An individual who converts from one religion to another undergoes a significant change in their worldview. Not only do they need to accept a new belief, but they also accept the changes that come along with it, such as a change in ethics and morals, rituals and acts of worship, and sometimes even in appearance. The convert is therefore expected to translate their previous worldview into a new one, thereby transforming their worldview and adding new aspects to their identity. Although other terms relating to various aspects and modes of cultural translation have been proposed in Translation Studies, such as “translation as transposition” and “translation as rewriting” as found in Conway (2012), we will soon see how converts fit neither of these categories, since they have neither migrated, nor do they require anyone else to translate their experiences on behalf of them between certain communities. To fill this gap in the research, a new term and theory has been proposed: translation as self-transformation. In order to analyze the newly proposed theory of translation as self-transformation, two main questions must be addressed: namely, what is translation as self-transformation, and how does translation as translation as self-transformation take place in the context of Canadian and American Muslim converts? To answer these questions, literature in relation to culture, identity, and worldview, as well as the notions of Bildung, and more specifically, alienation and appropriation, has been analyzed. Furthermore, research methodologies such as questionnaires and focus groups are employed in order to gather empirical data from Canadian and American Muslim converts regarding their thoughts on the notions of culture and identity, as well as how religion falls among them. Additionally, they are asked questions regarding their own conversions and, therefore, their own processes of translation as self-transformation. Furthermore, it is also possible to analyze the important and unique role that converts are able to play as mediators and cultural translators between communities, given their experience of having lived as part of both the non-Muslim and Muslim communities in Canada and America. The findings of the research then suggest that converts do indeed undergo a process of translation as self-transformation. Furthermore, they are able to act as mediators and cultural translators between the non-Muslim and Muslim communities. However, their ability to translate effectively depends on two factors: 1) that they neither alienate their own culture nor appropriate another culture; and 2) that the community that they translate for is willing to be receptive of such a translation. Such work may pave the way for future research on topics such as islamophobia in the West and how improved translation between the two communities may lead to establishing a better understanding and appreciation between both communities.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The number of Chinese-learners in South Africa has increased rapidly in recent years, but the quality of the dictionaries that are available for their use has not improved much. The more students study Chinese, the more it becomes necessary to create suitable dictionaries to facilitate their studies. In the hope of meeting this need, this study selects two written dictionaries commonly used by students at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, namely the Oxford Beginner's Chinese Dictionary and the Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary, to analyze, comment on and compare in terms of structure and equivalence. Using the results of this analysis, this study offers suggestions for improving the quality of future Mandarin learner’s dictionaries. This study takes into consideration the situation faced by students when learning Chinese abroad, especially in South Africa, the development of pedagogical lexicography in Chinese-learner’s dictionaries in China and abroad, the relationship between online dictionaries and written dictionaries, and some special characteristics of the Chinese language, all of which factors greatly influence the making of a dictionary. Theoretically and methodically, this study is based on Function Theory as presented by Sven Tarp. According to Function Theory, before writing a dictionary, lexicographers must analyze specific types of users in specific types of situations. This study attempts to follow Tarp’s suggestion by analyzing a small group of dictionary users with the help of a survey conducted by the author in an attempt to get a general idea of how Mandarin learners at Stellenbosch University use dictionaries. The main focus of this study is the frame structure, microstructure, macrostructure and dictionary equivalence in two dictionaries--Concise and Beginner’s. After carefully analyzing these aspects of the dictionaries, the author identifies the sections of these dictionaries which successfully present information in a way that will be most beneficial for their intended audiences. The study goes on to pinpoint less-successful sections of the two dictionaries and provides suggestions for improvement. In sum, this study focuses on using the principle of Function Theory to determine what features should be included in Mandarin learner’s dictionaries to make them more suitable for elementary and intermediate learners of Mandarin at Stellenbosch University, in South Africa, and, by extension, in other parts of the world. