Aim The commercial success of some low cost airlines presents the low cost model as very attractive. Until now their main focus has been on short-haul routes, but it is no surprise that they show an interest in entering the long-haul routes market as recent trends are very promising. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the low cost business model is applicable for long-haul routes, which parts of the model are transferable to long-haul services, what competitors responses might be and whether there is potential for low cost airlines operating in Scandinavia to gain frequent, well paying and demanding business travelers on their future long-haul routes. Method In this study a survey method with structured questionnaire distributed by e-mail has been used to collect the primary data. The main source of secondary data has been airline industry literature, newspapers, magazines and data provided by aviation statistical organizations. The empirical part of this study is conducted as a quantitative and qualitative study. Intention of empirical part is to find detailed information and describe business travelers’ behavior, corporate travel policies, business trips pattern and attitude towards low cost airlines. Conclusions The cost savings that low cost airlines achieved in the short-haul market will be much more difficult to achieve to long-haul services. In terms of areas where airlines can achieve cost leadership labor costs is certainly the best area to attack. To be successful, low cost airlines would have to adopt some elements of the traditional business model. But the success of long-haul low cost airlines will not only depend on achieving cost advantages. Availability of leisure time for long-haul trips and response of competitors will be other factors. Suggestions for future research A deeper analysis of low cost long-haul airlines potential could be possible with survey among leisure travelers and VFR (visiting friends and relatives) segment. Contribution of the Study This study has arrived at the conclusion that in order to be successful on long-haul routes low cost airlines would have to keep most of the features of traditional airlines. Low cost long-haul airlines would most probably be successful in pure leisure routes, ethnic markets, during peak season and on dense point to point destinations.

A travel management programme allows an organisation to manage corporate travel expenditure, and through a well-formulated travel policy, to control its travel expenses. Traveller non-compliance of the travel policy is an increasing area of concern with surveys conducted amongst travellers showing various reasons for non-compliance, both deliberate and unknowing. This study goes beyond established reasons and argues that non-compliance may also be the result of underlying factors not yet fully investigated or recognised by management and industry in general. Two broadly conceptualised factors that influence travel policy compliance are identified. The first is termed corporate related factors and the second, personal related factors. The overall purpose of this study was to conceptualise and test a model of travel policy compliance based on these factors. To achieve this, a literature review as well as empirical research was conducted. Finally, a conceptual model for policy compliance was proposed which served as the framework for the empirical research and from which hypotheses were derived and tested. The empirical research was conducted as a formal, descriptive and explanatory study. Corporate travel management, Travel Management Companies (TMCs) and corporate travellers made up the target populations of the study. Non-probability sampling methods, namely purposive and convenience sampling were used in this study. The researcher used qualitative as well as quantitative methods to gather data. In depth interviews and the Delphi technique, a qualitative method; was used to collect data from TMCs and management for the purpose of establishing an exhaustive list of possible determinants of policy non-compliance. Quantitative methods used to collect data from corporate travellers included self-administered, structured questionnaires. A multinomial logistic regression modelling technique was used to test the conceptual model in order to identify the factors that have the most significant influence on policy compliance. A limitation of the study within which data analysis occurred was the low response rate. This limitation was taken into account in the interpretation of the results and the recommendations. The study shows a number of significant results and as such provides a valuable contribution to the corporate travel literature by being the first study of its kind to measure the impact of factors not previously identified. This study shows that travel policy non-compliance within organisations needs to be viewed at a much deeper level than previously considered. The results show corporate-related factors such as an ineffective travel policy, lacking control measures and perceived organisational injustice have a significant influence on policy compliance. Personal related factors such as self-interest could also impact policy compliance significantly. The results should enable corporate travel management to identify factors within their organisations that could lead to non-compliance. The implementation of the tested model could lead to a higher compliance rate within organisations and ultimately to considerable cost-savings. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

