A semiótica, precisamente esta de cunho estruturalista da qual tratamos, propõe-se a compreender como o sentido se organiza em objetos dos mais variados modos de manifestação: verbal, visual, cinematográfico, musical entre outros. Nesta tese, propomos a sistematização de princípios semióticos capazes de dar conta do fato musical, termo cunhado pelo semioticista Jean Molino e amplamente divulgado por Jean-Jacques Nattiez. Para tanto, valemo-nos da semiótica de Greimas e de seus seguidores, procurando estabelecer uma interlocução com as correntes da análise musical que buscam a compreensão das estruturas discursivas e de seu sentido através da noção de linguagem conforme propõe Saussure. / The structuralist semiotics, precisely this which we treat, aims at understanding how the meaning is organized in objects of various modes of expression: verbal, visual, cinematographic, musical and others. In this thesis, we propose a system of semiotic principles which are able to analyze the musical fact, a term established by the semiotician Jean Molino and widely spread by Jean-Jacques Nattiez. In order to do it, we make use of the semiotics of Greimas and his followers, trying to establish a dialogue with the currents of musical analysis seeking to understand the discursive structures and meaning through the notion of language as proposed by Saussure.

A semiótica, precisamente esta de cunho estruturalista da qual tratamos, propõe-se a compreender como o sentido se organiza em objetos dos mais variados modos de manifestação: verbal, visual, cinematográfico, musical entre outros. Nesta tese, propomos a sistematização de princípios semióticos capazes de dar conta do fato musical, termo cunhado pelo semioticista Jean Molino e amplamente divulgado por Jean-Jacques Nattiez. Para tanto, valemo-nos da semiótica de Greimas e de seus seguidores, procurando estabelecer uma interlocução com as correntes da análise musical que buscam a compreensão das estruturas discursivas e de seu sentido através da noção de linguagem conforme propõe Saussure. / The structuralist semiotics, precisely this which we treat, aims at understanding how the meaning is organized in objects of various modes of expression: verbal, visual, cinematographic, musical and others. In this thesis, we propose a system of semiotic principles which are able to analyze the musical fact, a term established by the semiotician Jean Molino and widely spread by Jean-Jacques Nattiez. In order to do it, we make use of the semiotics of Greimas and his followers, trying to establish a dialogue with the currents of musical analysis seeking to understand the discursive structures and meaning through the notion of language as proposed by Saussure.

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained tremendous interest within the last decades and is rapidlybecoming a disruptive marketing tool across all industries. Predictions show that the VR marketis expected to reach a staggering US$120 billion by 2026 (Fortune Business Insights, 2019).While previous research has investigated the impact of VR on consumer attitudes, theconnection between its immersive characteristic, i.e. telepresence (Steuer, 1992), and thecomplexity of consumer attitudes (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), is still relatively unknown. Hence,this paper addresses the discrepancy in extant literature by applying a qualitative researchapproach. We conduct in-depth interviews using a quasi-experiment design, displaying anapartment through 2D (pictures) and followingly 3D stimuli (VR). The increased telepresencefrom VR and its impact on participants’ responses towards the apartment is thereby captured.Results show that both technological variables of telepresence (vividness & interactivity) arepositively influential in the three-dimensional spectrum of consumer responses (affective,cognitive & conative). Moreover, this study reveals that telepresence contributes to enhancedproduct knowledge, produces a hedonic experience and aids in decision-making. Conclusively,managerial recommendations are provided, detailing aspects to consider before implementingsuch immersive technologies.