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afgelope paar jaar het die aantal studente van Sjinees in Suid-Afrika aansienlik toegeneem, maar die standaard van beskikbare woordeboeke het nie veel verbeter nie. Hoe meer studente Sjinees bestudeer hoe noodsaakliker is dit om gepaste woordeboeke te ontwikkel om hulle in hulle studie te help. Om aan hierdie behoefte te voldoen, kies hierdie studie twee woordeboeke wat gereeld deur studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch benut word, naamlik die Oxford Beginner’s Chinese Dictionary en die Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary, om hulle te ontleed, kommentaar te lewer en hulle met mekaar in terme van struktuur en ekwivalensie te vergelyk. Met behulp van gevolgtrekkings uit hierdie ontleding word voorstelle gemaak oor hoe om die standaard van toekomstige woordeboeke te verbeter. Die studie neem die situasie in ag waarmee studente wat in die buiteland Sjinees studeer, veral in Suid Afrika, te doen kry, die ontwikkeling van pedagogiese leksikografie in woordeboeke in Sjina sowel as die buiteland, die verhouding tussen aanlynwoordeboeke en gedrukte woordeboeke en sekere spesiale eienskappe van die Sjinese taal - alles faktore wat die opstel van woordeboeke beïnvloed. Teoreties en metodologies is hierdie studie op die funksieteorie, soos aangebied deur Sven Tarp, gebaseer. Volgens die funksieteorie moet leksikograwe voor die opstel van 'n woordeboek spesifieke tipes gebruikers in spesifieke situasies analiseer. Hierdie studie poog om Tarp se voorstelle te volg deur 'n klein groep woordeboekgebruikers, met behulp van 'n ondersoek, uitgevoer deur die outeur, te analiseer om sodoende 'n algemene idee te formuleer van hoe Mandarynse studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch woordeboeke benut. Die hooffokus van hierdie studie is die raamwerk, mikrostruktuur, makrostruktuur en ekwivalensie in die twee gekose woordeboeke – Concise en Beginner’s. Nadat hierdie aspekte van die woordeboeke noukeurig ontleed is, identifiseer die outeur die dele wat inligting op die voordeligste manier vir die bestemde gebruiker aanbied. Ook identifiseer hierdie studie die minder suksesvolle dele en stel moontlike verbeteringe voor. Samevattend fokus hierdie studie daarop om die beginsel van die funksieteorie te benut deur vas te stel watter eienskappe in woordeboeke ingesluit moet word om hulle meer geskik te maak vir elementêre en intermediêre Mandarynse studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch in Suid-Afrika, sowel as in ander dele van die wêreld.

Ancrée dans une démarche sociohistorique, cette thèse retrace les trajectoires du primer Invitation to Sociology: A humanistic perspective de Peter L. Berger (1963), celle de son adaptation britannique (Berger 1966) et celle de sa traduction en espagnol Introducción a la sociología (Berger trad. Galofre Llanos, 1967). En plus d’examiner l’histoire des traductions à partir de concepts sociologiques, ce travail explore la contribution de cet ouvrage et de ses versions en anglais et en espagnol à la circulation et à la construction des savoirs sociologiques. La thèse porte sur un type de manuel singulier, le primer (un court ouvrage présentant les vues personnelles d’un auteur), ainsi que sur l’adaptation et la traduction de ce type d’ouvrage à fonction scientifique et pédagogique. Ce travail examine la fabrication des versions, la construction de leurs textes et leur utilisation, de façon à dévoiler l’ensemble des forces qui les modèlent. Celles-ci comprennent les facteurs relatifs à l’espace social; aux champs de la sociologie, de l’édition et de l’enseignement (nationaux et, parfois, transnationaux); aux agents et aux actants non-humains, de même que ceux inhérents au texte-support. La thèse s’appuie sur un cadre inspiré de l’analyse critique du discours de Fairclough, de même que sur les sociologies de Latour et Bourdieu. Elle est basée sur une méthodologie mixte alliant 1) une recherche documentaire (documents publiés et archives), 2) l’examen du texte des versions et de leur matérialité et 3) une analyse bibliométrique. Le texte-support, publié par Anchor Books (1963) une division du géant commercial Doubleday, est aujourd’hui considéré un manuel classique d’introduction