Background: The urinary bladder requires a rich blood supply to maintain its functions, the storage and release of urine. Specialized properties of the bladder vasculature might be anticipated to ensure the integrity of this blood supply, because it is known that blood flow is reduced by distension during bladder filling. However, the bladder vasculature has been described in detail only at the gross level. A comprehensive, threedimensional view of the blood supply to the bladder wall is presented here. Methods: The microvasculature of the bladder of male New Zealand white rabbits was described using the combination of vascular corrosion casting, alkali digestion, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Following administration of an anticoagulant and an overdose of anesthetic, the abdominal aorta was cannulated just above the inferior mesenteric artery to permit flushing of the distal vasculature. The bladder vasculature was cleared of blood with buffered saline and then either perfuse‐fixed with buffered 2% glutaraldehyde and sectioned, or filled with “Mercox” resin to prepare vascular corrosion casts. Casts were cleaned with NaOH, formic acid, and water. In some cases fixed bladders were partially digested with NaOH to expose the mucosal capillary plexus. Results: The bladder is supplied with blood by single, left and right vesicular branches of the internal or external iliac arteries. The serpentine vesicular arteries extend along the lateral borders of the bladder from base to apex just deep to the serosal surface and send dorsal and ventral branches to supply the dorsal and ventral bladder walls. Veins accompany the arteries and exhibit numerous valves. A very dense complex of vessels at the apex of the bladder apparently serves to accommodate bladder distension. The muscularis and submucosa contains few vessels, but the mucosa is well vascularized. An especially dense capillary plexus is present in the lamina propria at its junction with the transitional epithelium. In the relaxed bladder these capillaries lie in grooves formed by the basal layers of the epithelium. The endothelial cells of these capillaries display few cytoplasmic vesicles and are continuous or fenestrated. These capillaries are often invested with pericytes. The mucosal capillary plexus may be associated with an epithelial transport function or may be necessary for urothelial metabolism or maintenance of the barrier function of the urothelium. Unusual capillary tufts, possibly associated with vascular lymphatic tissue, are found associated with the main vessels on the lateral walls in the basal half of the bladder. Conclusions: These methods present a clear, comprehensive, three‐dimensional view of the microvasculature of the bladder wall. They also identify several unique features of this vasculature and provide a basis for studies of the response of this vasculature to pathologic states and experimental manipulation.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24191号 / 医博第4885号 / 新制||医||1060(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 松村 由美, 教授 万代 昌紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Arsenic is a human carcinogen associated with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma and other cancers. Arsenic is also a strong comutagen and cocarcinogen. One possible mode of action for arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis is inhibition of DNA damage repair. In laboratory animals, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma has only been observed in dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)]-exposed F344 rats. The goal of the present studies was to investigate inhibition of DNA repair as a mode of action for arsenic carcinogenesis/ cocarcinogenesis in the urinary bladder. Methods were first developed to harvest only transitional cells, the target cell type of arsenic carcinogenesis, suitable for RNA extraction or for DNA damage detection by Comet assay. Morphological studies established that DMA(V) in drinking water at 40 ppm was cytotoxic to the urothelium of Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats, and mitochondria were targeted by DAM(V). To investigate whether DMA(V) decreases the expression of DNA repair genes, mRNA levels of DNA repair genes in transitional cells were next measured in F344 rats exposed to up to 100 ppm DMA(V) in drinking water for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels of Ataxia Telangectasia mutant (ATM), X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), excision repair cross-complementing group 3/Xeroderma Pigmentosum B (ERCC3/XPB), and DNA polymerase beta genes were not altered, as measured by real time RT PCR. These results suggested either that DMA(V) affects DNA repair without affecting the baseline expression of DNA repair genes or