Joakim Schyman, 2009. Den gotländska vikingatida bebyggelsens rumsliga placering ilandskapet - En empirisk detaljstudie av Hemse socken (The spacial distribution of the VikingAge settlements on Gotland – An emperical study of remains from Hemse Parish.) This essay investigates whether a relation between Viking age graves and Viking agesettlements in Hemse parish can be found. This was done by using database information onViking age findings, such as silver hoards, phosphate levels and location of graves in Hemseparish. Literature and maps were also used. Earlier research shows that the Viking agesettlements can be found by silver hoards and relatively high phosphate levels. This essay'sanalysis verifies this. The analysis also shows the possibility of a prehistoric court leet locatedin the center of Hemse parish. The Viking age graves are located close to the possible courtleet, along the ridge running through the parish. These graves are seen as a grave fieldcommonly used by all the settlements in the parish. Findings close to the settlements showthat inhabitants also buried their dead close to their settlements as a marking of territory. Thisgives us a complex picture of the connection between the habitants and their burials duringthis period.

This thesis examines the political functions of the performance of skaldic poetry during the Viking Age. It aims to establish the vital role that skaldic verse plays in the establishment and maintenance of power, as well as the importance of skaldic performance in the negotiation of that power in the inter-community relations between various courts both within and outside of Viking Age Scandinavia. The first chapter provides a contextual understanding of Viking Age power structures by considering the central ideological constructs surrounding the concept of óðal (ancestral property). Óðal-derived power, it will be shown, is based on ruler-presence (which extends to ancestral presence) in the landscape, which is perceived as a crucial element in the legitimisation of authority and power. My second chapter will consider the political significance of skaldic performance within the context of ruler itinerancy, which develops in response to political practices based on the importance of óðal-derived legitimacy. Of particular importance in this respect, will be the use of 'presencing' proper- and praise-names in skaldic poetry that effect both spatial and temporal itinerancies in a highly distributable format. My third chapter will establish the representational features of skaldic performance and elaborate on the definition of Performance not only as action (in the Austinian sense), but also as a type of action that is defined by its artifice, its temporal continuity and its emergent dialogism. This will provide the theoretical context for my fourth and final chapter which will aim to examine the employment of skaldic Performance in Viking Age diplomatic praxes. Here the phenomenologically perceived 'binding' of the Self through the dialogic rhythmicity that arises out of skaldic ambiguity and crypticism will be of central importance.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-25T16:57:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Birro, Renan-Dissert-2013.pdf: 3670709 bytes, checksum: 4d591521c20672aebc47b8cbf08a3702 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-25T16:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Birro, Renan-Dissert-2013.pdf: 3670709 bytes, checksum: 4d591521c20672aebc47b8cbf08a3702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A pesquisa de mestrado intitulada Rex perpetuus norvegiæ: a sacralidade dos reis noruegueses e a santificação de Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995-1030) à luz da literatura nórdica latina e vernacular (sécs. XI-XII) é um inquérito sobre as diferentes tradições de sacralidade régia na Noruega durante a Era Viking e a Escandinávia Medieval, sobre a santificação do