à la discipline. Toutefois, ses recensions publiées dans les revues majeures de sociologie le critiquent durement (Martindale 1964; Selznick 1964) et, au moment des projets de l’adaptation et de la traduction, Berger est très peu connu. L’adaptation britannique, publiée par Penguin (deux éditions, 1966 et 1967) présente un nombre de restreint de modifications, réalisées dans l’objectif de faciliter la lecture du grand public britannique. Malgré cette orientation, le rythme constant de ses réimpressions signale plutôt une utilisation en classe pendant 20 à 25 ans. Introducción a la sociología est publié au Mexique par LIMUSA (1967), une maison spécialisée en manuels. Même si sa traductrice n’a probablement aucune formation en sociologie et que son travail est principalement axé sur une « fidélité » à la forme du texte-support, sa voix transparaît à certains endroits du texte. Alors que la traduction paraît initialement dans une collection grand public, la cadence des réimpressions suggère, tout comme dans le cas de l’adaptation, un usage en classe, cette fois pendant près d’un demi-siècle. Cette thèse indique ainsi la participation indirecte de ces versions à la construction des savoirs, par leur utilisation en classe; mais aussi, directe (bien que très marginale dans le cas de la traduction), par leur utilisation scientifique retracée à travers l’analyse bibliométrique. Enfin, cette recherche démontre l’intérêt de se pencher sur les objets banals (comme le manuel), sur les pratiques des maisons commerciales et sur le rôle des éditeurs et des traducteurs et non-spécialistes dans la traduction des ouvrages de sociologie. / Using a sociohistorical approach, this thesis retraces the trajectory of the sociology primer Invitation to Sociology: A humanistic perspective by Peter L. Berger (1963), that of its British adaptation (Berger 1966), and of its translation in Spanish, Introducción a la sociología (Berger translation by Galofre Llanos, 1967). Besides examining the history of these translations through a sociological lens, this study explores the different versions’ contribution to the circulation and construction of sociological knowledge. The thesis investigates a specific subtype of textbooks, the primer (a concise book that presents an author’s personal perspective on a discipline), as well as the adaptation and translation of this type of scientific and pedagological work. This research analyzes the making of these versions, the construction of their texts, as well as the way they are used, in order to bring to light the various forces that shaped them. These include factors related to the social space, the fields of sociology, publishing and higher education (national and, on occasion, transnational), as well as agents, nonhuman actants and elements intrinsic to the support-text. Resting on a theoretical framework inspired by Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and Latour and Bourdieu’s contributions, this thesis is based on a multimethod approach, which combines 1) a documentary research (published material and archives), 2) a textual and material analysis of the versions and 3) a bibliometric analysis. The support-text, published by Anchor Books (1963), a division of the commercial giant Doubleday, is now considered a classic introduction to the discipline. However, reviews published at the time in major sociology journals strongly criticized the primer (Martindale 1964; Selznick 1964), and Berger was still relatively unknown when the adaptation and translation projets began. The British adaptation, published by Penguin (two editions, 1966 and 1967) displays a limited number of changes aimed at the British general public. Despite this target readership, itsregular reprints suggest it was used in sociology courses forthe next 20 to 25 years. Introducción a la sociología was published in Mexico by LIMUSA (1967), a publishing house specialized in textbooks. Although its translator had probably no formal training and her translation is mainly maintaining a formal “faithfulness” to the support-text, her voice can still be heard in some areas of the text. Initially published in a collection directed to a general readership, the translation’s frequent reprints again suggest that it was used in sociology courses, in this case for nearly half a century. The present study shows how these different versions indirectly participated in the construction of sociological knowledge, through their pedagogical use; and, as revealed by our bibliometric analysis, directly participated to it through their scientific use (however very marginally for the translation). Finally, this thesis confirms the relevance of investigating banal objects (such as the textbook), along with commercial publishing houses practices and the work of non-specialized editors and translators in the translation of sociological works.

