En proposant une étude comparée de l’esclave ludificator dans la comédie romaine antique et du valet vedette dans la comédie en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, ce travail entend rendre compte de la valeur proprement spectaculaire de la convention théâtrale ancienne du serviteur maître du jeu. À la notion de jeu, entendue à la fois comme l’ensemble des facéties du serviteur et comme une modalité de l’activité théâtrale, nous articulerons donc la notion de maîtrise, envisagée aussi bien du point de vue fictionnel du serviteur que du point de vue extra-fictionnel du comédien. La première partie de l’étude fera d’abord apparaître la structuration du rôle de comédie romaine en séquences spectaculaires, en identifiant l’esclave maître du jeu ou ludificator à la combinaison de certaines de ces séquences, puis proposera une interprétation de la convention comique du seruus ludificator comme figuration valorisante de l’activité théâtrale et de l’événement rituel des Jeux. Elle examinera ensuite les diverses variations de cette convention dans les vingt-six comédies du corpus romain. La seconde partie de ce travail, tout en montrant l’importance du modèle romain dans l’élaboration du genre comique en France à partir de la Renaissance, mettra en évidence le poids décisif du contexte théâtral professionnel, et particulièrement du système de vedettariat parisien, dans l’apparition du phénomène de valet vedette dans la comédie et dans son développement marqué tout au long du XVIIe siècle. Elle rendra compte, enfin, de la structuration du rôle en emploi à partir des années 1680 et de l’uniformisation qui en résulte, amenant la convention à disparaître en quelques décennies. / By proposing a comparative study of the ludificator slave in Ancient Roman comedy and of the star-servant in comedies performed in early-modern France, this thesis intends to account for the specifically spectacular value of the ancient theatrical convention of the leading servant. The idea of play, understood both as the servant’s tricks and as theatrical activity itself, is placed in relation to the idea of mastery, regarded both from the fictional point of view of the servant and from the extra-fictional point of view of the actor. The first part of the thesis endeavours to point out the specific structure of Roman comedy roles in spectacular sequences and identifies the leading or ludificator slave as a combination of some particular sequences. It then proposes an interpretation of the comic convention of the seruus ludificator as a promotional representation of theatrical activity and the ritual event of the Ludi. It finally examines the diverse variations of the convention in the twenty-six comedies of the Roman corpus. The second part of this work, although showing the importance of the Roman model in the elaboration of the comic genre in France from the Renaissance, also brings to light the decisive influence of the context of professional theatre, in particular the Parisian “star-system”, in the appearance and strong development of the star-servant phenomenon in seventeenth-century French comedy. Finally, it will account for the transformation of the role into a fixed, institutional part from the 1680s, resulting in a standardisation and progressive disappearance of the convention.

The Swedish election resulted in that none of the traditional coalitions could form government. A new coalition was formed; the Social democrats and the Green Party formed a government with support from centre-right Liberals and Centre Party. The government relies on a written agreement between the four parties, called 73-punktsprogrammetwhere the parties have listed a numerous of policies which will be tried in the parliament. This is qualitative text-analysis that will use two main theories by Juul Christians, and Müller and Ström. The theories describe party behaviour and what is important to have in mind when entering an agreement like this. This study aims to find which party got the most of their own policies through in 73-punktsprogrammet.This result is then be analysed through the two theories to find why the parties chose to enter the coalition. What was found was that the centre-right parties, especially the Centre Party got the most of their own policies trough in the agreement and that the two government parties had to give up quite a lot in the agreement. Furthermore, the two theories explained to some extent why the parties chose to enter the coalition.

The news media has a great responsibility when reporting about politics, especially during elections. To maintain a democratic society a neutral news reporting is crucial, in order to give people trustworthy information that gives them the opportunity to make political decisions themselves. Swedish news media represent themselves as neutral in their news reporting but are associated with different political ideologies. Therefore, this study examines the coverage of the Swedish tabloid newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen during a five-week period (280822-250922) of the Swedish election in 2022. Based on framing theory and agenda setting and using quantitative content analysis, the study compares if there is a difference in the reporting based on the political ideology of both newspapers.  The results show that the newspapers’ coverage was neutral during the election in Sweden 2022, revealing no differences in the reporting between the two newspapers. They both follow a similar way of setting the agenda and framing the articles about the two political ideologies during the whole election period. Aftonbladet and Expressen gave the three parties with the highest votes Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderatern the biggest exposure. The liberal parties were mostly framed in a competitive frame in both newspapers compared to the socialist parties that had a higher rate of articles that were framed with the factual matter.  The results also show that the agenda due to the subject of matter in both newspapers were the election campaign, economy and question of law. This shows that they have been following the happenings and outplace of the Swedish election 2022 seen to agenda and framing. To summarize, Aftonbladet and Expressens news coverage during the five-week period during the election 2022 were neutral and had no beneficial agenda or framing of any political party.