viking, rei, mártir e santo norueguês Óláfr Haraldsson, além da utilização de sua imagem como padroeiro do reino para consolidar a monarquia, a Igreja da Noruega e a recepção da biografia sagrada do santo norueguês por parte dos fieis. Óláfr Haraldsson (c.995-1030) viveu como viking durante alguns anos. Em 1015 ele retornou à Noruega para reclamar o trono após ser batizado em Rouen. A grande tarefa deste rei foi consolidar a conversão de seu povo ao cristianismo, tarefa que cumpriu à maneira de Carlos Magno: conversões forçadas e destruição de objetos e espaços de veneração pagãos. Ele foi banido do reino após a derrota na Batalha de Helgeå (1026). Após como proscrito, ele retornou em 1030, mas foi morto na Batalha de Stiklestaðir (1030). O rei morto transformou-se num objeto de veneração pouco após a sua morte, e um ano após a derradeira batalha, seu corpo foi transladado das cercanias de Nidaróss para o seio dessa cidade, que ficava na região onde este rei encontrava o maior número de seus detratores. Há indícios de peregrinações em massa para o seu santuário, e os inimigos do controle dinamarquês sobre a Noruega viram em Óláfr a possibilidade de se fortalecer, assim como a Igreja local, que tentava se unir a monarquia para ganhar forças e sobreviver num território recém-convertido à fé cristã. Seus sucessores empenharam- se em utilizar o rei-mártir para fortalecer seu poder político no reino. Entrementes, elementos da antiga sacralidade régia pagã foram reaproveitados, como o hamingja (“sorte”), além da incorporação da sacralidade régia cristã e do monarca defunto como padroeiro do reino e rei perpétuo da Noruega. O modelo inicial da biografia sagrada do santo seguia o padrão anglo-saxão de reis mártires, embora tenha sofrido influências da cultura local e respondido aos anseios da comunidade. / The master’s research entitled Rex perpetuus Norvegiae: the sacred kingship in the Norwegian monarchy and the sanctification of Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995 – 1030) in the light of latin and vernacular literature (11th and 12th centuries) is an inquiry on the different traditions of sacred kingship in Norway during Viking Age and Medieval Scandinavia, on the sanctification of the Viking, king, martyr and Norwegian saint Óláfr Haraldsson, and the use of his image as patron saint of the kingdom to consolidate the monarchy, the Norwegian church and the reception of the sacred biography by the faithful. Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995-1030) lived as a Viking during some years. At 1015 he come back to Norway to claim the throne after his baptism in Rouen. The main task of this king was the conversion of his people to the christianism. He did it with forced conversions and destruction of temples and sacred pagan objects. He was banned of the kingdom after his defeat at the Battle of Helgeã (1026). The dead king became quickly in an object of veneration after their death, and one year late, his body was translated from the vicinity of Nidaróss for this town, place where his main opponents lived. There are indications of massive pilgrimage to his shrine, and some powerful Norwegian nobles utilized Óláfr as a tool to improve the Norwegian opposition and the local church. The church, by turn, united with the monarchy, wanted to strengthen the Christianism at the kingdom. The rulers after Óláfr utilized him to improve their political power in the kingdom. The rulers after Óláfr utilized him to improve their political power in the kingdom. Meanwhile, elements of the pagan sacred kingship were reused, as the hamingja (“luck”). At the same time, the Christian sacred kingship and the dead king were utilized in the same purposes, and the last became the patron saint and the everlasting king of Norway. The initial model of sacred biography of Óláfr followed the anglo-saxon pattern of martyr kings, but he suffered influences from local culture and from the needs of faithful community.

