V této diplomové práci bylo zkoumáno téma kalibrace zařízení a sekcí ve vztahu k aerodynamickému tunelu na brněnském institutu leteckého inženýrství. Přístroje používané v aerodynamickém tunelu jsou kalibrovány a jsou popsány a provedeny kalibrace sekcí na testovací sekci. Kalibrační listy a šablony sestav jsou vytvořeny za účelem zjednodušení budoucích procesů. Nově kalibrovaná sestava se používá k provádění měření síly a probuzení na modelovém voze, která jsou porovnána s předkalibrací měření, aby dále ilustrovala užitečnost kalibrací.

本研究旨在探討「以常用詞根輔以圖像構詞式詞彙教學法」、「常用詞根無圖像構詞式詞彙教學法」及傳統的「詞義說明式詞彙教學法」在學生的詞彙記憶上的差異；本研究亦探討學生的英文詞彙量、構詞察覺度、短期記憶、長期記憶及拼詞能力之間的相關。 本研究的主要發現如下：接受「以常用詞根輔以圖像構詞式詞彙教學法」的學生比接受「常用詞根無圖像構詞式詞彙教學法」及傳統的「詞義說明式詞彙教學法」的學生表現出更好的構詞察覺度、短期記憶、長期記憶及拼詞能力。在這三組中，構詞察覺度較高的學生對生詞有較佳的短期記憶與長期記憶能力，反之亦然；在詞彙記憶方面，短期記憶力較佳則長期記憶力也是較佳，反之亦然；並且，一星期後的後測分數比較高的學生在一個月後的後後測分數也會比較高；再者，詞彙的短期記憶與學生英文詞彙量的差異無關，因為學生所記住的生詞都可以持續短暫的時間，但不一定能長久記憶。 / This study aims to investigate the discrepancy in the use of the iconic-morphological approach via commonly-used roots, the non-iconic morphological approach via commonly-used roots, and the traditional definition-based teaching method in vocabulary memorization. It also explores the correlation between English vocabulary size, awareness of morphology, short-term memory for words, long-term memory for words, and vocabulary spelling abilities. The subjects of this study are 91 third-year students studying at the National Overseas Chinese Experimental Senior High School in Taipei County. They received instruction in the iconic-morphological approach via commonly-used roots, the non-iconic morphological approach via commonly-used roots, and the traditional definition-based teaching method, respectively. In the beginning, the three groups took the same pre-test to examine their vocabulary size. Then, subjects were immediately asked to take post-test 1 to examine their awareness of morphology after receiving different instructions. Later, subjects were asked to memorize forty unknown words within twenty minutes and then to take post-test 2 to investigate their short-term memory for words. A week later, post-test 3 was held to check their long-term memory for words. A month later, they sat for post-test 4, used to explore their longer-term memory for the forty words. In conclusion, the study summarizes the main findings pertinent to the proposed research questions. The students who receive instruction in the iconic-morphological approach via commonly-used roots finally develop higher awareness of morphology, better short-term memory for words, better long-term memory for words, and better spelling ability than those who learn in the traditional definition-based approach or in the non-iconic morphological approach via commonly-used roots. Among the three groups, the students who display higher awareness of morphology have better short-term memory and long-term memory for words, and vice versa. Moreover, those who have better short-term memory have better long-term memory, and vice versa; those who have better one-week long-term memory for words definitely have better one-month long-term memory for words. Interestingly, students can learn words by rote for a short period of time regardless of their vocabulary size. That is, one person’s short-term memory for words is not correlated with his vocabulary size.