Ce travail porte sur la conception d’un système capable d’effectuer des manœuvres de parking automatique plus polyvalent que ceux actuellement commercialisés, tout en conservant une définition technique des capteurs extéroceptifs limités en prix et en gabarit. Un cas d’usage typique est de permettre au véhicule de se rendre automatiquement dans la zone de garage du domicile de son propriétaire, cette fonction est classiquement appelée voiturier autonome à domicile. Partant de l’existant et connaissant les performances attendues, une architecture système et une architecture fonctionnelle ont été tracées. Cela a permis de constituer un ensemble de fonctions interconnectées qui ont participé dans la création d’une architecture software modulaire ainsi que dans la création des interfaces de connexion au véhicule prototype. Dans un premier temps, nous explorons la problématique de la détection d’obstacles. Partant d’un système propriétaire fermé de capteurs ultrason, nous avons réussi à réaliser une carte d’obstacle à un niveau de précision supérieur au produit d’origine. Une augmentation de la limite de détection des capteurs ultrason a été réalisée utilisant une technique Structure from Motion. Ces informations d’occupation ont été exploitées par la suite pour traiter la problématique de détection du couloir de navigation. Dans un second temps, la fonction de localisation du véhicule est abordée. Trois techniques de localisation collaborent pour une robustesse de fonctionnement continu : la localisation odométrique, la localisation par appariement des grilles d’occupation et la localisation par appariement entre une image actuelle et une base d’images adaptée à notre besoin et améliorée en termes de temps de calcul. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à la problématique de navigation du véhicule. Nous avons considéré résolue la problématique de contrôle des actionneurs pour le suivi d’une trajectoire donnée et nous nous sommes concentrés sur la création d’une trajectoire admissible. Nous avons développé une technique de planification locale pour l’évitement d’un d’obstacles non cartographiés. Pour la construction de trajectoire nous avons utilisé des courbes à géométrie connue et avons montré qu’en utilisant trois clothoïdes et éventuellement deux arcs de cercle (si le braquage maximal est atteint) il est possible de créer des trajectoires à courbure continue adaptées à notre situation. Nous avons montré que l’utilisation d’une carte d’obstacles nous permet de prédire plus en avance de la possibilité d’emprunter un certain couloir de navigation. Chacune des parties de ce travail a fait l’objet de validations en simulation mais aussi sur des données réelles démontrant la pertinence des approches proposées quant à l’application visée. / This work covers the conception of a system capable to do automatic parking maneuvers more versatile than those already commercialized, respecting the technical definition of exteroceptive sensors limited by costs and weight. A typical use case is to set a vehicle to park autonomously in the parking lot of a home, function generally called autonomous home valet parking. Taking from the existing and knowing the expected performances, a system architecture and a functional architecture were drawn. This allowed to compose an assembly of interconnected functions that participated in the creation of modular software architecture, as well as in the creation of connection interfaces with the prototype vehicle. First, we explored the obstacle detection problem. Having a closed property system with ultrasonic sensors, we managed to build an obstacle map with a higher precision level than the build-in product. An increasing limit detection of the ultrasonic sensors was developed using the Structure from Motion technique. This obstacle occupancy information was exploited afterwards in order to solve the detection problem of the navigation corridors. Second, the vehicle localization is addressed. Three localization techniques work for a continuous functioning robustness: the localization by odometry, the localization by occupancy grid map matching and the localization by comparing the current image with the images stored in a database adapted to our needs and improved by computing means. Last, we interested in the vehicle navigation problem. We considered solved the actuator control problem for the tracking of a given trajectory and we concentrated on an admissible trajectory planning. We developed a local path planning technique for avoiding the unmapped obstacles. In order to build the trajectory we used curves of known geometry and we proved that by using clothoides and eventually two circle arches (if maximum steering angle achieved) it is therefore be possible to create trajectories with continuous curves adapted to our situation. We confirmed that using an obstacle map will allow us to predict forehead the possibility to take a specific navigation corridor. Each part of this work was validated in simulation as well as on real data, proving the pertinence of the proposed approaches for the intended application.

I grundskolan är svenska som andraspråk ett behovsprövat ämne där rektorn avgör vilka elever som ska läsa svenska som andraspråk. På gymnasiet skiftar ansvaret från rektorerna till eleverna då det är upp till eleverna själva att välja svenskämne, det vill säga att välja mellan att läsa svenska eller svenska som andraspråk. Vår uppsats har som syfte att lyfta fram vilken information som finns tillgänglig, för berörda elever på gymnasiet, inför detta val. Vi har även som syfte att undersöka hur eleverna upplever valet av svenskämne och hur deras upplevelse samspelar med de rättigheter som tillskrivs eleverna i Läroplanen för gymnasieskolan (Gy11) och i Gymnasieförordningen. Våra resultat visar att en stor andel av de elever som deltagit i vår undersökning har bristande kunskaper gällande valet mellan svenska och svenska som andraspråk på gymnasiet. Elever uttrycker även att de inte vet vad det är för skillnader mellan svenskämnena, att de inte fått någon information gällande valet av svenskämne och i vissa fall visar våra resultat att berörda elever är ovetande om att de har rätten att välja svenskämne på gymnasiet.