[pt] Outros nomes para uma rosa: Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald em tradução toma como objeto de pesquisa a obra literária de Zelda Fitzgerald, colocando em posição de destaque Scandalabra – a única peça teatral completa que sobrevive da autora. Tradicionalmente considerada uma curiosidade literária escrita logo após a tépida recepção crítica e o relativo fracasso comercial de Save Me the Waltz, ou então como uma fonte de conflitos dentro de um período conturbado do casamento dos Fitzgerald, Scandalabra permanece um texto que foi pouco estudado e analisado pela crítica. Uma leitura mais atenta desse texto e sobretudo de suas rubricas e indicações cênicas, no entanto, revela que ali se esconde um exercício fascinante e mesmo inovador da escrita dramática. Além disso, uma leitura mais contextualizada da peça também pode acenar para um esforço concreto da própria autora em aperfeiçoar sua escrita, uma vez que é possível verificar o desenvolvimento de temas e recursos técnicos e estilísticos que vinham sendo exercitados desde os primeiros contos escritos no início da década de 1920. Esta tese, portanto, parte das muitas identidades públicas e autorais construídas por e para Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald para investigar a obra literária dessa mulher tão famosa, tão presente no imaginário popular e, ainda assim, tão estigmatizada e pouco estudada. Ao propor um recorte que considere como objeto de pesquisa os doze contos, o romance Save Me the Waltz e Scandalabra, este estudo almeja uma análise integrada desse conjunto de escritos já publicados em inglês e traduzidos apenas parcialmente em português – uma análise que não é exaustiva e tampouco total, mas que é inédita na medida em que compõe o primeiro estudo da obra de Zelda Fitzgerald ancorado nos Estudos da Tradução. A tese apresenta também uma tradução comentada de Scandalabra, texto até então inédito em português. / [en] Other Names for a Rose: Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald in Translation foregrounds Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald s literary works, putting Scandalabra —the only complete and surviving play the author wrote— at the center of its analysis. Traditionally dismissed either as a minor literary curiosity that followed the lukewarm critical and commercial reception of Fitzgerald s only published novel, Save Me the Waltz, or as a source of domestic conflict during a turbulent, contentious time in the Fitzgeralds marriage, Scandalabra has not yet been subjected to proper study or commentary. A closer reading of it, however, reveals that this forgotten piece offers a fascinating, and even innovative, exercise in dramatic language, especially in its use of stage directions. Moreover, contextualized reading of the play can also point to a conscious effort in Zelda Fitzgerald s development as a writer, as it provides an assessment of the author s development in her craft. This study first discusses the many public identities built by and for Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald and then investigates Fitzgerald s literary works, focusing specifically on her twelve short stories, Save Me the Waltz and Scandalabra, to propose an integrated analysis of this set of writings, published integrally in English and only partially translated into Portuguese. Although neither exhaustive nor total, this study is unprecedented insofar as it composes the first study of Zelda Fitzgerald s work that is anchored on the field of Translation Studies. This thesis also presents an annotated translation of Scandalabra, which had never been translated into Portuguese.

By combing DTS with a three-dimensional model adapted from DHA, we aim to study the discursive construction of national identities in (political) diplomatic discourse between China and the West, from a translation perspective. Specifically, we examine the translation of national affiliations and forms of address between 1792 and 1867, when China was experiencing a national identity crisis. We describe and explain what and how the Chinese and Western national identities were constructed by translation, using mainly qualitative analysis, supported at times by quantitative analysis. We also investigate the extent to which translators have aligned themselves with the governments they served, and the norm they followed before and during the identity crisis. Traditionally, discourse-historical approach (DHA) has typically been applied to study the discursive construction of national identity in political discourse. However, DHA has not yet taken into account the phenomenon of translation, though translation is an important tool for constructing and promoting national identities. Meanwhile, translation studies (TS) on national identity have traditionally not adopted DHA, though DHA has been typically applied to study the construction of national identity in political discourse. Moreover, TS on national identity often focuses on linguistic and political tensions within a bilingual or multilingual nation or institution. However, national discourse in intercultural clashes between two distinct countries also remains to be explored. Our corpus is collected from historical discourse in diplomatic missions and discourse of diplomatic officials, which consists of 29 letters and proclamations with a total word count of 25,794. The results of this study show that the affiliations of translators shaped their translation strategies in constructing national identity. Translators who claimed allegiance to the Qing court tended to follow the norm of tributary discourse to construct a discourse where the Chinese national identity appeared superior and Sinocentric, while the Western national identity appeared inferior and subordinate. However, norms are not fixed but open to change. During the Chinese national identity crisis, the gradual change in translation regularities and the abolition of certain discursive practices via an official statement from the authorities reflected a weakening of the norm of tributary discourse. This evolution of the norm could reflect, at least in part, China’s changing attitude toward the West and the transformation of Chinese national identity. Our study contributes to PDA, political discourse translation, and translation history. Firstly, it extends the traditionally monolingual application of DHA to the