Cette recherche-action vise à déterminer par quels moyens les enseignants de français peuvent contribuer à favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation d’écriture chez leurs élèves de niveau secondaire. Nous avons d’abord constaté que, chez les élèves du secondaire en général, les accords sont plus facilement réussis en contexte d’exercice qu’en contexte de production écrite. Sur la base de propositions didactiques pertinentes concernant l’orthographe grammaticale et/ou le transfert de connaissances, propositions fondées notamment sur une approche inductive, centrée sur le questionnement de l’élève et sur l’analyse de phrases, nous avons conçu et élaboré une séquence didactique portant sur l’accord du participe passé employé avec être ou avec un verbe attributif. Dans un deuxième temps, nous l’avons mise à l’essai auprès d’un groupe d’élèves de troisième secondaire, puis nous en avons vérifié les effets à l’aide d’un prétest et d’un posttest composés respectivement d’un questionnaire, d’un exercice et d’une production écrite. Les résultats révélés par l’analyse des données démontrent l’efficacité de la série de cours. En effet, le taux moyen de réussite des accords en contexte d’exercice passe de 53% à 75%, alors que, pour les productions écrites, il est de 48% avant la série de cours contre 82% après. Les questionnaires recueillis nous portent à attribuer en partie cette forte augmentation du taux de réussite des accords en contexte de production écrite au bon déroulement du processus de transfert grâce au travail effectué en cours de séquence sur les connaissances conditionnelles. / This action research aims to determine by which means French teachers can contribute to help their secondary students in transferring their grammatical knowledge in writing situations. We first noticed that, for secondary students in general, agreements are more likely to be successful in exercise context than in writing context. Based on didactical propositions of researchers interested in grammatical spelling and/or transfer of knowledge, notably propositions consisting in an inductive approach, centered on student questioning and sentence analysis, we conceived and developed a didactical sequence about the agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb. Then, we implemented it in a third grade secondary student group, and we observed its effects by pretesting and posttesting, using questionnaires, exercises and written productions. Results revealed by data analysis show the efficiency of the lessons built. Students succeeded a lot more often in making agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb after the implement of the didactical sequence than before. The mean rate of successful agreement in exercises came from 53% to 75%, while agreement in written production is 48% successful before, against 82% after. The questionnaires collected incline us to believe that this augmentation of successful agreement rate in written productions is related to the right progress of the transfer process due to work done during lessons on conditional knowledge.

在新製造環境下，由於昂貴自動化設備之引進及人工成本之提高，因而設備成本及人工成本於產品成本中所佔之比率亦相對地重要，然而若是採用了不恰當的產能觀念與數據，其所造成對產品成本分攤比率的影響非常大，亦即將設備及人力閒置產能（idle capacity）的成本分攤至完成的產品上，也就造成了成本資訊的扭曲。而缺乏有效地結合產能成本的產能管理制度，其結果導致多數的企業均忽略其重要性或是將無附加價值的產能成本（capacity cost）分攤於產品成本之中，造成企業於制定價格決策或選擇訂單決策時，引用了不恰當的資訊，並減低了企業之競爭力。 本研究的目的，擬針對產能成本及產能管理作進一步探討，瞭解其對企業界之決策方面的影響程度。本研究係以國內一通信電纜公司作為研究對象，並以個案及田野研究的方式來探討產能成本及產能管理之相關議題，以提供給相同產業的其他公司，或其他產業作為採行此技術時的參考。 本研究之研究主題包括下列二大項： 一、 建立一套作業制成本制觀念下的產能成本制度，並依據作業制成本制的架構來計算產能成本。 二、 運用所建立的產能成本制度及其所提供的產能成本資訊來協助產能管理。 本研究採用個案研究之方式，將產能成本管理制度之整體架構實施於個案公司內，期能透過此研究方法瞭解產能成本管理之整體架構，以彌補目前文獻中偏重理論探討而缺乏實務研究之缺點。 本研究透過作業制成本制度的適當設計，企業可以獲致設備與人員方面的產能成本，使得管理當局得以瞭解各作業之產能成本，再根據設備與人員方面不同的特性加以妥善管理，可獲致排程管理、閒置產能開發、產品定價決策、提昇產品附加價值（value added）及加強生產管理等效益。 因此，在產能成本管理制度所提供的產能成本資訊中，管理當局除了可以看出各作業尚有多少閒置產能改善的空間之外，尚可於生產之前即可得知瓶頸部門之所在，藉以預先進行生產排程管理，俾降低瓶頸部門之影響；另外，對於資本決策方面所需的資訊，亦可由本制度的資訊中獲得，避免不必要之資本支出；本研究對於日益競爭的產業環境而言，實為一不可或缺之管理工具，藉由本研究所提出之產能成本管理制度的設計與實施，不僅可提升產能管理決策、瓶頸部門管理、資本決策、定價決策等之決策品質，並可間接地降低成本，達到提昇企業競爭力之目的。 / In today’s manufacturing environment, the percentage of equipment cost and labor cost of product cost have became very important, because of expensive auto-machine and high labor cost. If introduce incorrect concept and information of capacity, it would influence the allocation of product cost, that is, allocate the idle capacity cost of equipment and labor to the cost of finished goods. Fail to link capacity cost to capacity management system, it would allocate the non-value-added capacity cost to product cost, and would lead business to “death spiral” because of using incorrect-information for pricing-decision and order-selection-decision. The purpose of the study is to research the influences of business decision-making with the information of capacity cost and capacity management. The research method that I used is case study and field study in a communication cable manufacturing company. The study includes two themes: 1. Building a capacity oriented Activity-Based Costing system, and calculating capacity cost according the ABC system. 2. Using the information of capacity cost system to assist the management of capacity. The study is case study and performs the designed capacity cost management system to the company, I expect to understand the frame of capacity cost management and expand existing literatures that focus on theoretical research to applied research. Through the designed capacity-oriented ABC system, business could get the information of capacity cost between equipment and employee. Using the information of capacity cost, business could get the advantages of order-scheduling management、idle-capacity management、pricing-decision、promoting value-added of products and strengthening production management. Finally, management team could understand the unused-capacity of each activity from the capacity-oriented ABC system, and could predict the bottle-neck department before manufacturing. Management team could reduce the influence of bottle-neck through order-scheduling management. And, management team could avoid unnecessary capital expenditure from the system. For today’s competitive environment, the capacity-oriented ABC system was very important for management, it could promote the quality of decision-making of capacity management、bottle-neck management、capital management、pricing management, and then, increase the competition advantages by reducing product cost indirectly.

The use of renewable wood-based fuel has been increasing in the last few decades because it is said to be carbon neutral. However, wood-based fuel, and especially used wood (also known as recycled wood or waste wood), is more corrosive than virgin wood (forest fuel), because of higher amounts of chlorine and heavy metals. These elements increase the corrosion problems at the furnace walls where the oxygen level is low. Corrosion mechanisms are usually investigated at the superheaters where the temperature of the material and the oxygen level is higher than at the furnace walls.  Much less work has been performed on furnace wall corrosion in wood or used wood fired boilers, which is the reason for this project.    Tests are also mostly performed under simplified conditions in laboratories, making the results easier to interpret.  In power plants the interpretation is more complicated. Difficulties in the study of corrosion processes are caused by several factors such as deposit composition, flue gas composition, boiler design, and combustion characteristics and so on. Therefore, the laboratory tests should be a complement to the field test ones. This doctoral project involved in-situ testing at the furnace wall of power boilers and may thus contribute to fill the gap. The base material for furnace walls is a low alloy steel, usually 16Mo3, and the tubes may be coated or uncoated. Therefore tests were performed both on 16Mo3 and more highly alloyed materials suitable for protective coatings. Different types of samples exposed in used-wood fired boilers were analysed by different techniques such as LOM (light optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), WDS (wavelength dispersive spectroscopy), FIB (focused ion beam) and GD-OES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy). The corrosion rate was measured. The environment was also thermodynamically modelled by TC (Thermo-Calc ®). The results showed that 16Mo3 in the furnace wall region is attacked by HCl, leading to the formation of iron chloride and a simultaneous oxidation of the iron chloride. The iron chloride layer appeared to reach a steady state thickness.   