The purpose of this thesis is to perform a gender study focusing on Viking Age weapon graves. A female weapon burial, a male weapon burial and a female burial are studied in this thesis. It is necessary first to discuss the meaning of a weapon burial. Thereafter the thesis will discuss if it is possible to find any differences in the gender interpretation of weapon burials belonging to men and females. The weapon graves will also be interpreted in relation to a female burial. The research history is primarily based on Conkey & Spector’s (1984) article regarding archaeological androcentrism. The result of the thesis states that a weapon burial must consist of at least one of following weapons: sword, shield, spear, axe, horse equipment or arrowheads. The results also state that the interpretation of a weapon burial depends on the sexual identity of the buried individual. It is easier to state that the buried individual is a warrior if the individual is assumed to be a male. It is also possible to see differences regarding male and female burials in general where the interpretation of rich female graves is questioned due to the absence of a man in the grave. The graves are still interpreted in traditional gender roles, where the gender roles are based on the grave goods.

Sportmarknaden har växt kraftigt under en längre period och är nu en viktig industri där allt fler aktörer konkurrerar om individers åtråvärda tid. Således har marknaden blivit betydligt mer kommersiell och ett sätt att undvika denna konkurrens är att skapa en ny sport. I denna studie kommer etableringen av en ny rekreationssport undersökas samt hur internationaliseringsprocessen ser ut. Tidigare forskning har behandlat professionell sport men saknar studier som riktar sig mot rekreationssporter. För att bidra till forskningen om rekreationssport har denna studie testat applicerbarheten av teorierna Blue Ocean Strategy och Uppsalamodellen i syfte att ta reda på hur en sport grundas, vilka fördelar man har som first mover, hur man försvarar sig samt hur expansion till internationella marknader går till. Detta har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där grundarna av två svenska företag som driver rekreationssporter, ÖTILLÖ och Tough Viking, har intervjuats. Empirin visar att grundandet av en sport kräver stor passion, viljan att testa något nytt och en hybrid som gör sporter enklare och mer tillgängliga. Efter grundandet har first movern fördelen att sätta standarden i form av regler, välja de bästa platserna för eventet samt att företaget associeras med sporten. Den tydligaste strategin för att försvara sig är att företaget agerar likt ett förbund i syfte att avväpna nya aktörer och i den processen samtidigt få sporten att växa. Internationalisering av företagen sker för att sprida sporten och många sportspecifika faktorer styr valet av marknad vilket skiljer sig från Uppsalamodellen. / The sports market has grown strongly over a longer period of time and is now an important industry where more and more actors are competing for individuals' desirable time. Thus, the market has become significantly more commercial and one way to avoid this competition is to create a new sport. In this study, the establishment of a new recreational sport will be examined and what the internationalization process looks like. Previous research has dealt with professional sports but lacks studies aimed at recreational sports. To contribute to research on recreational sports, this study has tested the applicability of the theories Blue Ocean Strategy and the Uppsala model in order to find out how a sport is founded, what advantages you have as a first mover, how to defend yourself and how to expand to international markets. This has been done with a qualitative method where the founders of two Swedish companies that run recreational sports, ÖTILLÖ and Tough Viking, have been interviewed. The empirical presentation shows that founding a sport requires great passion, the desire to try something new and a hybrid that makes sports easier and more accessible. After the founding, a first mover has the advantage of setting the standard in the form of rules, choosing the best venues for the event and that the company is associated with the sport. The most distinct strategy for defending itself is that the company acts like a sport federation in order to disarm new actors and in the same process make the sport grow. Internationalization of companies takes place to spread the sport and many sport-specific factors dictate the choice of market, which differs from the Uppsala model.

The study has focused on the marketing strategy for the tourism cruises in the Baltic Sea,specifically Viking Line Sweden and Tallink Silja’s Sweden. The purpose of the study is tosee their marketing strategy on the social media platforms TikTok and Instagram and howtheir users interact with their posts. Four interviews were applied with people who areinvolved in marketing at Viking Line Sweden and Tallink Silja Sweden, and the study applied29 interviews with travelers who actively chose to travel with the shipping companies. Thestudy has also applied a passive netnography of 200 posts evenly distributed between theshipping companies to see how social media users integrate with their content. This was lateranalyzed by using thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that an implementationof a marketing strategy is used to increase the shipping companies' branding and that posts onsocial media in the form of ship images and behind the scenes provide the most interactionwith users. / I denna studie har marknadsföringsstrategier av kryssningsturism på Östersjön, specifiktViking Line Sverige och Tallink Silja Sveriges, studerats. Syftet med studien är att se till deras marknadsföringsstrategi på sociala medieplattformarna TikTok och Instagram samt hur dess användare interagerar med deras inlägg. I studien tillämpades fyra intervjuer med personer som är verkställda inom marknadsföring på Viking Line Sverige och Tallink Silja Sverige samt tillämpat 29 intervjuer med resenärer som aktivt valt att resa med rederierna.Studien har även tillämpat en passiv netnografi på 200 inlägg jämnt fördelat mellan rederierna för att se hur sociala medieanvändare integrerar med deras innehåll. Detta analyserades senare med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet av studien visade att en implementering av en marknadsföringsstrategi används för att öka rederiernas varumärkesbyggande samt att inlägg på sociala medier i form av fartygsbilder och bakom kulisserna ger mest interaktion hos användarna.