The world we live in becomes more globalized as a result of new communication media. Communication occurs over greater distances which leads to increased travel. In the report AR5, by IPCC, it is showed that the human impact of climate change is clear and that something has to be done. Therefore its very important to change the human impact. A part of it is to change the way we travel within the service which leads to the purpose of the thesis. The purpose is to eximine how commune´s, in Gävleborgs län, choice of transport and with a change against virtual meetings affects greenhouse gas emissions and costs. An additional purpose is to gather information about currently known differences between natural and virtual meetings and explain these with a focus on interaction and communication. This is to give information about what it is that makes people feel that virtual meetings lack of communication . This has been done by studying the empirical results of the CERO-model and the NTM-database of greenhouse gas emissions and conduct a literature review relating to projects in the area of virtual meetings and then try to explain their results by learning and communication theories. The results clearly shows that train as vehicle is preferred both environmentally as financially and if the trip must be carried while driving or flying it is only justifiable when trains and public transport is disadvantaged. Virtual meetings are rather cheaper and more environmentally friendly than all vehicles but has some limitations. That is because the conversation becomes formal, and gesticulation and phonological patterns is missing. The restriction of virtual meetings can be explained with that contextual differences arise when individuals meet at great distances while communication requires a stricter meeting posture. / reser inom tjänsten vilket leder till syftet med examensarbetet som är att undersöka hur en kommuns val av färdmedel vid tjänsteresor samt vid ett skifte mot resfria möten påverkar samhället med avseende på växhusgasutsläpp och kostnad. Vidare är syftet att samla information om idag kända skillnader mellan fysiska och resfria möten och förklara dessa med fokus på interaktion och kommunikation. Detta för att ge information om vad det är som gör att en del känner att resfria möten brister i kommunikationen. Detta har gjorts genom att studera empiriska resultat av CERO-modellen och NTMs databas för växthusgasutsläpp samt genomföra en litteraturstudie av projekt inom området resfria möten, för att förklara deras resultat utifrån lärande- och kommunikationsteorier. Resultatet visar tydligt på att tåget som färdmedel både är att fördedra miljömässigt såsom ekonomiskt om resan måste genomföras medan bil och flyg endast är försvarbart då utbredningen av tåg och kollektivtrafik är missgynnad. Resfria möten är istället billigare och miljövänligare än alla färdmedel men har vissa begränsningar då samtalet blir formellt och saknar gestikulering samt fonologiska mönster. Att resfria möten har begränsningar kan förklaras i att kontextuella skillnader uppstår när individer möts på stora avstånd samtidigt som kommunikationen kräver en striktare möteshållning.

Transportsektorn stod för närmare en tredjedel av växthusgasutsläpp år 2017. Sverige har stort bilinnehav, stora bilar och långa avstånd, dessa är några faktorer som bidrar till en försämrad miljö. Personkilometer har under de senaste 50 åren ökat med 150 procent, enligt en underlagsrapport från trafikverket.   Syftet med arbetet är att utveckla en modell som underlättar valet av transportmedel, med hänsyn till en hållbar utveckling. I samband med arbetet utförs en fallstudie på Högskolan Väst där vi lägger grunden för ett arbete mot att minska högskolans koldioxidutsläpp vid resor i tjänsten. Rapporten är avgränsad till endast resor i tjänsten samt koldioxidutsläppens påverkan på klimatet. Arbetet kunde möjliggöras genom empirisk data som blev insamlat, samtidigt som intervjuerna gav oss en insyn från personalens perspektiv om vad som är viktigt vid en mötesbokning.    Olika transportmedel påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Därför bidrar alla val av transport varje dag till hur vårt framtida klimat kommer att se ut. I rapporten lyfts det fram att personbilens utsläpp per personkilometer är 30 000 gånger så stor som tågtransporten. Hur man väljer att resa påverkas oftast av personliga preferenser. För att kunna göra ett rätt val krävs grundförutsättningar till att tänka på vissa aspekter. Det är ytterst viktigt för en organisation.  För att bli ett transporteffektivt samhälle, krävs det ständiga förbättringar i samhällsplaneringen. / The transport sector accounted for nearly a third of greenhouse gas emissions by 2017. Sweden has large car ownership, large cars and long distances, these are some factors that contribute to a deteriorating environment. Personnel kilometers have increased by 150 per cent over the past 50 years, according to a report from the traffic agency.  The purpose of this thesis is to develop a model that facilitates the choice of transport, considering sustainable development. In connection with the thesis, a case study is being carried out at the University of West Sweden, where we lay the foundation for work to reduce the university's carbon dioxide emissions during travel in the service. The report is limited to only travel in the service and the impact of carbon dioxide on the climate. The work could be achieved through empirical data collected, while the interviews gave us an overview of the staff's perspective on what is important in a meeting booking.   Different modes of transport affect the environment in different ways. Therefore, every choice of transport every day contributes to the way our future climate will look. The report states that passenger car emissions per passenger kilometer are 30,000 times as high as rail transport. How to choose to travel is usually affected by personal preferences. In order to make the right choice, basic prerequisites are required to consider certain aspects. It is extremely important for an organization. To become a transport-efficient society, continuous improvements in community planning are required.

