This diploma thesis deals with the reconstruction of intersection streets Jeremenkova, Pasteurova and Černá cesta. This design is a new roundabout with three branches and one bypass. The aim of renovation is to improve traffic safety at the intersection and increasing continuity and respecting architectural principles. This project addresses the design of roundabout, analyzing problems and developer technical studies.

The subject of this Master's thesis is design solution of two intersections and a section of urban road between them in town Zlín. These T intersections without traffic signal have an inappropriate geometric design. The aim of the thesis is increasing traffic safety and reducing noise and dust in the location. This will be achieved by alteration of the urban road intersections and the sidewalk design.

Enligt tidigare forskning kan en uppväxt i en stadsmiljö medföra negativa effekter på barns hälsa, det är därför viktigt att förstå barns sårbarhet i urbana miljöer. Halmstad kommun har en vision att färdigställa en stadsomvandling av områdena Larsfrid och Vilhelmsfält till år 2050. På uppdrag av Halmstad kommun har författarna genomfört föreliggande studie som ett bidrag till stadsomvandlingen, med fokus på barn i åldern 1-6. Syftet med studien var att belysa förskollärares perspektiv på skapandet av lekfulla och hälsofrämjande lärmiljöer i ett stadsområde med tillhörande natur. De två teorierna sociokulturellt lärande och känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) har tillämpats för att förstå hur barns hälsa och lärande kan främjas i en pedagogisk stadsmiljö. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med deskriptiv design. Empirin resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Stadsområdet ska vara en miljö som väcker nyfikenhet, Barn lär sig tillsammans med andra barn samt Barn behöver goda förutsättningar för att må bra. Studiens slutsats visade att lekfulla miljöer i ett stadsområde, utformat kreativt och med inslag av natur, kan bidra till barns interaktion, lärande och hälsa. Utformningen av stadsområdet bör ta hänsyn till en lekfull barndom, som kan gynna goda förutsättningar för lärande och hälsa under hela livet. / According to previous research, growing up in an urban environment can have negative effects on children's health, why it is important to understand children's vulnerability in urban environments. The municipality of Halmstad have a vision to complete an urban transformation of the regions Larsfrid and Vilhelmsfält to the year 2050. On the assignment of Halmstad municipality, the authors conducted this study as a contribution to the urban planning, focusing on children aged 1-6. The purpose of this study was to elucidate preschool teachers' perspectives on the creation of playful and health-promoting learning environments in an urban area with associated nature. The two theories, sociocultural learning and sense of coherence (SOC) have been applied to understand how children's health and learning can be promoted in an educational urban environment. The study used a qualitative method with descriptive design. The empiric resulted in three main categories: The urban area must be an environment that arouses curiosity, Children learn together with other children and Children need good conditions to feel good. The study's conclusion showed that playful environments in an urban area, designed creatively and with elements of nature, can contribute to children's interaction, learning and health. The design of the urban area should take into account a playful childhood, which can benefit good conditions for learning and health throughout life.

This study explored how social aspects for stakeholder engagement are being addressed and incorporated in climate action plans (CAPs). This focus was chosen to address the knowledge gap in research on social conditions for climate action which has been found to provide barriers to achieving deep decarbonisation. The thesis conducted a case study of two cities, Copenhagen (Denmark) and Stockholm (Sweden). Each city’s CAP was analysed through a thematic document analysis that explored through what measures each city aim to achieve stakeholder engagement for local climate action.    Five overarching themes were identified through a literature review and used as an analysis framework: citizen engagement, private sector engagement, stakeholder collaboration, awareness development and advocacy. For both CAPs, the results showed an extensive variation for measures that contributed to each theme. The main findings were that measures should focus on developing collaborations, partnerships, networks, knowledge, awareness, skills, green procurement policies and stricter environmental regulations to support the level of stakeholder engagement needed for deep decarbonisation. Also, to focus on advocation measures, as well as measures aimed at developing knowledge and support to accelerate systematic change. In addition, it was found that cities need to focus on ensuring higher levels of equity and formalize extended citizen involvement for more inclusive and fair transitions. Findings also highlighted similarities and differences between the two CAPs, what lessons could be learned from these and connected these findings to how climate action could be further developed.