Long term exposures showed that A 625 (nickel chromium alloy) and Kanthal APMT (iron-chromium-aluminium alloy) had the lowest corrosion rate (about 25-30% of the rate for 16Mo3), closely followed by 310S (stainless steel), making these alloys suitable for coating materials. It was found that the different alloys were attacked by different species, although they were exposed in the boiler at the same time in the same place. The dominant corrosion process in the A 625 samples seemed to be by a potassium-lead combination, while lead did not attack the APMT samples. Potassium attacked the alumina layer in the APMT samples, leading to the formation of a low-protective aluminate and chlorine was found to attack the base material.  The results showed that stainless steels are attacked by both mechanisms (Cl- induced attack and K-Pb combination). Decreasing the temperature of the furnace walls of a waste wood fired boiler could decrease the corrosion rate of 16Mo3. However, this low corrosion rate corresponds to a low final steam pressure of the power plant, which in not beneficial for the electrical efficiency. The short term testing results showed that co-firing of sewage sludge with used wood can lead to a reduction in the deposition of K and Cl on the furnace wall during short term testing. This led to corrosion reduction of furnace wall materials and coatings. The alkali chlorides could react with the aluminosilicates in the sludge and be converted to alkali silicates. The chromia layer in A 625 and alumina in APMT were maintained with the addition of sludge. / Förnybara träbaserade bränslen har ökat i användning under de senaste decennierna, eftersom det är koldioxidneutrala. Emellertid är träbaserade bränslen, och i synnerhet använt trä (även känt som återvunnet trä, returträ eller träavfall), mer korrosivt än skogsbränsle, på grund av högre halter klor och tungmetaller. Dessa ökar korrosionsproblemen på eldstadsväggarna, särskilt på platser där syrehalten är låg. Korrosionsmekanismer undersöks vanligtvis på överhettare dvs. på områden där materialets temperatur och syrenivån är högre än vid eldstadsväggarna. Färre arbeten har utförts på eldstadskorrosion i returträ pannor, vilket är motiveringen till detta projekt. Normalt sätt så görs endast i laboratorietester där resultaten är lättare att tolka. I kraftverk är tolkningen mer komplicerad. Undersökningar av korrosionsprocesser försvåras av flera faktorer såsom panndesign, förbränningsegenskaper, rökgassammansättning, beläggningskemi och så vidare. Därför bör laboratorietester kompletteras med fältförsök. Detta doktorandprojekt kan således bidra till att fylla denna brist. Eldstadsväggarna är uppbyggda av flera rör som svetsas samman och de består vanligtvis av 16Mo3 stål. Rören kan vara belagda eller obelagda. Tester har därför genomförts på 16Mo3 samt på höglegerade material vilka är lämpliga som skyddande beläggningar. Olika typer av prov som exponerats i förbränningspannor av returträ analyserades med olika tekniker såsom SEM (svepelektronmikroskopi), EDS (energidispersiv spektroskopi), WDS (våglängd dispersiv spektroskopi), FIB (fokuserad jonstråle) LOM (ljusoptisk mikroskopi), XRD (röntgendiffraktion), och GD-OES (glimurladdning med optisk emissionsspektroskopi). Miljön samt korrosionsprocesser har modellerats termodynamiskt med mjukvaran TC (Termo-Calc®). Resultaten visade att 16Mo3 i eldstadsväggen angrips av väteklorid, vilket leder till bildning av järnklorid och en samtidig oxidation av järnkloriden. Järnkloridskiktet verkade nå ett stationärt tillstånd vad avser tjocklek. Sex veckors prov visade att A 625 (nickelkromlegering) och Kanthal APMT (järnkromaluminiumlegering) hade den lägsta korrosionshastigheten (ca 25-30% av korrosionshastigheten för 16Mo3), följt av 310S (rostfritt stål). Vi har funnit att de olika legeringarna angrips genom olika mekanismer, även om de var exponerade i pannan samtidigt på samma plats. Den dominerande korrosionsmekanismen för legeringen A 625 verkar i huvudsak bero på kalium och bly, medan bly inte attackerar Kanthal APMT. Kalium angriper aluminiumoxidskiktet på Kanthal APMT, vilket leder till bildning av icke-skyddande aluminat medan klor i sin tur attackerar basmaterialet. Resultaten visar att rostfritt stål attackeras genom klor-inducerad korrosion samt kalium och bly i kombination. Reducering av temperaturen kan minska korrosionshastigheten hos 16Mo3. Men denna lägre korrosionshastighet motsvarar ett lågt slutligt ångtryck hos kraftverket, vilket inte är fördelaktigt för elverkningsgraden. De kortare exponeringarna visade att samtidig förbränning av avloppsslam med returträ kan leda till minskad avsättning av kalium och klor i form av alkaliklorider på eldstadsväggarna. Detta ledde till korrosionsminskning av alla studerade material. Dessa alkaliklorider skulle kunna reagera med aluminiumsilikaterna från slammet och omvandlas till alkalisilikater. Detta verkar minska den alkali-inducerade korrosionen på A 625, APMT och 310S. Den aluminiumoxid som bildades på APMT och det kromoxidskikt som bildades på A 625 upprätthölls med tillsats av slam. / <p>QC 20151015</p>