bilingual context of DTS, proving that the discipline of (D)TS and DHA benefit from interdisciplinary cooperation, thus pointing to a promising direction in PDA and political discourse translation. Secondly, our study enriches TS on identity and ideology by studying different forms of power struggles in political discourse, thus enlarging the variety of political discourse and advancing a more extensive PDA. Thirdly, our study provides refreshing insights into textual markers, namely, national affiliations, nominal and pronominal forms of address, for studying identity issues in translated political discourse. Last but not least, our study contributes to the studies in the translation history of 19th-century China. / En combinant les études descriptives de la traduction (DTS) avec un modèle tridimensionnel adapté de l’approche historique-discursive (DHA), nous visons à étudier la construction discursive des identités nationales dans le discours diplomatique (politique) entre la Chine et l’Occident, du point de vue de la traduction. Plus précisément, nous examinons la traduction des affiliations nationales et des formes d’adresse dans le discours diplomatique (politique) entre 1792 et 1867, alors que la Chine traversait une crise d’identité nationale. Nous décrivons et expliquons comment les identités nationales chinoises et occidentales ont été construites par la traduction, en utilisant principalement une analyse qualitative, parfois soutenue par une analyse quantitative. Nous étudions également dans quelle mesure les traducteurs se sont alignés sur les gouvernements qu’ils servaient et la norme qu’ils suivaient avant et pendant la crise d’identité. Traditionnellement, l’DHA a été appliquée pour étudier la construction discursive de l’identité nationale dans le discours politique. Cependant, l’DHA n’a pas encore pris en compte le phénomène de la traduction, bien que la traduction soit un outil important pour la construction et la promotion des identités nationales. Par ailleurs, les études de traduction (TS) sur l’identité nationale n’ont généralement pas adopté l’DHA, bien que l’DHA ait été typiquement appliquée pour étudier la construction de l’identité nationale dans le discours politique. En outre, les TS sur l’identité nationale se concentrent souvent sur les tensions linguistiques et politiques au sein d’une nation ou d’une institution bilingue ou multilingue. Cependant, le discours national dans les conflits interculturels entre deux pays distincts reste également à explorer. Notre corpus est recueilli à partir du discours historique dans les missions diplomatiques et le discours des fonctionnaires diplomatique, qui se compose de 29 lettres et proclamations, avec un nombre total de mots de 25794. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les affiliations des traducteurs ont influencé leurs stratégies de traduction dans la construction de l’identité nationale. Les traducteurs qui se réclamaient allégeance à la cour Qing avaient tendance à suivre la norme du discours tributaire pour construire un discours où l’identité nationale chinoise apparaissait supérieure et sinocentrique, tandis que l’identité nationale occidentale apparaissait inférieure et subordonnée. Toutefois, la norme n’était pas figée mais susceptible d’évoluer. Pandent la crise de l’identité nationale chinoise, le changement progressif des régularités de traduction et l’abolition de certaines pratiques discursives par une déclaration officielle des autorités reflétaient un affaiblissement de la norme du discours tributaire. Cette évolution de la norme pourrait refléter, au moins en partie, le changement de l’attitude de la Chine envers l’Occident et la transformation de l’identité nationale chinoise. Notre étude contribue à l’analyse discours politique (PDA), à la traduction du discours politique et à l’histoire de la traduction. Premièrement, elle étend l’application traditionnellement monolingue de l’DHA au contexte bilingue des DTS, prouvant que la discipline des (D)TS et de l’DHA bénéficient de la coopération interdisciplinaire, indiquant ainsi une direction prometteuse pour l’PDA et la traduction du discours politique. Deuxièmement, notre étude enrichit les TS sur l’identité et l’idéologie en étudiant différentes formes de luttes de pouvoir dans le discours politique, élargissant ainsi la variété du discours politique et faisant progresser le PDA plus étendue. Troisièmement, notre étude apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les marqueurs textuels, à savoir les affiliations nationales, les formes nominales et pronominales de l’adresse, pour étudier les problèmes d’identité dans le discours politique traduit. Enfin, notre étude contribue aux études sur l’histoire de la traduction en Chine au 19ème siècle.

Janet Frame (1924-2004) is known for being one of the most prolific, translated, and unconventional New Zealand novelists. Her work, however, includes a vast production of poems, which scholars and translators have ignored or, at least, not considered worthy for a comprehensive approach to her. Frame's work has undergone the further limitation of a strongly biography-based hermeneutics: from the gossiping around her alleged schizophrenia, to the popularity of the filmic version of her autobiography (An Angel at My Table) by Jane Campion, and the countless legends that have sprung around her, she has often been stigmatised and labelled the 'mad writer' of Campion's movie. This thesis links the risks of the life/myth-driven perspectives to the current lack of interest in Frame's poetry. Her poetic production is here presented as a fundamental part of her oeuvre and her idiosyncratic approach to writing. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature on Frame and thus reconfigure her role as a poet. Through a combination of methodologies grounded in literary and verse translation theories, creativity and genre studies, poststructuralism and postcolonialism, this thesis investigates the most significant traits of Frame's prose and poetry, particularly the traits shared by both. It critiques past translations of Frame's prose into Italian where these have not taken into account the poetic value of her work, and suggests strategies for the translation of her verse into Italian, arguing that an informed approach to her poetry in translation may greatly contribute to a reconfiguration and re-evaluation of her legacy.