Det här arbetet fokuserar på hur befintliga parker i centrala Gävle skulle kunna fylla en större funktion gällande gynnandet av humlor och annan biologisk mångfald och hur dessa parker skulle kunna omdesignas. Mina frågeställningar berör: befintliga parkers avsaknad av föda åt humlor, bristande möjligheter för dem att finna bo – och övervintringsplatser samt förslag på åtgärder för att motverka dessa problem. Resultatet av denna studie visar att parker kan fylla en större funktion gällande att gynna den biologiska mångfalden i urbana miljöer. Om inte bo– och övervintringsplatser och föda blir lätt åtkomligta för våra humlor riskerar vi att de minskar ännu mer i antal, och detta skulle kunna vara förödande för oss människor eftersom vi är helt beroende av dessa viktiga pollinatörer. Men med rätt kunskap och information till allmänhet och parkförvaltare går det att hjälpa humlor att skapa miljöer som hjälper humlor att kunna leva i urbana miljöer. Om vi med enkla medel inkluderar biologisk mångfald i stadens parker skulle vi kunna skapa gröna oaser där människor, djur och insekter kan trivas sida vid sida och även tillföra glädje för varandra. / This study is dealing with how existing parks in urban areas can fill a bigger role for bumblebees then they are today. My questions concern: lack of food for bumblebees in parks, lack of opportunities to find places to live and to hibernate and actions how to mitigate this. The results of this study show that existing parks can have a bigger positive impact on the biodiversity in urban areas. If bumblebees can’t find places to live or hibernate or find food, the risk is then that their populations will continue to decline which will have a strongly negative effect on us humans because we are depending on pollinators. With the right knowledge and measures we can make it easier for bumblebees to live in urban areas. To facilitate for biodiversity in the planning of parks means that we will create oases which both humans, birds and insects can benefit from.

The use of GPS probes in traffic management is growing rapidly as the required data collection infrastructure is increasingly in place, with significant number of mobile sensors moving around covering expansive areas of the road network. Many travelers carry with them at least one device with a built-in GPS receiver. Furthermore, vehicles are becoming more and more location aware. Vehicles in commercial fleets are now routinely equipped with GPS. Travel time is important information for various actors of a transport system, ranging from city planning, to day to day traffic management, to individual travelers. They all make decisions based on average travel time or variability of travel time among other factors. AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification) systems have been commonly used for collecting point-to-point travel time data. Floating car data (FCD) -timestamped locations of moving vehicles- have shown potential for travel time estimation. Some advantages of FCD compared to stationary AVI systems are that they have no single point of failure and they have better network coverage. Furthermore, the availability of opportunistic sensors, such as GPS, makes the data collection infrastructure relatively convenient to deploy. Currently, systems that collect FCD are designed to transmit data in a limited form and relatively infrequently due to the cost of data transmission. Thus, reported locations are far apart in time and space, for example with 2 minutes gaps. For sparse FCD to be useful for transport applications, it is required that the corresponding probes be matched to the underlying digital road network. Matching such data to the network is challenging. This thesis makes the following contributions: (i) a map-matching and path inference algorithm, (ii) a method for route travel time estimation, (iii) a fixed point approach for joint path inference and travel time estimation, and (iv) a method for fusion of FCD with data from automatic number plate recognition. In all methods, scalability and overall computational efficiency are considered among design requirements. Throughout the thesis, the methods are used to process FCD from 1500 taxis in Stockholm City. Prior to this work, the data had been ignored because of its low frequency and minimal information. The proposed methods proved that the data can be processed and transformed into useful traffic information. Finally, the thesis implements the main components of an experimental ITS laboratory, called iMobility Lab. It is designed to explore GPS and other emerging data sources for traffic monitoring and control. Processes are developed to be computationally efficient, scalable, and to support real time applications with large data sets through a proposed distributed implementation. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