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained tremendous interest within the last decades and is rapidly becoming a disruptive marketing tool across all industries. Predictions show that the VR market is expected to reach a staggering US$120 billion by 2026 (Fortune Business Insights, 2019). While previous research has investigated the impact of VR on consumer attitudes, the connection between its immersive characteristic, i.e. telepresence (Steuer, 1992), and the complexity of consumer attitudes (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), is still relatively unknown. Hence, this paper addresses the discrepancy in extant literature by applying a qualitative research approach. We conduct in-depth interviews using a quasi-experiment design, displaying an apartment through 2D (pictures) and followingly 3D stimuli (VR). The increased telepresence from VR and its impact on participants’ responses towards the apartment is thereby captured. Results show that both technological variables of telepresence (vividness & interactivity) are positively influential in the three-dimensional spectrum of consumer responses (affective, cognitive & conative). Moreover, this study reveals that telepresence contributes to enhanced product knowledge, produces a hedonic experience and aids in decision-making. Conclusively, managerial recommendations are provided, detailing aspects to consider before implementing such immersive technologies.

As a consequence of society's constant digitalization, the demands for digital competence increases. The educational system is no exception, and teachers should be considered a central component regarding the integration of digital learning resources in education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not the use of digital learning resources in mathematics education in grades 1–3 is affected by the self-perceived digital competence and attitudes of teachers, and, if so, how it is affected. To fulfill this purpose a qualitative study was conducted, which included interviews with thirteen teachers working in selected grades. The results showed that each and every teacher had a positive attitude, as well as a high usage of digital learning resources in mathematics education. The results also showed that this did not automatically imply a critical approach or awareness regarding the use of these kind of resources and its effect on mathematics education. This indicates that the majority of the respondents have deficiencies regarding the ability to combine digital resources with pedagogical content knowledge when teaching mathematics. The conclusion of the study is that teachers’ self-perceived digital competence and attitudes affected the use of digital learning resources, and that these aspects in turn were affected by numerous other factors. The self-perceived digital competence was affected by the individual interpretation of the same notion, which in the long run seemed to affect the critical approach towards the use of digital learning resources. The factors that turned out to have the most effect on teachers’ attitudes were shortage of time and level of interest. Overall, this indicates that more time needs to be given in order for teachers to enhance their competence through education and collaboration between colleagues. This in order to prevent teachers' individual actions affecting the equivalence of education. / I takt med samhällets ständigt pågående digitaliseringsprocess ställs också allt högre krav på digital kompetens. Skolans värld är inget undantag, och läraren bör här betraktas som en central komponent i arbetet med att integrera digitala lärresurser i undervisningen. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka om användandet av digitala lärresurser i matematikundervisningen i årskurs 1–3 påverkas av lärarens självupplevda digitala kompetens och attityd, och i så fall på vilket sätt. För att uppfylla detta syfte genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med tretton verksamma lärare i valda årskurser. Resultatet visade att samtliga lärare hade en positiv attityd, samt en hög användningsfrekvens av digitala lärresurser i matematikundervisningen. Resultatet visade dock hur detta inte automatiskt innebar ett kritiskt förhållningssätt eller en medvetenhet kring användandets påverkan på matematikundervisningen. Detta indikerar att majoriteten av respondenterna har brister gällande förmågan att integrera digitala lärresurser i matematikämnet på ett ämnespedagogiskt sätt. Studiens slutsats är således att lärarnas självupplevda digitala kompetens och attityd påverkade användningen, samt hur dessa aspekter i sin tur påverkades av en mängd andra faktorer. Den självupplevda digitala kompetensen var påverkad av den individuella tolkningen av samma begrepp, vilket i slutändan tycks påverka det kritiska förhållningssättet kopplat till användandet av digitala lärresurser. De faktorer som visade sig påverka lärarnas attityder i störst omfattning var tidsbrist och den egna intressenivån. Sammantaget indikerar detta att det finns ett behov av att tid avsätts för kompetensutveckling och kollegialt lärande, för att förhindra att lärares individuella agerande påverkar matematikundervisningens likvärdighet.