This thesis aims to explore property developer’s view of the choice between rebuilding (converting) commercial properties into housing or to demolish existing buildings in order to make way for new construction. This means, among other things, to examine which types of economical, legal and technical problems that may occur when converting a building. Also to find possible reasons why conversion is not used as a method by more property developers to create housing. To analyze conversions from an additional perspective, an examination of how people that lives in converted buildings experiences their homes was made. A comparison of operation and maintenance costs between converted buildings and housing in general was carried through. The thesis is based on a qualitative study which has involved interviews targeting real estate developers and residents in converted buildings. This method was the chosen as the primary technique to gather information. A conclusion that converted office buildings can be suitable for housing has been done, another conclusion is that it is not possible to suppose that a converted building would be less efficient from a cost perspective. This based on the result from the comparison of operating and maintenance costs. Since conversions, in general, take shorter time than new construction is it interesting to discuss if conversions could be a tool for solving the shortage of housing in Stockholm. However, the fact that argues against this is that it is difficult to build the large amount of volume that is needed with conversion as method. The thesis presents as a final point, obstacles to conversions and the decision process when real estate developers make the decision of which method to use. / Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka fastighetsutvecklares syn på valet mellan att bygga om (konvertera) kommersiella fastigheter till bostäder eller att riva befintliga fastigheter för att göra plats åt nyproduktion. Detta innefattar bland annat att undersöka vilken typ av problematik som kan uppstå vid konvertering ur tre perspektiv, ekonomiskt, juridiskt och tekniskt, samt vad det är som gör att inte fler företag arbetar med konvertering. För att analysera konverteringar ytterligare genomfördes en undersökning kring hur boende i konverteringar upplever sina bostäder samt hur konverterade byggnader fungerar i relation till bostäder generellt ur ett drift- och underhållskostnadsperspektiv. Examensarbetet är baserat på en kvalitativstudie där intervjuer riktade mot fastighetsutvecklare och boende i konverterade byggnader valdes som den främsta metoden för att samla underlag. Slutsatser om att konverterade kontorsbyggnader eller kontorsliknande byggnader lämpar sig som bostäder har kunnat dras. Utifrån resultatet från kostandsstudien går det inte att säga att konverterade fastigheter skulle ha högre drift- och underhållskostnader än bostäder generellt. Det är även intressant att föra diskussionen kring huruvida konvertering av byggnader kan påverka bostadsbristen i Stockholm då genomförandet av konverteringar i genomsnitt tar kortare tid än nyproduktion. Det som dock talar mot detta är att det är svårt att skapa volym med konvertering som metod vilket är det som behövs när många nya bostäder ska skapas. Examensarbetet lyfter slutligen fram hinder för konverteringar samt påvisar hur olika fastighetsutvecklares beslutsprocesser ser ut vid val av tillgånggångssätt

<p><em>Syftet </em>med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De <em>frågeställningar</em> studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan</p><p>25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan.</p> / <p><em>The purpose </em>of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The <em>questions </em>that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.</p>

<p><strong>Purpose </strong>The purpose is to analyze the parliamentary parties political communication in the social media channels before the election 2010.</p><p><strong>Methodology </strong>This essay is a descriptive study from nine interviews of the responsible people in the parliamentary parties. In addition to that two more interviews were done with social media experts</p><p><strong>Theoretical perspective </strong>This essay is based on two-way communication and communication strategies</p><p><strong>Conclusions </strong>The parliamentary parties use social media as a complement to traditional media. The purpose is to create dialog and to minimize the gap to the voters, but in many ways it is being used as a one-way communication channel.  The parliamentary parties are trying to use the social media channels in Swedish conditions, but in many ways they try to imitate an American used strategy.</p>

Purpose The purpose is to analyze the parliamentary parties political communication in the social media channels before the election 2010. Methodology This essay is a descriptive study from nine interviews of the responsible people in the parliamentary parties. In addition to that two more interviews were done with social media experts Theoretical perspective This essay is based on two-way communication and communication strategies Conclusions The parliamentary parties use social media as a complement to traditional media. The purpose is to create dialog and to minimize the gap to the voters, but in many ways it is being used as a one-way communication channel.  The parliamentary parties are trying to use the social media channels in Swedish conditions, but in many ways they try to imitate an American used strategy.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De frågeställningar studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan 25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan. / The purpose of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The questions that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.