Cette recherche-action vise à déterminer par quels moyens les enseignants de français peuvent contribuer à favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation d’écriture chez leurs élèves de niveau secondaire. Nous avons d’abord constaté que, chez les élèves du secondaire en général, les accords sont plus facilement réussis en contexte d’exercice qu’en contexte de production écrite. Sur la base de propositions didactiques pertinentes concernant l’orthographe grammaticale et/ou le transfert de connaissances, propositions fondées notamment sur une approche inductive, centrée sur le questionnement de l’élève et sur l’analyse de phrases, nous avons conçu et élaboré une séquence didactique portant sur l’accord du participe passé employé avec être ou avec un verbe attributif. Dans un deuxième temps, nous l’avons mise à l’essai auprès d’un groupe d’élèves de troisième secondaire, puis nous en avons vérifié les effets à l’aide d’un prétest et d’un posttest composés respectivement d’un questionnaire, d’un exercice et d’une production écrite. Les résultats révélés par l’analyse des données démontrent l’efficacité de la série de cours. En effet, le taux moyen de réussite des accords en contexte d’exercice passe de 53% à 75%, alors que, pour les productions écrites, il est de 48% avant la série de cours contre 82% après. Les questionnaires recueillis nous portent à attribuer en partie cette forte augmentation du taux de réussite des accords en contexte de production écrite au bon déroulement du processus de transfert grâce au travail effectué en cours de séquence sur les connaissances conditionnelles. / This action research aims to determine by which means French teachers can contribute to help their secondary students in transferring their grammatical knowledge in writing situations. We first noticed that, for secondary students in general, agreements are more likely to be successful in exercise context than in writing context. Based on didactical propositions of researchers interested in grammatical spelling and/or transfer of knowledge, notably propositions consisting in an inductive approach, centered on student questioning and sentence analysis, we conceived and developed a didactical sequence about the agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb. Then, we implemented it in a third grade secondary student group, and we observed its effects by pretesting and posttesting, using questionnaires, exercises and written productions. Results revealed by data analysis show the efficiency of the lessons built. Students succeeded a lot more often in making agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb after the implement of the didactical sequence than before. The mean rate of successful agreement in exercises came from 53% to 75%, while agreement in written production is 48% successful before, against 82% after. The questionnaires collected incline us to believe that this augmentation of successful agreement rate in written productions is related to the right progress of the transfer process due to work done during lessons on conditional knowledge.

The aim of the thesis is to explore the current state of using text books of civics and social sciences based on research at selected primary and secondary schools and to assess positive and negative aspects of these textbooks. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part will define textbook concept and describes its basic functions, requirements, structural components and evaluation. Furthermore, it focuses on the description of the text books of Civics and Social Sciences with former and current guidance of the Ministry of Education, which is commonly used in schools from 1989 to the present. The practical part will include research survey (questionnaire) realised on ten selected primary and secondary schools in Pelhřimov and Pacov. The research will be supplemented by interviews with teachers.