that DMA(V) does not affect DNA repair in the bladder. Arsenic effects on DNA repair were further investigated in F344 rats given 100 ppm DMA(V) or arsenate in drinking water for 1 week. DNA damage levels in transitional cells and micronuclei frequency (MN) in bone marrow were measured. Dimethylarsinic acid did not affect in vivo cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage, and neither DMA(V) nor arsenate inhibited in vitro repair of hydrogen peroxide- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, as measured by Comet assay. Neither DMA(V) nor arsenate increased MN or elevated in vivo cyclophosphamide-increased MN. These results suggest inhibition of DNA repair by arsenic, in the transitional epithelium, may not be a major mechanism responsible for carcinogensis/cocarcinogenesis in the bladder. / Ph. D.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels seeded with bone marrow cells (n = 6 adult horses) were cast using rat tail tendon ECM ± UBM, fixed under static tension and harvested at 7 and 21 days for construct contraction, cell viability, histology, biochemistry, and gene expression. By day 7, UBM constructs contracted significantly from baseline, whereas control constructs did not. Both control and UBM constructs contracted significantly by day 21. In both groups, cells remained viable over time and changed from round and randomly oriented to elongated along lines of tension with visible compaction of the ECM. There were no differences over time or between treatments for nuclear aspect ratio, DNA, or glycosaminoglycan content. Decorin, matrix metalloproteinase 13, and scleraxis expression increased significantly over time, but not in response to UBM treatment. Mohawk expression was constant over time. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein expression decreased over time in both groups. Using a novel ECM hydrogel model, substantial matrix organization and cell differentiation occurred; however, the addition of UBM failed to induce greater matrix organization than tendon ECM alone. / Master of Science / Tendon injuries are common in horses and are painful and can be career- and life-ending. Tendons have a special structure and organization that enables them to withstand high tensile forces without permanent deformation. Injured tendons heal by forming stiff, disorganized scar tissue that makes the tendon more prone to re-injury. The lining of urinary bladders from pigs (UBM) provides a physical mesh and signaling factors that help heal injuries in a variety of tissues to a more normal state. However, UBM has not been evaluated in a laboratory model of tendon tissue formation to determine how it can help heal tendon injuries. Three-dimensional models of new tendon tissue formation (neotendons) were made with rat tail tendon matrix and stem cells collected from horse bone marrow. The neotendons were placed under steady tension for 3 weeks. The models were collected after 1 and 3 weeks to measure their width, numbers of live cells, cell and matrix organization, levels of tendon matrix components and expression of genes found in tendons. Most cells in the neotendons remained alive during the study period. Over time, UBM-treated and untreated neotendons became narrower compared to their starting width. The width of UBM-treated neotendons decreased faster than non-treated neontendons in the first week of the study. Cells became longer, narrower, and oriented along lines of tension. Expression of genes important in tendon development and structure either increased or was constant over time. UBM treatment did not change cell shape or increase levels of tendon-associated genes, DNA, or tendon matrix components. Our novel tendon model successfully created organized tendon-like tissue when placed under tension. However, UBM treatment did not improve formation of tendon-like tissue to a greater extent than controls.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acuidade diagnóstica da Ressonância Magnética na determinação da invasão da camada muscular, no estadiamento das neoplasias vesicais malignas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, em uma mesma instituição, incluindo os pacientes com diagnóstico histológico comprovado de neoplasia vesical maligna e que tiveram exame de RM realizado com intervalo de até 4 meses em relação ao procedimento cirúrgico. Dois observadores, sem acesso às informações clínicas e anatomopatológicas, avaliaram as imagens de RM, inicialmente apenas T2 e em seguida apenas as imagens de difusão. Os resultados foram confrontados com achados histopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Trinta pacientes, sendo 4 mulheres (13,3%) e 26 homens (86,7%), com idade média de 63,9 anos (48-91 anos) foram analisados. O tamanho médio da lesões foi 4,3 cm +/- 2,9 cm. Em relação à morfologia das lesões, o observador 1 classificou 20 (66,7%) como papilares, 8 como planas (26,6%) e 2 como endofíticas (6,7%) e o observador 2, o 20 papilares (66,7%), 7 planas (23,3%) e 3 endofíticas (10,0%) Carcinoma urotelial foi o diagnóstico histológico de 29 lesões (96,7%) e um adenocarcinoma (3,3%). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, negativo e acuidade para o observador 1, foi de 92,9%, 62,5%, 68,4%, 90,9% e 76,7% e para o observador 2, 85,7%, 75%, 75,%, 85,1% e 80,0%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: As sequências ponderadas em T2 apresentaram uma tendência, em ambos os observadores, a superestimar a presença de invasão da musculatura detrusora vesical em pacientes com neoplasia de bexiga. As imagens por difusão apresentaram uma tendência de melhor acuidade diagnóstica para ambos os observadores / PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in the determination of invasion of the muscular layer, when staging malignant bladder neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-institution study, including patients with a proven histological diagnosis of malignant bladder neoplasia, who underwent MRI examination with an interval of up to 4 months in relation to the surgical procedure. Two observers, blinded to clinical and pathological data, assessed MR images, initially only T2, and then only the diffusion images. The results were confronted with histopathological findings. RESULTS: Thirty patients, 4 women (13.3%) and 26 men (86.7%), with a mean age of 63.9 years (48-91 years) were analyzed. The mean lesion size was 4.3 cm +/- 2.9 cm. For the morphology of the lesions, observer 1 classified 20 (66.7%) as papillary, 8 as flat (26.6%) and 2 as endophytic (6.7%) and observer 2, 20 papillary (66 7%), 7 flat (23.3%) and 3 endophytic (10.0%). Urothelial carcinoma was the histological diagnosis of 29 lesions (96.7%) and one was adenocarcinoma (3.3%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative and acuraccy for the observer 1 was 92.9%, 62.5%, 68.4%, 90.9% and 76.7%, and for the observer 2, 85.7%, 75.0%, 75.0%, 85.1% and 80.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The T2-weighted sequence showed a tendency, for both observers, to overestimate the presence of bladder detrusor muscle invasion in patients with bladder cancer. The DWI images showed a tendency to better diagnostic accuracy when compared to T2

O cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo é uma técnica terapêutica que vem sendo amplamente utilizada na prática urológica nos últimos trinta anos em pacientes com disfunção vesicoesfincteriana. Mesmo apresentando diversos benefícios, como: continência funcional, melhora da imagem corporal, diminuição do número de infecções do trato urinário, redução das complicações renais a longo prazo, promoção de um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida, é um procedimento que acarreta mudanças na vida dos pacientes e familiares e/ou cuidadores, podendo alterar sua qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores que interferem na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com disfunção vesicoesfincteriana em programa de cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo. Sessenta e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo e responderam um formulário com dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, o questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Não há relação entre tempo de cateterismo e gênero, faixa etária, anos de estudo, situação conjugal, renda familiar, etiologia da disfunção vesicoesfincteriana, comorbidades, locomoção, agente que executa o procedimento e continência nos intervalos do procedimento. Baixa escolaridade reflete negativamente na percepção de qualidade de vida (p=0,040). A qualidade de vida afeta negativamente o domínio psicológico tanto quando há coexistência de comorbidades (p=0,011) como na doença adquirida (p=0,020). Pacientes vítimas de trauma e doença adquirida têm o domínio relações sociais prejudicado (p=0,032), e pacientes com doença congênita apresentam melhores escores neste domínio. Pacientes cadeirantes apresentam transtornos no domínio físico em sua qualidade de vida (p=0,001). A dependência na realização do procedimento afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida nos domínios físico (p<0,001), psicológico (p=0,022) e na percepção de qualidade de vida (p=0,042). Infecções urinárias sintomáticas acarretam transtornos no domínio meio ambiente (p=0,029). 