Cette étude vise à tester la pertinence des images RSO - de moyenne et de haute résolution - à la caractérisation des types d’occupation du sol en milieu urbain. Elle s’est basée sur des approches texturales à partir des statistiques de deuxième ordre. Plus spécifiquement, on recherche les paramètres de texture les plus pertinents pour discriminer les objets urbains. Il a été utilisé à cet égard des images Radarsat-1 en mode fin en polarisation HH et Radarsat-2 en mode fin en double et quadruple polarisation et en mode ultrafin en polarisation HH. Les occupations du sol recherchées étaient le bâti dense, le bâti de densité moyenne, le bâti de densité faible, le bâti industriel et institutionnel, la végétation de faible densité, la végétation dense et l’eau. Les neuf paramètres de textures analysés ont été regroupés, en familles selon leur définition mathématique. Les paramètres de ressemblance/dissemblance regroupent l’Homogénéité, le Contraste, la Similarité et la Dissimilarité. Les paramètres de désordre sont l’Entropie et le Deuxième Moment Angulaire. L’Écart-Type et la Corrélation sont des paramètres de dispersion et la Moyenne est une famille à part. Il ressort des expériences que certaines combinaisons de paramètres de texture provenant de familles différentes utilisés dans les classifications donnent de très bons résultants alors que d’autres associations de paramètres de texture de définition mathématiques proches génèrent de moins bons résultats. Par ailleurs on constate que si l’utilisation de plusieurs paramètres de texture améliore les classifications, la performance de celle-ci plafonne à partir de trois paramètres. Malgré la bonne performance de cette approche basée sur la complémentarité des paramètres de texture, des erreurs systématiques dues aux effets cardinaux subsistent sur les classifications. Pour pallier à ce problème, il a été développé un modèle de compensation radiométrique basé sur la section efficace radar (SER). Une simulation radar à partir du modèle numérique de surface du milieu a permis d'extraire les zones de rétrodiffusion des bâtis et d'analyser les rétrodiffusions correspondantes. Une règle de compensation des effets cardinaux fondée uniquement sur les réponses des objets en fonction de leur orientation par rapport au plan d'illumination par le faisceau du radar a été mise au point. Des applications de cet algorithme sur des images RADARSAT-1 et RADARSAT-2 en polarisations HH, HV, VH, et VV ont permis de réaliser de considérables gains et d’éliminer l’essentiel des erreurs de classification dues aux effets cardinaux. / This study aims to test the relevance of medium and high-resolution SAR images on the characterization of the types of land use in urban areas. To this end, we have relied on textural approaches based on second-order statistics. Specifically, we look for texture parameters most relevant for discriminating urban objects. We have used in this regard Radarsat-1 in fine polarization mode and Radarsat-2 HH fine mode in dual and quad polarization and ultrafine mode HH polarization. The land uses sought were dense building, medium density building, low density building, industrial and institutional buildings, low density vegetation, dense vegetation and water. We have identified nine texture parameters for analysis, grouped into families according to their mathematical definitions in a first step. The parameters of similarity / dissimilarity include Homogeneity, Contrast, the Differential Inverse Moment and Dissimilarity. The parameters of disorder are Entropy and the Second Angular Momentum. The Standard Deviation and Correlation are the dispersion parameters and the Average is a separate family. It is clear from experience that certain combinations of texture parameters from different family used in classifications yield good results while others produce kappa of very little interest. Furthermore, we realize that if the use of several texture parameters improves classifications, its performance ceils from three parameters. The calculation of correlations between the textures and their principal axes confirm the results. Despite the good performance of this approach based on the complementarity of texture parameters, systematic errors due to the cardinal effects remain on classifications. To overcome this problem, a radiometric compensation model was developed based on the radar cross section (SER). A radar simulation from the digital surface model of the environment allowed us to extract the building backscatter zones and to analyze the related backscatter. Thus, we were able to devise a strategy of compensation of cardinal effects solely based on the responses of the objects according to their orientation from the plane of illumination through the radar's beam. It appeared that a compensation algorithm based on the radar cross section was appropriate. Some examples of the application of this algorithm on HH polarized RADARSAT-2 images are presented as well. Application of this algorithm will allow considerable gains with regard to certain forms of automation (classification and segmentation) at the level of radar imagery thus generating a higher level of quality in regard to visual interpretation. Application of this algorithm on RADARSAT-1 and RADARSAT-2 images with HH, HV, VH, and VV polarisations helped make considerable gains and eliminate most of the classification errors due to the cardinal effects.