nÃo hà / O dengue permanece como problema de saÃde pÃblica no Brasil. No nordeste brasileiro, os grandes depÃsitos domiciliares utilizados para acumular Ãgua sÃo importantes criadouros para reproduÃÃo do Aedes aegypti, o principal transmissor do dengue. O uso de alternativas ao controle quÃmico desse vetor vem sendo incentivado. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar se a presenÃa de peixes larvÃfagos altera o padrÃo de postura do A. aegypti, identificar a sobrevivÃncia de peixes larvÃfagos ao cloro e descrever a eficÃcia do peixe Betta splendens em condiÃÃes de campo. O padrÃo de postura foi avaliado em uma gaiola com 6 m3. Os peixes avaliados foram Poecilia reticulata e B. splendens. Na gaiola foram inseridos oito depÃsitos, sendo quatro com peixes, quatro sem peixes (controle) e 100 mosquitos. Em cada depÃsito tinha Ãgua e uma palheta de eucatex para postura dos ovos. Ao final de cada semana os ovos postos nessas palhetas foram contados. Os ensaios foram replicados por sete semanas consecutivas para cada espÃcie. A sobrevivÃncia do B. splendens e P. reticulata, ao cloro, foi avaliada para trÃs concentraÃÃes (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mg/L) utilizando tambores com 35 litros de Ãgua. Foram utilizados 105, 140 e 175 peixes para cada concentraÃÃo testada, na proporÃÃo de 6 depÃsitos com cloro para cada controle (sem cloro). A eficÃcia foi avaliada a partir de dados gerados pelo Programa Municipal de Controle do Dengue, na cidade de Fortaleza. Foi avaliada a permanÃncia dos peixes em depÃsitos domiciliares e a infestaÃÃo nesses depÃsitos com B. splendens e o larvicida Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. A presenÃa do B. splendens inibiu a postura de ovos pelas fÃmeas de Aedes aegypti com um Ãndice de Atividade de OviposiÃÃo (IAO) de -0,627. O nÃmero mÃdio de ovos postos em depÃsitos com B. splendens (32,5/semana) foi menor que nos depÃsitos com o P. reticulata (200,5/semana) e os controles (186,5/semana; p < 0,0001). Todos os B. splendens sobreviveram a concentraÃÃo de cloro de 1,0 mg/L; 72,5 e 39,3% sobreviveram as concentraÃÃes de 1,5 e 2,0 mg/L. Por outro lado, apenas 4,4% do P. reticulata sobreviveram a concentraÃÃo mÃnima de 1,0 mg/L. Em campo foram encontrados trÃs depÃsitos com a presenÃa do B. splendens e larvas de mosquitos (1,6%), infestaÃÃo significativamente menor que nos depÃsitos com o Bti, onde essa infestaÃÃo foi de 10,9% (p < 0,001). Nos depÃsitos onde o peixe nÃo permaneceu a infestaÃÃo foi de 27,8%, maior que nos depÃsitos com Bti (p < 0,010). Nos depÃsitos onde o peixe permaneceu ele foi 85% mais eficaz que o larvicida. A permanÃncia dos peixes foi maior nos tanques de alvenaria (48,5%), localizados no peridomicÃlio (47,5%) e ao nÃvel do solo (53,3%). ConcluÃmos que o B. splendens pode ser apropriado para controle biolÃgico de larvas de Ae. aegypti em grandes reservatÃrios domiciliares, desde que possa ser atestada sua permanÃncia nesses depÃsitos. / Dengue fever remains an important public health problem in northeast Brazil. Large domestic containers used to store water are important breeding sites of Aedes aegypti, the main vector. The use of alternatives to chemical vector control has increased in the last years. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the inhibition of oviposition by female Ae. aegypti in domestic containers with larvivorous fish; to describe the survival of larvivorous fish to different chlorine concentrations; and to describe the efficacy of Betta splendens fish under field conditions. Oviposition was assessed in a cage of 6 m3 of size. The fish species Poecilia reticulata and B. splendens were used in the laboratory assays. In the cage, eight water containers were placed - four with fish, four without fish (control), and 100 mosquitoes. In each container with 15 l water eucatex strips were placed to facilitate oviposition. At the end of each week, eggs laid on these strips were counted. For each species, the assays were repeated for seven consecutive weeks. Survival of B. splendens and P. reticulata to different concentrations of chlorine (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg / L) was assessed in drums with 35 liters of water. We used 105, 140 and 175 fish for each concentration: six test containers with chlorine for each control without chlorine. Secondary data of the Municipal Dengue Control Program of the city of Fortaleza were analyzed to assess the efficacy of B. splendens under field conditions. The presence of fish in household containers was verified after several weeks. Infestation of containers with mosquito larvae was compared to containers with the larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. The presence of B. splendens inhibited oviposition by Ae. aegypti with an activity oviposition index of -0.627. The mean number of eggs laid in deposits with B. splendens (32.5 / week) was lower than in deposits with P. reticulata (200.5 / week) and controls (186.5 / week, p <0.0001). All B. splendens specimens survived a chlorine concentration of 1.0 mg / L, and 72.5% and 39.3% survived concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 mg / L, respectively. On the other hand, only 4.4% of P. reticulata survived a concentration of 1.0 mg / L. Under field conditions, three containers were encountered with B. splendens and mosquito larvae (1.6%), significantly less than infested deposits with Bti (10.9%; p <0.001). In containers where the fish died or disappeared, infestation was 27.8% higher than in deposits with Bti (p <0.010). In deposits where the fish remained, efficacy was 85% better than Bti. The permanence of fish was higher in concrete tanks (48.5%), located outside the house (47.5%) and at ground level (53.3%). We conclude that B. splendens may be suitable for biological control of Ae. aegypti larvae in large domestic water containers.