71,9% dos pacientes que reutilizam o cateter após o uso não relataram infecções urinárias sintomáticas múltiplas (p=0,006). Sintomas depressivos não estão associados a gênero, anos de estudo, renda familiar, etiologia da disfunção vesicoesfincteriana, tempo no programa de cateterismo, locomoção, agente que executa o procedimento, continência nos intervalos do cateterismo e frequência. Adultos de 41 a 60 anos apresentam mais sintomas depressivos do que idosos (p=0,038), assim como aqueles que vivem com companheiro(a) (p=0,014) e os que apresentam comorbidades (p=0,006). Pacientes com sintomas depressivos apresentam todos os domínios de qualidade de vida piores do que aqueles sem sintomas depressivos, principalmente no domínio psicológico (p<0,001), relações sociais (p=0,001) e na percepção de qualidade de vida (p=0,001). Na análise multivariada, encontrou-se que a presença de sintomas depressivos, a necessidade de um cuidador para a realização do cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo, o fato de ser incontinente e cadeirante, estar há mais tempo no programa e ter uma baixa renda familiar, são preditores de uma pior qualidade de vida. Entendemos que a avaliação das condições sociais e clínicas, além da presença de sintomas depressivos é importante e necessário para se assegurar uma adequada adesão ao tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes em programa de cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo / Clean intermittent catheterization is a therapeutic technique that has been widely used in urological practice in the past thirty years in patients with bladder dysfunction. Despite presenting a number of benefits as: functional continence, improved corporal image, decreased level of urinary tract infections, reduction of renal complications in the long term, promotion of a positive tracks impact on quality of life, it is a procedure that entails changes in the lives of patients, family members and/or caretakers and it may impair his/her quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify factors that affect quality of life of patients with bladder dysfunction on program of clean intermittent catheterization. Sixty-six patients included in this study fulfilled a social-demographic and clinical form, and they answered questionnaires on quality of life WHOQOL-bref and Beck Depression Inventory. There is no relationship among time of catheterization, gender, age range, years of study, marital status, income family, etiology of bladder dysfunction, clinical illness, and locomotion, agent that performs the procedure and the intervals of continence procedure. Low education reflects negatively on the perception of quality of life (p=0.040). The quality of life negatively affects both the psychological domain well when there is clinical illness coexistence (p=0.011) as the disease acquired (p=0.020). Patients suffering from trauma and disease acquired have the social relationship domain harmed (p=0.032), and patients with congenital disease present the best scores in this domain. Wheelchair patients have disorders in the physical domain in their quality of life (p=0.001). The accomplishments dependence on the procedure negatively affects his/her quality of life in physical (p<0.001) and psychological domains (p=0.022) and perception of quality of life (p=0.042). Symptomatic urinary infections lead to disorders in environment domain (p=0.029). 71.9% of patients after using the catheter did not present a multiple symptomatic urinary infection (p=0.006). Depressive symptoms are not associated to gender, years of study, income family, etiology of bladder dysfunction, time in program of clean intermittent catheterization, locomotion, agent that performs the procedure, continence in intervals of the catheterization and frequency. Adults 41 to 60 years have more depressives symptoms than elders (p=0.038), just as those living with a partner (p=0.014) and those with clinical illness (p=0.006). Patients with depressive symptoms have all domains of quality of life worse than those who do not have depressive symptoms, mainly in the psychological domain (p<0.001), social relationships (p=0.001) and perception of quality of life (p=0.001). The multivariate analysis the presence of depressive symptoms, a caretaker\'s need for the accomplishment of the clean intermittent catheterization, the fact of being incontinent and wheelchair patients, to be there is more time in the program and to have a low family income, they are predictors of a worse life quality. It is believable that the evaluation of social and clinical conditions, besides the presence of depressive symptoms, is important and necessary to assure an appropriate adhesion to the treatment and patients\' attendance in program of clean intermittent catheterization