本研究結合Clark與Watson（1991）的三角模式（Tripartite Model）以及Brown、Chorpita和Barlow（1998）提出的階層性概念，結構正向情感、負向情感、焦慮、憂鬱、無望感、自傷、自殺的關係，建立自傷與自殺的階層預測模式，說明自傷與自殺的同異處。研究對象為487位大學生，325位女性與162位男性，採取自陳式問卷的方式施測，包含自我傷害行為量表、自殺危險程度量表、貝克無望感量表、正負向情感量表、症狀檢核表-90-修正版（摘錄測量焦慮與憂鬱的題目）、相關背景變項的測量，並以描述性統計、相關性考驗、階層迴歸分析、結構方程模式等統計方式對資料進行處理。主要的研究結果為：（1）負向情感能預測與解釋焦慮和憂鬱，且能透過焦慮預測自傷與自殺，唯焦慮對自傷的解釋力較高；負向情感亦能透過憂鬱預測自殺，但無法透過憂鬱預測自傷。（2）正向情感能預測與解釋憂鬱，且能透過憂鬱預測自殺。（3）加入無望感分析後，發現憂鬱能透過無望感預測自殺，憂鬱也能直接預測自殺，顯示無望感為憂鬱與自殺的部分中介變項。最後，結果發現有15.81%的自傷比例、24.64%的自殺意念比例、8.01%的自殺企圖比例。 / This study combined Clark & Watson’s (1991) tripartite model with Brown, Chorpita, and Barlow’s (1998) hierarchical model to structure the relationship of positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), anxiety, depression, hopelessness, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide. This study attempted to establish hierarchical predictor model of NSSI and suicide, and explain the relationship of NSSI and suicide. The participants were 487 university students, 325 females and 162 males, who were participating in a study of test of deliberate self-harm inventory, suicide risk inventory, Beck hopelessness scale, positive and negative affect schedule, symptom checklist-90-R, and background variables. The data were examined by descriptive statistics, correlation, hierarchical analysis, and structural equation modeling. The main results were : (1) NA could predict anxiety and depression ; anxiety could not only mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA, but also mediate the relationship of NA and suicide ; anxiety accounted for more of the variance in NSSI than in suicide ; depression could mediate the relationship of NA and suicide, but could not mediate the relationship of NSSI and NA. (2) PA could predict depression, and depression could mediate the relationship of PA and suicide. (3) the role of hopelessness was partial mediator of depression and suicide. Finally, the result found 15.81% NSSI, 24.64% suicidal ideation, and 8.01% suicidal attempt.

This study, BLACK COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE DISABLED - EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS, set out to investigate the attitude of the black community towards the disabled. Literature was consulted to provide a backdrop against which the empirical surveys could be measured. The study used systematic observation interviews for data collection. Appointments were made to conduct the interviews. The study obtained responses from 70 interviewees from four African cultures namely the Vend~ Pedi, Tsonga and Ndebele, who were divided into seven groups, ten per group, i.e. parents of the disabled, the disabled themselves, siblings of the disabled, parents of non-disabled, youth, old people and professional workers. Findings indicated that disabilities such as cerebral palsy, orthopaedic disabilities, blindness and deafness are undesirable and constitute problems in the life of a disabled, their families in general perspective and the community at large. Disabilities constituted different attitudes and were identified as varying from total rejection to acceptance which are brought about by the components of the TRIPARTITE MODEL I A B C MODEL being cognitive, affective and behavioural. Education of the whole black community concerning the issue of disabled people seems to be the only answer to bring about a change of attitude towards the disabled. Therefore a number of recommendations were included to serve as guidance and counselling so that myth and witchcraft ideologies and negative attitudes can be uprooted. The researcher hopes that the effort that went into this· study will be beneficial in the process of educating the black community about the disabled with the ultimate goal of changing existing negative attitudes towards the disabled into positive attitudes of acceptance and support. / Psychology of Education / D Ed. (Psychology of Education)