This paper attempts to develop a mathematically rigid and unified framework for neural spatial interaction modeling. Families of classical neural network models, but also less classical ones such as product unit neural network ones are considered for the cases of unconstrained and singly constrained spatial interaction flows. Current practice appears to suffer from least squares and normality assumptions that ignore the true integer nature of the flows and approximate a discrete-valued process by an almost certainly misrepresentative continuous distribution. To overcome this deficiency we suggest a more suitable estimation approach, maximum likelihood estimation under more realistic distributional assumptions of Poisson processes, and utilize a global search procedure, called Alopex, to solve the maximum likelihood estimation problem. To identify the transition from underfitting to overfitting we split the data into training, internal validation and test sets. The bootstrapping pairs approach with replacement is adopted to combine the purity of data splitting with the power of a resampling procedure to overcome the generally neglected issue of fixed data splitting and the problem of scarce data. In addition, the approach has power to provide a better statistical picture of the prediction variability, Finally, a benchmark comparison against the classical gravity models illustrates the superiority of both, the unconstrained and the origin constrained neural network model versions in terms of generalization performance measured by Kullback and Leibler's information criterion.

La nutrition périnatale conditionne durablement les fonctions physiologiques, avec des conséquences sur la susceptibilité à développer des maladies métaboliques à l’âge adulte. Le microbiote représente un des acteurs de cette empreinte nutritionnelle. L’objectif est de déterminer chez le porc l’impact d’une supplémentation périnatale en fructo-oligosaccharides à courte chaîne (scFOS) sur le développement des fonctions immunitaires et endocrines intestinales et les conséquences sur la santé métabolique de l’adulte en situation de déséquilibre nutritionnel.La supplémentation maternelle en scFOS, en modifiant le microbiote de la mère et de la descendance et la qualité du lait, accélère la maturation du système immunitaire intestinal des porcelets allaités.La fenêtre d’exposition (maternelle vs post-sevrage) conditionne la nature des modifications immunes induites par les scFOS. La supplémentation périnatale en scFOS modifie la réponse métabolique de l’adulte à un régime déséquilibré en stimulant la fonction endocrine intestinale et la sensibilité du pancréas au glucose, en réduisant les risques d’inflammation, et en modifiant l’homéostasie métabolique, associé à des modulations du microbiote.En résumé, la consommation périnatale de prébiotiques programme le phénotype métabolique et immunitaire de l’adulte via des modulations persistantes du microbiote. L'approche intégrée des données a permis d’identifier des acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l’adaptation différentielle des individus à un régime déséquilibré en fonction de leur alimentation périnatale. / Perinatal scFOS supplementation modifies metabolic response to an unbalanced diet in adults by stimulating intestinal endocrine function and pancreas sensitivity to glucose, by reducing risks of inflammation, and in fine by changing metabolic homeostasis in association with modifications of microbiota.In summary, prebiotic consumption during perinatal life programs the immune and metabolic phenotype of adults through persistent modulations of intestinal microbiota. The integrated approach of data enables us to identify molecular actors involved in the differential adaptation of individuals to an unbalanced diet according to their perinatal nutrition.