Introdução: A disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior (DNTUI) é comum, tendo como causa diversas doenças neurológicas e se apresentando de maneira diversa e heterogênea. O tratamento da DNTUI pode incluir medicamentos, utilização de toxina botulínica intravesical e tratamento cirúrgico. A cirurgia de ampliação vesical é uma alternativa consagrada, usada principalmente no caso de bexigas fibrosadas ou em pacientes refratários ao tratamento conservador ou minimamente invasivo. Os mecanismos que levam à progressão da fibrose vesical e à refratariedade aos tratamentos conservadores nessa população de pacientes não são bem conhecidos. Objetivos: Avaliar a expressão gênica dos fatores relacionados à hipóxia e fibrose nos pacientes com DNTUI e correlacionar o padrão de expressão gênica com as características urodinâmicas dos pacientes estudados. Métodos: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 17 pacientes com DNTUI que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ampliação vesical pelo Departamento de Urologia do HCFMUSP. Os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com os sintomas clínicos, exames laboratoriais e avaliação urodinâmica completa. Durante a cirurgia foi obtido um fragmento vesical interessando todas as camadas da bexiga para análise de expressão gênica com utilização de qRT-PCR de MMP-1, TIMP-1, HIF1alfa, HIF2alfa, HIF3alfa, iNOS, eNOS, VEGF e CTGF. Amostras vesicais de 9 doadores cadavéricos foram utilizados como controles. Resultados: A média dos pacientes estudados foi de 37,5 anos, com complacência vesical variando entre 3,8 e 50 ml/cmH20, com média de 11,16ml/cmH20. Os pacientes apresentaram superexpressão estatisticamente significativa de TIMP-1 e HIF3alfa e subexpressão estatisticamente significativa de MMP-1. A expressão gênica de HIF1alfa e HIF2alfa também apresentou uma tendência à superexpressão, apesar de não ser estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,14 e p = 0,11). Os outros genes avaliados foram expressos de forma heterogênea. Conclusão: Em pacientes com DNTUI associados a fibrose vesical e/ou refratariedade ao tratamento conservador, que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ampliação vesical, os fatores relacionados ao aumento da deposição da matriz extracelular e à hipóxia parecem ser relevantes na progressão da disfunção vesical. Esse achados são compatíveis com estudos em modelos animais de obstrução infravesical e hipóxia e reforçam a necessidade de estudos complementares para o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da progressão da disfunção vesical na DNTUI / Introduction: The neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is a common complication of a variety of neurological diseases and can present itself in a diverse and heterogeneous way. NLUTD can be treated with anticholinergic or alfa3 agonists drugs, intravesical botulinum toxin and/or surgical treatment. The bladder augmentation surgery is a classic alternative, used mainly in cases of fibrotic bladders or in patients with refractory symptoms with conservative treatment. The mechanisms that lead to the progression of bladder fibrosis and to conservative treatments failure are not well known. Objectives: To evaluate the expression of fibrosis and hypoxia related genes in patients with NLTUD and correlate the pattern of gene expression with urodynamic data of the population studied. Methods: We analyzed bladder specimens of 17 patients with NLUTD undergoing bladder augmentation surgery due to bladder fibrosis or conservative treatment failure. Urodynamic tests were performed in all patients. A bladder fragment was obtained during surgery for relative gene epression with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of MMP-1, TIMP-1, HIF1alfa, HIF2alfa, HIF3alfa, iNOS, eNOS, VEGF e CTGF. 9 cadaveric organ donors composed the control group. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.5 years. Bladder compliance ranged form 3,8 to 50 ml/cmH20, with a mean of 11,16 ml/cmH20. Patients undergoing bladder augmentation surgery presented a statistically significant overexpression of TIMP-1 and HIF3alfa. MMP-1 was statistically significant underexpressed. The gene expression of HIF1alfa and HIF2alfa also showed a tendency to overexpression, although it was not statistically significant (p = 0,14 and p = 0,11). The other genes were expressed heterogenously. Discussion: In patients with NLUTD associated with bladder fibrosis and/or failure to conservative treatment, the gene expression of factors related to increased extracellular matrix deposition and hypoxia appears to be relevant in the progression of bladder dysfunction. These findings are comparable with studies in animal models of bladder oulet obstrucion and hypoxia and reinforces the need for complentary studies to better understand the pathophysiology of the progression of bladder dysfunction in the NLTUD

