Esta Tese apresenta uma compreensão sobre o processo adaptativo da Educação Física (EFi) ao currículo de Escolas Profissionalizantes da Rede Federal. A Tese foi construída a partir da visitação a quatro Escolas Profissionalizantes que, atualmente, compõem o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande e Campus Sertão. Nas visitações, foi possível encontrar documentos relativos ao ensino ministrado nessas Escolas em diferentes épocas, bem como realizar entrevistas com professores e ex-alunos, além de registrar os espaços físicos e os materiais de apoio didático preferencialmente destinados às aulas de EFi. Todo esse esforço foi empregado com o intuito de reconstruir a história da EFi nessas Escolas. Tal reconstrução foi apresentada em quatro períodos distintos, nos quais, o processo adaptativo da EFi foi analisado pela influência que elementos “externos” (política educacional para a Educação Profissional; marcos regulatórios; formação propedêutica vs. formação profissionalizantes) e “internos” (origem da Escola, cursos ofertados, corpo discente e infraestrutura física) à essas Escolas Profissionalizantes exerceram sobre as características da EFi. O processo adaptativo da EFi às Escolas Profissionalizantes estudadas foi iniciado entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, quando foram criadas condições para que o modelo de EFi esportivista migrasse das Escolas Propedêuticas para às Escolas Profissionalizantes. Ao longo das décadas que seguiram, o modelo esportivista de EFi - de tradição escolar propedêutica - que migrou não encontrou dificuldades para se adaptar ao currículo dos cursos Técnicos (formados por disciplinas de origem propedêutica e profissionalizante) ofertados durante o dia nessas Escolas. Contudo, encontrou muita dificuldade em se adaptar ao currículo dos mesmos cursos Técnicos ofertados à noite. E, em meados da década de 1990, antes mesmo que essas dificuldades adaptativas fossem contornadas, regulamentações educacionais induziram as Escolas Profissionalizantes a uma divisão em seus currículos: criação de um currículo para o curso de Ensino Médio (com as disciplinas de origem propedêutica) e outro currículo para os cursos Técnicos (com as disciplinas de origem profissionalizante). Nesse contexto, a criação do curso de Ensino Médio nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão favoreceu a permanência do modelo esportivista de EFi nessas Escolas. Por outro lado, o “ambiente” da Escola de Porto Alegre, com a opção pela preservação de um currículo puramente profissionalizante (somente oferta de cursos Técnicos), tornou-se bastante inóspito para esse modelo de EFi. Alguns anos mais tarde, já no século XXI, novas regulamentações educacionais trouxeram de volta a essas Escolas a possibilidade de oferecer disciplinas propedêuticas e profissionalizantes em um único currículo, porém com outra proposta educacional: os cursos Técnicos integrados ao Ensino Médio. Tais transformações curriculares estão provocando pequenas “mutações” no modelo esportivista de EFi ainda presente nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão. “Mutações” às quais, de forma semelhante com o que está ocorrendo com a EFi na Escola de Porto Alegre, estão rompendo com o modelo esportivista de EFi; tornando essa disciplina mais teórica e com conteúdos voltados para o cuidado com a saúde do trabalhador em seu ambiente de trabalho. Diante de todo esse contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características da EFi esportivista vão se modificar e se perpetuar em meio a esse processo de “mutação”. Contudo, não há dúvidas de que um importante processo de “mutação” para a EFi foi iniciado nessas Escolas Profissionalizantes. / This dissertation presents an understanding about the adaptive process of the subject of Physical Education (PhyEd) to the curriculum of the federal Vocational Schools. It was developed based on the visits to four Vocational Schools that currently make up the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul: Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande and Campus Sertão. During the visits, it was possible to find documents related to the teaching of those Schools at different times. It was also possible to conduct interviews with teachers and former students and to observe the physical spaces and didactic support materials preferably intended for PhyEd classes. All this effort was carried out in order to reconstruct the history of PhyEd in those Schools. Such reconstruction was presented in four periods, and in each one, the adaptive process of PhyEd was analyzed by “external” (educational policy to Vocational Schools; educational laws) and “internal” elements (origin of Schools, courses offered, students characteristics and the School structure) that had influenced the characteristics of PhyEd subject in these Schools. The adaptive process of PhyEd to these Schools was started between the 1960s and 1970s, when the PhyEd (originally a propaedeutic subject) found cultural conditions to migrate from Propaedeutic Schools (School