« Il va sans dire que c’est l’expérience du traduire qui constitue le centre de gravité de mon rapport général à la traduction. Je ne suis traductologue que parce que je suis, primordialement, traducteur » (Berman 2001, p. 16). La théorie de la traduction d’Antoine Berman serait donc enracinée dans sa pratique. Bien que son nom soit devenu incontournable en traductologie et que ses idées aient suscité de nombreux débats, peu de chercheurs ont étudié le lien entre la théorie et la pratique de ce traductologue. Le présent mémoire tente de combler cette lacune. Au moyen d’une analyse de la traduction de El juguete rabioso de Roberto Arlt faite par les époux Berman, il explore comment la pratique et la théorie de la traduction d’Antoine Berman se sont nourries l’une de l’autre. Le premier chapitre retrace le parcours d’Antoine Berman : son travail de traducteur, ses influences, sa théorie de la traduction, l’impact de celle-ci et les critiques qui lui ont été adressées. Dans le chapitre deux, nous découvrons Roberto Arlt et son œuvre afin de bien cerner les enjeux de sa traduction. Le chapitre trois analyse, selon la méthode bermanienne, la traduction française de ce roman publiée pour la première fois en 1984. Deux éléments du texte sont mis en relief : la diversité de registres discursifs, dont les sociolectes argentins, et la richesse lexicale qui en découle. En conclusion, l’étude montre que Le jouet enragé est marqué par une certaine inhibition et une rigidité sans doute inhérentes à toute traduction-introduction. Trop attachée aux normes, cette première version restitue timidement la diversité narrative de l’original. Ainsi, on peut supposer que les préceptes de Berman, et plus exactement sa liste de « tendances déformantes » (Berman 1999) reflètent, en partie, et avant tout, les limites et les difficultés qu’il a pu rencontrer dans l’exercice de sa pratique. / “Needless to say my experience of translating constitutes the core of my general relationship with translation. I am a translation studies’ theorist because primarily I am a translator” (Berman…p. 16, my translation). Antoine Berman’s translation theory is rooted in his practice. Even though his name is irreversibly linked to the field of translation studies and his ideas have caused numerous debates, few researchers have studied the relation between his theory and practice. This thesis attempts to fill that gap through an analysis of the French translation of Roberto Arlt’s El juguete rabioso by Isabelle and Antoine Berman. It explores how Antoine Berman’s translation practice and theory feed from each other. The first chapter recounts the development of Antoine Berman: his work as a translator, his influences, his theory of translation and its impact, as well as the criticism addressed towards it. In chapter 2, we discover Roberto Arlt and his work in order to fully understand the problematic points of its translation. Following Antoine Berman’s method, chapter 3 analyses the only French translation of El juguete rabioso published in 1984. It concentrates on two particular elements of the text: the diverse discursive registers, including the use of Argentine sociolects, and their lexical richness. In conclusion, the study shows that Le jouet enragé carries the flaws (défectivité) inherent in any introductory translation. Too attached to linguistic conventions, this first version timidly recreates the arrative diversity of the original. Thus, it could be suggested that Antoine Berman’s theories, and more specifically his list of “deforming tendencies”, reflect in part, and, above all, the limits and difficulties that he encountered in the exercise of his practice.