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação da Qualidade de Vida tem se destacado de modo crescente em pesquisas clínicas de pacientes com transplante renal. O WHOQOLAbreviado é um dos instrumentos usados para avaliar a Qualidade de Vida em várias populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a Qualidade de Vida nos pacientes transplantados renais submetidos à ampliação vesical e transplantados renais utilizando o WHOQOL-Abreviado e verificar a co-interferência de outros fatores sua Qualidade de Vida desses grupos. MÉTODOS: este é um estudo caso-controle e foi realizado na Unidade de Transplante Renal da Divisão de Clínica Urológica do Instituto Central da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, de julho a novembro de 2007. Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes transplantados renais submetidos à Ampliação Vesical entre 1972 e 2004 com enxerto funcionante (Grupo Caso) e seus respectivos pares (Grupo Controle). Participaram 15 pacientes no Grupo Caso e 27 no Grupo Controle. Através do prontuário médico e de uma ficha de caracterização foram coletados os dados demográficos, sociais e econômicos. A Qualidade de Vida foi avaliada apenas uma vez durante a entrevista com a pesquisadora. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram muito semelhantes entre si na maioria das variáveis analisadas. No Grupo Caso observou-se menor renda pessoal (p=0,013) e menor IMC (p=0,022). A avaliação da Qualidade de Vida foi semelhante em quase todos os domínios do WHOQOLAbreviado, a única diferença ocorreu no Domínio Relações Sociais, onde o Grupo Caso teve um escore menor que o Grupo Controle (p=0,058). Houve uma integração significativa entre o Domínio Relações Sociais e a faceta suporte (apoio) social (r=0,703; p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A Qualidade de Vida foi muito semelhante entre os dois grupos de transplantados renais. O Grupo Caso apresentou menor resultado no Domínio Relações Sociais, sendo que esse resultado parece estar diretamente ligado à particularidade da patologia urológica do grupo / The evaluation of health-related Quality of Life is fundamental when searching for better treatment in renal transplantation. The WHOQOL-Bref is used questionnaire to assessment for many population. The purpose of this study was evaluated and compared the Quality of Life of renal transplant patients with bladder augmentation using WHOQOL-Bref and check the co-interference of other factors their Quality of Life of these groups. METHODS: This is case-control study, performed in a Unit of Renal Transplant of the Division of Urology of the Central Institute of the Hospital of the Clinics of the College of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. Were included in the study all patients of the renal transplant with bladder augmentation between 1972 and 2004 with functioning graft (Case Group) and their peers (Control Group). Fifteen Case Group and 27 Control Group patients were enrolled. Through the medical records and a form of characterization data were collected demographic, social and economic. The Quality of Life was assessed once an interview with one of the authors. RESULTS: Both groups were very similar in most of the analyzed domains. In Case Group if it was observed lower personal income (p = 0,013) and lower BMI (p = 0,022). The assessment of Quality of Life was similar in almost all areas of WHOQOL-Bref, the only difference occurred in Social Relations Domains, where the Case Group if had a score lower than the Control Group (p=0,058). There was a significant integration between the Social Relations Domains facet support social (r = 0,703 and p = 0,004). CONCLUSION: The Quality of Life was very similar between the two groups of renal transplant. The Case Group presented result in lower Social Relations Domains, and that outcome appears to be directly connected to the peculiarity of urological pathology of the group

A telenfermagem é a utilização dos recursos tecnológicos e dos sistemas de comunicação em prol do desenvolvimento da enfermagem. Vários países utilizam a telenfermagem na gestão de cuidados de saúde com resultados positivos. Na Enfermagem brasileira este é um campo a ser explorado, assim o objetivo desse trabalho foi de desenvolver estratégias de telenfermagem no atendimento a pacientes com bexiga neurogênica, usuários de cateterismo urinário intermitente limpo, atendidos em um centro de reabilitação de um hospital universitário. O estudo foi realizado em 3 etapas: etapa 1 - revisão integrativa da literatura para investigar na literatura a aplicação da telenfermagem; etapa 2 - elaboração e validação do protótipo de manual de telenfermagem para subsidiar o enfermeiro na implantação da intervenção de telenfermagem no atendimento ao paciente com bexiga neurogênica, usuário de cateterismo urinário intermitente limpo; etapa 3: estudo piloto sobre a implantação de intervenção de telenfermagem no atendimento ao paciente em uso de cateterismo urinário intermitente limpo. O manual de telenfermagem foi construído procurando contextualizar