本文試圖將日程紀錄法的研究典範應用於憂鬱的心理病理研究，聚焦於兩研究問題：（一）探討個體的憂鬱症狀與其日常生活正/負向情感傾向的關係，以及該正/負向情感傾向如何影響其每日的正/負向想法；（二）根據「素質-壓力模式」的觀點，探討個體於日常生活中展現的情感傾向與認知特性，在控制住基準點的憂鬱症狀後，是否仍可顯著預測個體處於壓力狀態的憂鬱症狀。93名大學生完整參與本研究，問卷評估包括基準點的憂鬱症狀、日程紀錄期間的每日正/負向情感與正/負向想法、以及其期中考期間的憂鬱症狀。研究顯示憂鬱個體展現較低的正向情感傾向與較強的負向情感傾向，而個體的正/負向情感傾向與狀態可顯著預測其正/負向想法，且情感傾向與狀態對想法存在顯著的交互作用；另外，個體於日常生活展現的平均負向想法與正向情感傾向，在控制住基準點的症狀後，仍可顯著預測其處於壓力的憂鬱症狀。最後，我們則探討本研究對心理病理與治療的意涵。 / The authors attempted using diary method paradigm to study psychopathology of depression. The study focused on two questions: (1) explore the relationship between individuals’ depressive symptoms and their tendency of positive/ negative affect, and how the tendency of affect impact their daily positive/ negative thoughts; (2) according to the view of diathesis-stress model, explore how the affective tendency and cognitive characteristics exhibited in daily life could predict their depressive symptoms under stress after the initial symptoms are controlled. 93 participants finished all questionnaires, including initial depressive symptoms, daily positive/ negative affect, positive/ negative thoughts, and depressive symptoms under midterm examination. The results showed that depression is related to low positive affect and high negative affect. Individuals’ tendency and state of positive/ negative affect could predict their daily positive/ negative thoughts, and there exist a significant interaction effect between tendency and state to thoughts. Further, individuals’ tendency of positive affect and average negative could predict their depressive symptoms under stress after the initial symptoms are controlled. Finally, the implications for psychopathology and therapy are discussed.

Clark與Watson（1991）焦慮與憂鬱的三元模式及後續相關理論（Mineka, Watson, & Clark, 1998）對焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患的高共病率現象提出了解釋：兩疾患高共病率之因乃共同擁有負向情感共同因子，而憂鬱疾患因擁有低正向情感特殊因子使之與焦慮疾患有所區辨。然而透過文獻回顧已知社交互動焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患皆擁有高負向情感與低正向情感兩類因子（Hughes, Heimberg, Coles, Gibb, Liebowitz, & Schneier, 2006），故目前依三元模式及其相關文獻的架構（Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Hughes et al., 2006; Kashdan, 2002），尚未找出得以區辨社交互動焦慮、憂鬱兩疾患不同之因子。本研究即以三元模式裡已架構的一般因子負向情感、特殊因子正向情感，再加入特殊因子害怕負向評價、以及獨特因子害怕正向評價，來建構社交互動焦慮與憂鬱的階層特徵預測模式：負向情感與正向情感屬於高階因子，為影響著社交互動焦慮與憂鬱的脆弱因子；害怕負向評價與害怕正向評價屬為低階因子，是受到社交互動焦慮與憂鬱影響的症狀向度，其中害怕正向評價即具有能區分社交互動焦慮與憂鬱兩疾患不同之區分因子概念，屬於社交互動焦慮的獨特因子。本研究主要以大學部學生為樣本，共計收取566份問卷，再進行結構方程模式統計分析。結果支持社交互動焦慮與憂鬱的階層特徵預測模式之架構，害怕正向評價為社交互動焦慮的獨特因子，能作為社交互動焦慮、憂鬱間的區分因子。然而本研究假設之一：兩疾患對害怕負向評價此特徵的預測力不同，則在統計分析中未達顯著。最後，提出本研究貢獻與其在臨床上的應用，並進一步探討本研究可能的限制，以及未來研究方向。 / Clark and Watson’s (1991) tripartitle model of anxiety and depression and Mineka, Watson, and Clark’s (1998) an integrative hierarchical model of mood and anxiety disorders explain why the comorbility of anxiety and depression (unipolar mood disorders) is high: the reason of high comorbility of anxiety and depression is these two kinds of disorders contain commom factor—negative affect. Besides low positive affect can differentiates depression from anxiety,that is depression contains low positive affect, but anxiety doesn’t. But from research review, both social interaction anxiety and depression associate with negative affect and low positive affect (Hughes, Heimberg, Coles, Gibb, Liebowitz, & Schneier, 2006). Given this finding, on the structure of tripartite model and other relevant studies (Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Hughes et al., 2006; Kashdan, 2002 ), until now the differential factor of social interaction anxiety and depression is not found. In this study, the factors of tripartite model: a general factor—negative affect, and a specific factor—positive affect, are included. Besides, a specific factor—fear of negative evaluation, and a unique factor—fear of positive evaluation, also are added to our research to build the hierarchical characteristic predictor model of social interaction anxiety and depression. In the hierarchical characteristic predictor model, negative affect and positive affect are higher order factors that influence and could be vulnerabilities to social interaction anxiety and depression; fear of negative evaluation and fear of positive evaluation are lower order factors that are influenced by social interaction anxiety and depression and are dimension of symptoms. Fear of positive evaluation is a unique factor of social interaction anxiety, it accounts for the diversity of these two kinds of disorders and is a differentiable key factor. The participants were college students, and the sample consisted of 566 individuals. The data were examined by structural equation modeling. The results were that most of the hypotheses of the hierarchical characteristic predictor model of social interaction anxiety and depression were supported by data analysis. One of the hypotheses: fear of positive evaluation is a unique factor of social interaction anxiety and is a key factor that can distinct social interaction anxiety from depression , was also proved. But one of the other hypotheses: fear of negative evaluation containing amounts of variance attributable to social interaction anxiety and to depression are different; social interaction anxiety contains a more component of fear of negative evaluation than depression does, in this study, the difference was not significant different. Finally, discussing this study’s contribution, practical application in treatment, and the limitations, we give some directions and suggestions for the future research.