Les auteurs francophones vivent et écrivent souvent dans des contextes plurilingues ; ainsi, un des traits marquants des littératures francophones est de placer au cœur de la problématique identitaire une réflexion sur la langue et sur la manière d’articuler les rapports entre la langue et la littérature. La complexité de ces rapports, généralement conflictuels, qu’entretiennent entre elles les langues en contact, donne lieu à la « surconscience linguistique » (Gauvin 1997), caractéristique commune des littératures francophones, qui peut prendre des formes diverses. Quatre romans provenant d’aires francophones fort différentes ont été considérés, ainsi que leur traductions respectives : Les soleils des indépendances de Kourouma, Texaco de Chamoiseau, Les belles-sœurs de Tremblay et Jour de silence à Tanger de Ben Jelloun. Cette étude vise à saisir de quelle façon il est possible de traduire les rapports sociolinguistiques entre les langues. Les difficultés et les stratégies mises en place par les traducteurs italiens ont été analysée grâce à l’élaboration d’un modèle d’analyse qui considère le contexte de la création de l’œuvre ; la représentation de l’œuvre face au public cible ; les signifiés dénotatifs et connotatifs des lexèmes diatopiquement marqués et des néologismes d’auteur ; les techniques de traduction employées. Il s’agit de voir quelle image, éventuellement exotique, a été « fabriquée »pour attirer l’attention des lecteurs italiens ; par quelles techniques les traducteurs ont réussi à véhiculer les signifiés strictement liés à une langue non standard. En somme, la thèse met en relation les études sur la francophonie avec les recherches en traductologie. / Francophone authors often live and write in plurilingual contexts. Reflections about language and the way to articulate the relationship between language and literature are thus very frequent in Francophone literature while treating the identity issue. Complex and controversial relationships among languages in contact give birth to “linguistic overconscoiusness” (surconscience linguistique- Gauvin 1997), which is common in Francophone literature, even if it can have different forms. We take into consideration four novels originitaing from four different Francophone areas: Les Soleils des Indépendance by Kourouma, Texaco by Chamoiseau, Les Belles-soeurs by Tremblay, and Jour de silence à Tanger by Ben Jelloun. This study aims to investigate in which way it is possible to translate different sociolinguistic relations into Italian. Difficulties and strategies used by the Italian translators have been analyzed thanks to a model of analysis taking into account various factors: the context of novel creation; the representation of the francophone novel in the target culture; the connotative and denotative meanings of diatopic words and authorial neologisms; formal techniques of translation. We try to understand which image, possibly exotic, has been built in order to catch the attention of the Italian reader, and by which techniques translators succeed in transposing meanings linked to a non standard language. Finally, this dissertation relates studies in Francophony to research on translation.

The purpose of this paper was to overview the appearance of translation themes in the Czech linguistic periodical Slovo a slovesnost (Language and Literature), from 1948 to 1989, and confront those themes with the social and cultural background of the epoch. Realization of this purpose required a meticulous selection of translation themed articles from all published articles in selected years in this periodical and their further examination. The review of social and cultural context is based on additional literature, primarily on translation theory and translation history, partially on general linguistics or history. As a result of this research, content and period importance of 113 translation articles in the periodical Slovo a slovesnost were described. 41 of them include the theme of translation theory, 33 of translation criticism and 45 of machine translation. This paper offers complete overview of translation articles published on the pages of one of the most important Czech linguistic periodical, describes their meaning and together with the theoretical chapters makes a synoptic picture of translation themes that were treated on the Czech territory in years 1948-1989.

Este trabalho apresenta a tradução direta do russo e inédita no Brasil de quatro contos selecionados de Contos de ferrovias (JD-rasskazy), do autor russo contemporâneo Dmítri Býkov. Nele, Almôndegas \"tolstoístas\", Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções são tratados sob o ponto de vista dos estudos descritivos da tradução em uma tentativa de dissecar os procedimentos e dificuldades do ato tradutório. Além disso, como desdobramento do comentário acerca da tradução, há uma análise dos mecanismos intertextuais e os efeitos destes no estilo autoral baseada na semiótica da cultura de Iúri Lótman. Por fim, a última parte desta dissertação analisa o modo como Dmítri Býkov usa o tema da ferrovia, a um só tempo acompanhando e transfigurando a tradição literária de seu país. / This dissertation presents in Brazil the unprecedent translation, direct from Russian, of four selected stories of Railways stories (JD-rasskazy), by the contemporary russian author Dmitry Bykov. In this work, Almôndegas tolstoístas, Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções are treated from the point of Descriptive Translation Studies in an attempt to analyse the translation acts procedures and difficulties. In addition, as an unfolding commentary on translation, there is an analysis of intertextual mechanisms and its effects on authors style, based on Yuri Lotman and his semiotic of culture. Finally, the last part of this dissertation explains the way Dmitry Bykov uses the railway theme, at the same time acompanying and transfiguring the literary tradition of his country.