisée Fab-Cell / The integration of computing language into architecture and engineering has been present since the 1960s but it only proved practical by the 1990s when modeling tools started to participate in an architectural shift that has conceptually mutated through the years. By then, the trend was called “blob architecture” and thirteen years ago, trends succeeding “blobism” were named as non-standard architecture. In the last ten years, academicians like Mario Carpo and practitioners such as Patrick Schumacher nested the terms parametricism, mass customization, and nonstandard architecture to define those complex –not necessarily complicated architectures created by using of digital tools and aided-manufacturing methods. This thesis is underpinned on the fact that using the non-standard approach in any architectural project needs more than just a plastic or functional intention but the means to translate that intention into actual buildable objects. The aims of this study are therefore oriented towards architectural elements using cellular-like patterns as morphologic resource. This work brings up an Aided-Conception Parametric Tool (ACPT) that actually helps designers to explore non-standard solutions to specific architectural problems regarding timber-built walls and envelopes. This ACPT is meant then to succeed architectural intentions in which geometric patterns –as morphologic modifiers- are used to provide walls and envelopes with a particular language (a cellular structure) that might require morphologic form searching (Carpo, 2015a) and topologic optimization by means of parametric generative modeling. The previously mentioned aims were validated by means of a full-scale prototyping exercise in which the first version of the ACPT is tested. Furthermore A series of modeling improvements regarding pattern generation, jointing calculation and fabrication simulation, helped fixing the difficulties found during the first validation stage in order to produce a set of Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) functional clusters that embody the early operational state of this ACPT called Fab-Cell

Purpose: There is a severe housing shortage in Sweden, with a deficiency of schools and preschools. At the same time, carbon dioxide emission is measuring higher than ever and the realization of environmental crisis is clear. The building sector is responsible a high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions. Calculation for the climate impact can be implemented through life cycle assessment (LCA), directives are requested on how to build through an LCA perspective. The study investigates modular buildings that constitute an efficient and flexible way of managing the building shortage. The aim of this research was to get answers from an ecologically sustainable perspective to what provides more advantageous to process modules when the time- limited building permit expires and a module is needed somewhere else, with or without extra isolation. Method: A quantitative methodology was used to accomplish the aim. The climate impact of four different types of lifecycles simulates by using the software Anavitor. Other methods used for data acquisition was document analysis, calculation of specific energy use and transmission loss.   Findings: The results present advantageous choices for stakeholders to pick after the time-limited building permits expire and a new module is demanded at another place. The study shows that less carbon dioxide emission is produced when reusing the module rather than demolish and produce a new module. Energy savings can be made which reduces the total climate impact of the module that are additionally insulated.  Implications: The conclusion the group could deduct was that the production and manufacturing stage has a significant impact on the total climate impact that a renovation and non-manufacturing scenario is always more advantageous. By adding additionell isolation savings on total carbon dioxide emission can be made despite increased material use.   Limitations: The results are limited to a life cycle assessment based on a module’s envelope as the interior and technical equipment is the same for all scenarios. The study was based on a standard module in which the equipment has no effect on the results. The result was initially specific, but with the help of calculation of the breakpoint for independent transport distances, a general validity could be given. / Syfte: I Sverige råder det brist på bostäder, skolor och förskolor, samtidigt uppmäter koldioxidutsläppen högre än någonsin och insikten om ett miljöhot är påtaglig. Byggnadssektorn ansvarar för en stor del av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp. Beräkning av klimatpåverkan kan utföras genom livscykelanalyser (LCA), däremot efterfrågas direktiv på vad som bör göras vid byggnation kring ett LCA-perspektiv. Undersökningen har genomförts på en modulbyggnad som utgör ett effektivt och flexibelt sätt att hantera byggnadsbristen på. Målet med arbetet var att ur ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv få svar på vad som är mer fördelaktigt att behandla moduler på när det tidsbegränsade bygglovet löpt ut och en modul behövs på en annan plats, med eller utan en tilläggsisolering. Metod: För att uppnå målet med studien användes en kvantitativ undersökningsstrategi. Klimatpåverkan för fyra olika typer av livscykler simulerades i mjukvaruprogrammet Anavitor. Andra metoder som används för datainsamling var dokumentanalys, beräkningar av specifik energianvändning och transmissionsförluster genom vägg vid tilläggsisolering. Resultat: Det genererade resultatet presenterar vad som är fördelaktigt att välja efter att det tidsbegränsade bygglovet löpt ut och en ny modul behövs på en annan plats. Studien visar att det genererar mycket mindre koldioxidutsläpp att återanvända modulen än att kassera och bygga ny modul. En energibesparing kan ges som sänker den totala klimatpåverkan för modulerna som tilläggsisoleras. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen av arbetet är att produktions och tillverkningsstadiet har så pass stor inverkan på den totala klimatpåverkan då utfallet att renovera och spara in på en tillverkningsfas är att föredra. För att göra valet av att tilläggsisolera eller inte krävs en LCA. Den koldioxidökningen som tillkommer på grund av volymökning av en tilläggsisolering får inte överskrida den minskning som genereras av energibesparing. Begränsningar: Studien är avgränsat till livscykelanalys gjord på modulens klimatskal då den invändiga och tekniska utrustningen är densamma för alla utfall, därför kan modulen även tillhöra en annan slags funktion. Resultatet blev till en början specifikt men med hjälp av beräkning av brytpunkt för oberoende transportsträckor kunde en generell giltighet ges.

This diploma thesis deals with the cost analysis and cost optimization of an exact project of a wooden house in a construction company. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is the research part, where basic concepts are defined. The second part of this thesis is the practical part which includes a brief description of the concerned wooden house with its preliminary and final budget. Individual parts of these budgets are subject to the cost analysis. As a result of the cost analysis the price differences between the budgets are shown. In the next step the verification bill of quantities with an item based budget in the ÚRS price system is put together. It is used for comparison and determination of price differences. According to the obtained data, optimization of the preliminary budget is proposed. At the end of this thesis an overall evaluation of price differences and proposed measures are described.