Introduction: Evidences indicate that human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes (DM) impact pregnancy outcomes but no experience on the integrated service delivery of HIV, DM and pregnancy care. This study explored the domains and levels of integration among DM, HIV and pregnancy care to prepare a service delivery model in Ethiopia. Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed method and the integration theoretical framework guided the study. An exploratory qualitative phase used focused group discussion, in-depth interview and observation to explore the level of integration and to refine a questionnaire for the quantitative phase. The data were transcribed and coded for theme-based analysis. The descriptive quantitative phase described HIV, DM and pregnancy care services, and determined the burden of DM among HIV patients and the prevalence of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Data was analysed using Epi-info. The findings were triangulated, discussed and interpreted. Results: Seven themes were generated: joint plan, shared budget, monitoring system, structural location, the need of policy guide, the practice of integrated service delivery and suggested integration approaches. A coordinated HIV and pregnancy care services were noted. There was a linkage between diabetes and HIV, and diabetes and pregnancy care. The 1.5% of diabetes among HIV, the low number of pregnancies per a mother in diabetes (1.8) and HIV (1.3); the high adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV (13.4% abortion, 12.4% low birth weight (LBW), 3.5% pre-term birth, 2.1% congenital malformation) and diabetes (3.2% big baby, 3.2% LBW, 3.1% Cesarean-section); the respective absent and low (16.2%) diabetes screening service at anti-natal and HIV clinics, the absent pregnancy care service for diabetic females justified the development of the tripartite integrated service delivery model of diabetes, HIV and pregnancy care. Conclusions: The model suggests active diabetes screening, evaluation and treatment at HIV and antenatal clinics. It considers the coordination between non-communicable diseases (NCD), HIV and maternal health units. Pregnancy care could be coordinated at HIV and NCD units. Full integration can be practiced between HIV and pregnancy care units. Preparing policy guide, building the capacity of health providers, advocating and piloting the model may be prioritized before the implementation of the model. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)