a telenfermagem no Brasil e no exterior, com seleção da teoria de Orem para direcionar o teleatendimento ao paciente, e um referencial sobre os cuidados para a realização de um teleatendimento. Descrição de recursos tecnológicos disponíveis que podem ser utilizados no teleatendimento, além de informações sobre os cuidados de saúde ao paciente com bexiga neurogênica e na realização do cateterismo urinário intermitente limpo. O manual foi validado em aparência e conteúdo por peritos com auxílio de um instrumento de avaliação. A intervenção de telenfermagem mostrou resultados importantes como forma de implementação do tratamento de saúde tradicional ao paciente, bem como evidenciou barreiras que precisam ser superadas para que esse tipo de atendimento seja realizado, como uma pesquisa efetiva com possibilidades de implementação posterior ao serviço de saúde. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva (frequência e porcentagem) com auxílio do programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), versão 15.0. O nível de concordância entre os peritos foi considerado de 70% para cada aspecto do instrumento utilizado / Telenursing is the use of technological resources and communication systems for the development of nursing. A great number of countries employ telenursing on healthcare management with positive results, however, it is a field yet to be explored in Brazilian nursing. The aim of this study was to develop telenursing strategies in the care to patients with neurogenic bladder, users of clean intermittent urinary catheterization, treated in a university hospital rehabilitation center. The study was carried out in 3 stages: stage 1 - integrative literature review to research the application of telenursing; stage 2 - development and validation of a telenursing booklet prototype to support nurses in implementing telenursing intervention on care to patients with neurogenic bladder, users of clean intermittent urinary catheterization; stage 3 - pilot study on the application of telenursing intervention in care to patients using clean intermittent urinary catheterization. The telenursing booklet was developed to contextualize telenursing in Brazil and abroad, selecting Orem\'s theory to guide the telecare to the patient and a framework about the care needed to carry out telecare. Description of available technological resources that can be used in telecare, as well as information about healthcare to patients with neurogenic bladder and in the procedure of clean intermittent urinary catheterization. The booklet underwent face and content validation by experts with aid from an assessment instrument. Telenursing intervention showed important results as a way to implement the traditional health treatment to the patient, also pointing out barriers that must be overcome in order to perform this kind of treatment, such as an effective research with possibilities of subsequent implementation at the health service. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software version 15.0. The level of concordance considered among the experts was of 70% for each aspect of the used instrument

INTRODUÇÃO: Bexiga neurogênica (BN) é um distúrbio da função vesical que pode causar danos renais irreversíveis. O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento visam proteger a função renal e promover a independência do portador de BN. Já os biomarcadores urinários NGF e BDNF tem desempenhado um papel fundamental no tratamento e na avaliação clínica desses pacientes. Devido as limitações da própria patologia, como as alterações físicas e dificuldades sociais que prejudicam o aspecto emocional, crianças e adolescentes portadores de BN tendem a ter a qualidade de vida (QV) prejudicada em relação a outras crianças. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a QV entre os participantes do grupo Bexiga Neurogênica (G1) e o grupo Controle (G2) e analisar as concentrações dos biomarcadores NGF e BDNF entre os grupos. METODOLOGIA: Avaliamos 168 pessoas sendo 84 pacientes com idade entre 0 e 16 anos que são acompanhadas no Ambulatório de Urologia do HC-FMUSP e 84 responsáveis. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos sendo o G1 composto por 44 pacientes e seus responsáveis; e o G2 com 40 pacientes sem diagnóstico de BN e seus responsáveis. Os participantes da pesquisa responderam ao questionário validado PedsQLTM e um questionário socioeconômico. Foram coletadas 84 amostras de urina para análise dos biomarcadores NGF e BDNF. Os dados dos questionários após organização em planilhas de excel, foram enviados para análise estatística e as amostras de urina foram analisadas pelo teste ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Para análise estatística dos dados foi realizado o Teste T - Student e Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Encontramos a mãe sendo a principal acompanhante durante as entrevistas, predominando o estado civil casada e com mais de 2 filhos sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. A renda familiar concentrou-se entre 1 e 3 salários mínimos, não tendo diferença entre os grupos. Quanto a escolaridade das crianças, a maioria estuda (77,3 do G1 e 97,5 do G2), e o nível de escolaridade predominante é o primário incompleto. O início do acompanhamento com urologista foi mais precoce no G1 (p=0,005). Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na altura (p=0,02), peso (p=0,008), incontinência miccional (p=0,002) e intestinal (p=0,005) e no uso de medicamentos (p=0,018). O CIL foi encontrado apenas no G1 e o tipo de BN mais prevalente foi a hiperativa. Na análise estatística das respostas ao questionário PedsQLTM demonstrou que no grupo G1 os aspectos físico, social e escolar tiveram diferença significativa (p < 0,0001) em relação ao G2. Já nas amostras de urina não houve diferença significativa na concentração das proteínas NGF e BDNF entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que a QV dos portadores de BN e sua família é afetada em relação a pacientes com diagnóstico de outras patologias urológicas e a aplicação do questionário PedsQL confirmou ser eficiente apontando semelhança nos resultados de diferentes trabalhos de QV que utilizaram outros instrumentos de avaliação. Já em relação a concentração dos biomarcadores, não encontrou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos. Pesquisas futuras em crianças com BN poderão verificar a relação entre os biomarcadores e os tratamentos utilizados / INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder (NB) is a disorder of bladder function which can cause irreversible kidney damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are intended to protect kidney function and promote the NB carrier independence. As for the urinary biomarkers NGF and BDNF has played a key role in the treatment and clinical evaluation of these patients. Because of the limitations of the disease, such as physical changes and social problems that undermine the emotional aspect, children and adolescents with NB tend to have impaired QoL in relation to other children without this anomaly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life among the members of the group Neurogenic Bladder (G1) and the control group (G2) and analyze the concentrations of NGF and BDNF biomarkers between groups. METHODS: 170 people participated in the study and 85 patients aged 0 to 16 who are accompanied in the Urology Clinic of HC-FMUSP and 85 guardians. These patients were divided into two groups G1 is composed of 44 patients and 44 surrogates; and G2 with 41 patients without a diagnosis of BN and 41 guardians. The participants answered the questionnaire validated PedsQLTM and socioeconomic questionnaire. They collected 85 urine samples of children and adolescents participating in the study for analysis of NGF and BDNF biomarkers. Questionnaire data were organized in spreadsheets and urine samples were analyzed by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analysis was performed Student\'s t-test and Mann-Whitney Test. OUTCOME: We found the mother is the primary caregiver during the interviews, predominating the married marital status and with more than 2 children with no significant difference between groups. Family income is concentrated between 1 and 3 minimum wages, with no difference between groups. Most of children are attending to school (77.3 G1 and 97.5 G2) and the incomplete primary level of education are majoritary. The beginning of the follow-up with urologist was earlier in G1 (p = 0.005). There was a significant difference between the groups in height (p = 0.02), weight (p = 0.008), urinary incontinence (p = 0.002) and bowel (p = 0.005) and the use of medications (p = 0.018). The CIL was found only in G1 and the most prevalent type of BN was overactive. Statistical analysis of the responses to the questionnaire demonstrated that PedsQLTM in G1 physical, social and educational aspects had significant difference (p < 0.0001) compared to G2. However, in urine samples there was no significant difference in the concentration of NGF and BDNF proteins between groups. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the QOL of patients with BN and your family is affected compared to patients with other urological diseases. The application of PedsQL questionnaire confirmed to be efficient and it points similarity in the results of different QOL studies using other instruments evaluation. Regarding the concentration of NGF and BDNF, it wasn´t found a significant difference between the groups. Therefore, further research can verify the relationship to the biomarkers and applied treatment in children with NB