L’hégémonie des modes de transport motorisés individuels est aujourd’hui un des problèmes ardus dans le domaine du transport urbain. Avec l’objectif du développement durable des villes, le développement durable du transport et de la mobilité, en limitant les nuisances du système de transport motorisé (la congestion, la pollution, l’insécurité routière, la dégradation du paysage, l’externalité des modes non-motorisés, l’inégalité sociale, etc.) est aussi une demande essentielle et urgente dans beaucoup de villes du Monde, dont le Vietnam. Hanoi est une grande agglomération vietnamienne où les motos (2 roues à moteur) jouent actuellement jusqu’à 80% des déplacements quotidiens des habitants, et le transport en commun par bus assure une petite partie seulement des déplacements des gens. Les habitants de Hanoi vivent dans un milieu de congestion et de pollution de l’air très grave. Les politiques des autorités vietnamiennes visant à restreindre les modes motorisés privés et encourager les reports modaux vers les transports en commun et les modes non-motorisés (la marche, le vélo) n’ont pas les résultats escomptés. Pour répondre à la question « pour quelle raison les reports modaux vers les TC et les modes non-motorisés ne sont pas largement mis en place » et « pour quelle raison les politiques de transport urbain ont échoué », dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai réalisé des enquêtes ménage de transport auprès des habitants à Hanoi et des entretiens profonds auprès des experts et des autorités vietnamiennes en souhaitant avoir la réponse sous deux l’angle : l’angle socio-mobile et l’angle politique. Sous l’angle socio-mobile, mes enquêtes contribuent à une meilleure connaissance des déterminants du choix modal dans la mobilité quotidienne de différentes catégories de population à Hanoi, d’expliquer les raisons, les obstacles à un report modal vers les TNM et les TC pour différents types de déplacements, de connaître les raisons profondes du report modal observé chez certains enquêtés. Sous l’angle politique, j’observe si les conditions des politiques sont remplies ou non pour une mise en place des reports modaux chez les habitants. Enfin, l’objectif de la thèse est aussi de créer un modèle d’analyse sur la mobilité urbaine, le choix modal et le report modal spécifiquement pour le cas de Hanoi, qui formera une bonne référence pour la définition des politiques de transport urbain durable. / The hegemony of private motorized transport is nowadays one of the difficult problems in the field of urban transport. In the objective of urban sustainable development, sustainable transport and mobility by reducing consequences from motorized transport system (congestion, pollution, road safety, landscape degradation, the externality of non-motorized modes, social inequality, etc.) which is an essential and urgent demand in many cities in the world, including Vietnam. Hanoi is a large city in Vietnam where bikes (2 wheelers) are currently up to 80% of the daily movements of people, and public transport by bus provides only a small part of the movement of people. The people of Hanoi are living in an environment of very serious congestion and air pollution. Policies of the Vietnamese authorities to restrict private motorized modes and to encourage modal shift towards public transport and non-motorized modes (walking, cycling) have no outcome. To answer the question "why the modal shift towards the TC and non-motorized modes are not well set up" and "why the urban transport policies are stranded," as part of my thesis, I conducted surveys of household transport to the residents in Hanoi and deep interviews with experts and Vietnamese authorities hoping to have the answer in two terms: social and political. In terms of society, my investigations contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of mode choice in daily mobility of different social classes in Hanoi, to explain the reasons, barriers to a modal shift to NMT and TC for different types of travel, to know the underlying reasons of modal shift observed in some respondents. In terms of policy, I note that if the conditions of the policy are implemented or not for a modal shifts from bikes towards public transport. In the end, the objective of the thesis is also creating an analysis model of urban mobility, modal choice and modal shift, specifically for the case of Hanoi, which will form a good reference for the definition of sustainable urban transport policies.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.