Cette étude vise à tester la pertinence des images RSO - de moyenne et de haute résolution - à la caractérisation des types d’occupation du sol en milieu urbain. Elle s’est basée sur des approches texturales à partir des statistiques de deuxième ordre. Plus spécifiquement, on recherche les paramètres de texture les plus pertinents pour discriminer les objets urbains. Il a été utilisé à cet égard des images Radarsat-1 en mode fin en polarisation HH et Radarsat-2 en mode fin en double et quadruple polarisation et en mode ultrafin en polarisation HH. Les occupations du sol recherchées étaient le bâti dense, le bâti de densité moyenne, le bâti de densité faible, le bâti industriel et institutionnel, la végétation de faible densité, la végétation dense et l’eau. Les neuf paramètres de textures analysés ont été regroupés, en familles selon leur définition mathématique. Les paramètres de ressemblance/dissemblance regroupent l’Homogénéité, le Contraste, la Similarité et la Dissimilarité. Les paramètres de désordre sont l’Entropie et le Deuxième Moment Angulaire. L’Écart-Type et la Corrélation sont des paramètres de dispersion et la Moyenne est une famille à part. Il ressort des expériences que certaines combinaisons de paramètres de texture provenant de familles différentes utilisés dans les classifications donnent de très bons résultants alors que d’autres associations de paramètres de texture de définition mathématiques proches génèrent de moins bons résultats. Par ailleurs on constate que si l’utilisation de plusieurs paramètres de texture améliore les classifications, la performance de celle-ci plafonne à partir de trois paramètres. Malgré la bonne performance de cette approche basée sur la complémentarité des paramètres de texture, des erreurs systématiques dues aux effets cardinaux subsistent sur les classifications. Pour pallier à ce problème, il a été développé un modèle de compensation radiométrique basé sur la section efficace radar (SER). Une simulation radar à partir du modèle numérique de surface du milieu a permis d'extraire les zones de rétrodiffusion des bâtis et d'analyser les rétrodiffusions correspondantes. Une règle de compensation des effets cardinaux fondée uniquement sur les réponses des objets en fonction de leur orientation par rapport au plan d'illumination par le faisceau du radar a été mise au point. Des applications de cet algorithme sur des images RADARSAT-1 et RADARSAT-2 en polarisations HH, HV, VH, et VV ont permis de réaliser de considérables gains et d’éliminer l’essentiel des erreurs de classification dues aux effets cardinaux. / This study aims to test the relevance of medium and high-resolution SAR images on the characterization of the types of land use in urban areas. To this end, we have relied on textural approaches based on second-order statistics. Specifically, we look for texture parameters most relevant for discriminating urban objects. We have used in this regard Radarsat-1 in fine polarization mode and Radarsat-2 HH fine mode in dual and quad polarization and ultrafine mode HH polarization. The land uses sought were dense building, medium density building, low density building, industrial and institutional buildings, low density vegetation, dense vegetation and water. We have identified nine texture parameters for analysis, grouped into families according to their mathematical definitions in a first step. The parameters of similarity / dissimilarity include Homogeneity, Contrast, the Differential Inverse Moment and Dissimilarity. The parameters of disorder are Entropy and the Second Angular Momentum. The Standard Deviation and Correlation are the dispersion parameters and the Average is a separate family. It is clear from experience that certain combinations of texture parameters from different family used in classifications yield good results while others produce kappa of very little interest. Furthermore, we realize that if the use of several texture parameters improves classifications, its performance ceils from three parameters. The calculation of correlations between the textures and their principal axes confirm the results. Despite the good performance of this approach based on the complementarity of texture parameters, systematic errors due to the cardinal effects remain on classifications. To overcome this problem, a radiometric compensation model was developed based on the radar cross section (SER). A radar simulation from the digital surface model of the environment allowed us to extract the building backscatter zones and to analyze the related backscatter. Thus, we were able to devise a strategy of compensation of cardinal effects solely based on the responses of the objects according to their orientation from the plane of illumination through the radar's beam. It appeared that a compensation algorithm based on the radar cross section was appropriate. Some examples of the application of this algorithm on HH polarized RADARSAT-2 images are presented as well. Application of this algorithm will allow considerable gains with regard to certain forms of automation (classification and segmentation) at the level of radar imagery thus generating a higher level of quality in regard to visual interpretation. Application of this algorithm on RADARSAT-1 and RADARSAT-2 images with HH, HV, VH, and VV polarisations helped make considerable gains and eliminate most of the classification errors due to the cardinal effects.