Hantering och generering av avfall är stora bidragande faktorer till den moderna tidens globala klimatförändringar och det tydliggjorts att företag besitter en viktig roll i miljömässig hållbarhet. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka Viking Lines avfallshanteringssystem, samt att identifiera och kartlägga vätske- och restavfallsströmmar i samband med dagliga aktiviteter ombord. Detta för att identifiera potentiella förbättringsområden och möjligheter att spara både utsläpp och ekonomiska resurser. Slutligen, att ge rekommendationer med målet att Viking Line ska klättra i avfallshierarkin. Denna rapport bygger på en litteraturstudie, interna dokument från ansvariga på Viking Line, samt på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fokus på företagets avfallshanteringssystem. Undersökningen, som ligger till grund för denna studie, genomfördes med hjälp av data som samlats in från fartyget vid namn Cinderella. Granskning påvisade att brännbart avfall, wellpapp, färgade glasförpackningar, klarglasförpackninga, deponi (osorterat underhållsavfall) och fragskrot var de sex största avfallsströmmarna, under 2019 och 2022. Vid undersökning av avfallsgenereringen från samtliga fartyg och motsvarande behandling, fann man att energiåtervinning var den vanligaste behandlingsmetoden för restavfall, vilket resulterade i ett poängvärde på 395 av 1000 vid tillämpning av ett poängsystem relaterat till avfallshierarkin.  Låg sorteringsgrad förhindrar ökad återvinning och därmed också en förflyttning mot toppen av avfallshierarkin. Det visade sig att passagerarna endast hade en begränsad eller icke existerande möjlighet att sortera avfall ombord. Tidigare försök i att öka sorteringsgraden bland passagerare har misslyckats och en möjlig förklaring till detta är brist på motiv, förståelse samt medvetenhet för syftet av sortering. För att öka medvetenheten är rekommendationen att utbilda i ämnet avfallshantering, visualisera de positiva effekterna av sortering och möjliggöra sortering genom att tillhandahålla tydliga instruktioner och god tillgänglighet av sorteringsstationer. Viking Line skulle också kunna undersöka innovativ teknik, design och hållbara material tillsammans med leverantörer och intressenter för att minska genereringen av avfall. / Waste management and waste generation are large contributors to global climate change and in modern times it has become evident that corporations play an important role in environmental sustainability. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate Viking Line’s waste management system and to identify liquid and residual waste streams associated with daily activities onboard. With the aim of identifying potential areas of improvement and opportunities to save both emissions and monetary resources. Finally, to give recommendations with the goal of enabling Viking Line to climb the waste hierarchy. This report is based upon a literature review, internal documents provided by responsible at Viking Line and on semi-structured interviews with focus on their waste management system. Investigation took place using data collected from their vessel named Cinderella. Through examination, it was found that combustible waste, corrugated cardboard, coloured glass packaging, clear glass packaging, landfill (unsorted mainteance waste) and frag scrap were the six largest waste streams, during 2019 and 2022. When investigating the waste generation from all vessels and corresponding treatment, it was found that energy recovery was the most common treatment method of residual waste, resulting in a scoring value of 395 out of 1000 when applying the waste hierarchy scoring system. Low degree of sorting is prohibiting increased recycling and a move towards the top of the waste hierarchy. It was found that the passengers have little to no opportunity to sort waste onboard. Previous attempts at trying to increase sorting among passengers were unsuccessful and one possible explanation is lack of motive, understanding and awareness for the purpose of sorting. To increase awareness, the recommendation is to educate on the topic of waste management, visualize the positive impacts from sorting and enable sorting by providing clear instructions and availability. Viking Line could also investigate innovative technology, design and sustainable materials with their suppliers and stakeholders to reduce waste generation.

This paper deals with iron objects found in the 2015 excavation in Birkas Black Earth harbour on the Island of Björkö, in Adelsö parish. The purpose is to through EDTA -conservation and x-rays identify which objects they derived from, and how they can be linked to activities associated with a harbour environment.

In this paper, I discuss layer 23 from the 2015 excavation at the harbor in the black earth, Birka, through identification and conservation of a number of iron objects from this specific layer. These objects are in many cases broken and worn out, which indicates that they have been thrown away on purpose. Traces of bone and charcoal in the layer supports the idea that the harbor has been a place where people left their waste. Many of these excavated objects can be related to craftsmanship and/or the ships gear.

Abstract: This essay is a comparative study conducted on several iron staffs and a few staffs made of wood believed to be either roasting spits, measurement rods or staffs of sorcery. The aim of the study is to distinguish if all the staffs can be perceived as staffs of sorcery or which of them should not be considered as such. Also if there is a standard type of staffs of sorcery. Furthermore the study will also contain the question, if the ritual specialization of “volur” could be a role in which an ordinary matron would be able to perform as. Another question is if the Sami shamanism share features with the Nordic ritual of “seidr”, if so, is there reason to believe the staffs also might share features with shamanism.