Ce travail de recherche a voulu explorer les relations entre les médias, la ville et la modernité. Le corpus est fourni par la presse écrite et l'espace d’investigation en est la ville sénégalaise. Beaucoup de travaux menés ces dernières années sur les médias sénégalais s'intéressent surtout à des questions plus "politiques" : droits humains, gouvernance démocratique, alternance politique…tandis que d'autres sont orientés vers les TIC ou l’internet. Cette thèse veut trouver son originalité dans une approche des dynamiques urbaines dans la durée à travers une démarche basée sur les outils des sciences de l’information. Le postulat de départ est que la ville est le cadre générateur des médias qui acquièrent une urbanité plus ou moins forte selon le type de support considéré (radio, télé, presse, internet). Cette relation débute au XIXe siècle à Saint-Louis dans un contexte colonial où naissent les premiers journaux suscités par la puissance coloniale (La France). L'aménagement du cadre de vie par le colonisateur, perçu comme un vecteur de modernisation et de domination des autochtones, à travers l'espace, ne manque pas de causer des affrontements. La ville dans sa capacité à produire de nouveaux modes de vie, comme démontré par l’École de Chicago, s'impose alors comme l'emblème de la modernité. La diversité urbaine va induire trois types de pluralisme : urbain, politique et médiatique qui s'imbriquent de manière complexe avec des retombées dans la fabrication de l'information. Les médias ont du mal à s'affranchir de leur cadre de naissance et deviennent eux-mêmes un lieu de l'aménagement du cadre de vie. Cela est perceptible à travers les usages que font les journalistes du terme modernité et dans les représentations de l'espace urbain. Il s'avère que la ville et les médias sont des éléments indissociables dans l'aventure de la modernité au Sénégal. Les concepts de spatiogénèse, sémiosphère urbaine et de territorialité médiatique sont utilisés pour rendre compte de ces phénomènes. La capacité de construction de la réalité des médias est mise en exergue à travers l'approche constructiviste. La thèse fournit des outils théoriques pour la compréhension des relations entre SIC, territorialité urbaine et modernité; elle constitue surtout dans les études médiatiques sénégalaises, un effort important dans l'analyse de l'évolution de la presse du XIXe au XXe siècle. / This study explores the relationship between Medias, city and modernity. The corpus analysed is provided by newspapers and the ground of the research is the Senegalese city. These last years, most of academic studies carried on Senegalese Medias are mainly focused on political issues: human rights, democratic governance, and competitive elections whereas others deal with ICT or Internet issues. This doctoral research wants to find originality in approaching urban dynamics over time, using communication and information science tools. The premise of the study is that the city is the place where Medias are generated and this fact is to be considered in the rating of the urbanity of different types of media (radio, TV, newspapers, internet). This relationship began in the nineteenth century in the city of Saint-Louis, in a colonial context where the first newspapers were raised by the colonial power (France). The city planning led by the colonizer as a vector of modernization and domination, causes clashes with indigenous people. The city in its ability to produce new ways of life (urbanity), as demonstrated by Chicago School, has emerged as the emblem of modernity. In fact urban diversity induces three types of pluralism: urban, political and media pluralism that fit in complex with implications in information gathering and production. The media strive to get free from their original context of emergence and become a lieu of city and town planning. This is noticeable through the journalistic uses of the term modernity or through representations of urban space. The City and the Media can be considered as elements of a single body that significantly contribute in the adventure of modernity in Senegal. Concepts as spatiogenesis, urban semiosphere, and urban territoriality, are used to account for these phenomena. The Constructivism as a methodology is used to highlight the Media capacity of building the reality. The thesis provides theoretical tools for understanding the relationship between Communication and information Science, territoriality and urban modernity; it is most importantly an endeavour in the analysis of the press and media dynamics on one hand and a step up in Senegalese Media Studies from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries on the other.

Painéis MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) foram produzidos em laboratório, com diferentes densidades (550 a 750 kg/m3) e diferentes teores de resina (6; 8; 10; 12 e 14%), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito destes dois fatores,bem como sua interação, sobre o módulo de elasticidade e de ruptura, adesão interna, inchamento em espessura e absorção de água. Análises auxiliares foram realizadas, em especial do perfil de densidade e das dimensões das fibras. Todas as variáveis apresentaram correlação significativa com os fatores teor de resina e densidade, a interação só foi significativa a 1% com o inchamento em espessura. Modelos foram propostos para determinação das variáveis analisadas em função da densidade média e do teor de resina, tanto em percentagem como em valor absoluto. / MDF Panelboards of Pinus spp fibers were prepared in laboratorial scale, with a range of densities (550 - 750 kg/m3) and urea-formaldehyde resin content (6; 8; 10; 12 and 14 wt. %), with the purpose of evaluating their mechanical and physical properties. The effect of density and resin content and their interactions were analyzed based on panel mechanical and physical properties. Mechanical properties evaluated were modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond, while physical properties studied were thickness swelling and water absorption. Also the alterations on wood fiber length and the MDF panel density profile were determined. All the physical and mechanical properties of the MDF panel were significantly related to the resin content and density. The interaction were significant only, at a degree of 1%, with the thickness swelling. Models have been proposed to evaluate the physical and mechanical variables of the MDF panel as a function of the average density and resin content, as percentages as well as in absolute values.