that offered High School course) to Vocational Schools (School that offered Technical courses). Thus, over the following decades, the PhyEd sports model (based on sports practice) who migrates does not found difficulties to adapt to the curriculum of the Technical courses offered during the day at these Vocational Schools, once that these curricula accepted propaedeutic and vocational subjects. However, the same PhyEd sports model found several difficulties to adapt to the same Technical courses curricula offered at night. And, even before these adaptive difficulties were overcome, in the mid-1990s; educational laws induct in Vocational Schools a division: the necessity to offer a curriculum to High School course (with propaedeutic subjects only) and other for Technical courses (with professional subjects only). In this way, the High School course created in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools, had favored the PhyEd sports model permanence at these. On other hand, in Porto Alegre`s School, that opted to offer only Technical courses, the PhyEd sports model was not accepted. Some years later (twentieth one century), educational laws were altered to create another possibility to offer vocational and propaedeutic subjects in the same course in these Schools: a course that offer the High School degree plus a Technical course degree. This new course possibility to Vocational Schools is starting a “mutation” process in the characteristics of the PhyEd presented in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools. “Mutation” process that, at the same way that had happened in Porto Alegre School, are changing the characteristics of sports practice in PhyED classes; making these classes more theoretical with safety and health at workplace preoccupations. According to this context, it seems to be early to affirm who characteristics of the PhyEd sports model will be modified during this “mutation” process. Although there is no doubt that an important “mutation” process has been started for PhyEd subject in these Vocational Schools. / Esta Tesis presenta una comprensión sobre el proceso adaptativo de la asignatura de Educación Física (EFi) al currículo de Escuelas Profesionales de la Red Federal. La Tesis fue desarrollada a partir de la visitación a cuatro Escuelas Profesionales que, actualmente, componen el Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande y Campus Sertão. Durante las visitaciones, fue posible encontrar documentos relativos a la enseñanza ministrados en esas Escuelas en diferentes épocas, así como realizar entrevistas con profesores y ex-alumnos, además de registrar los espacios físicos y materiales de apoyo didáctico preferentemente destinados a las clases de EFi. Todo ese esfuerzo fue realizado con el objetivo de reconstruir la historia de la EFi en esas Escuelas. Tal reconstrucción fue presentada en cuatro periodos distinguidos, nos cuales, el proceso adaptativo de la EFi a estas Escuelas fue analizado por la influencia que elementos “externos” (política educacional para la Educación Profesional; reglamentos educacionales; formación propedéutica vs. Formación profesional) y “internos” (origen, cursos ofrecidos, cuerpo discente, y estructura física) a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas, ejercieran en las características de la EFi. El proceso adaptativo de la EFi a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas se inició entre las décadas de 1960 y 1970 cuando condiciones fueran creadas para que el modelo “esportivista” de EFi (fundamentado en la práctica deportiva) migrase de las Escuelas Propedéuticas para las Escuelas Profesionales. A lo largo de las décadas que se siguieron, el modelo “esportivista” de EFi – de tradición escolar propedéutica – que migró no encontró dificultades de adaptarse al currículo de los cursos Técnicos (que aceptaban asignaturas de origen propedéutica e de origen profesional) diurnos de estas Escuelas. Sin embargo, encontró muchas dificultades en adaptarse al currículo de los mismos cursos Técnicos nocturnos. Y, a mediados de la década de 1990, antes que esas dificultades fuesen contornadas, reglamentos educacionales inducirán las Escuelas Profesionales a una división estructural en sus currículos únicos: la creación de un currículo para los cursos Técnicos (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Profesionales) y otro para el curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Propedéuticas). En eso contexto, la creación del curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas propedéuticas) en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão, favoreció la permanencia de lo modelo “esportivista” de EFi en estas Escuelas. Por otro lado, la Escuela de Porto Alegre, con la opción por la preservación de uno currículo puramente profesional (cursos Técnicos), se tornó un ambiente inhóspito para ese modelo de EFi. Algunos años más tarde, ya en el siglo XXI, nuevos reglamentos educacionales hicieran posible nuevamente en estas Escuelas la oferta de asignaturas de origen profesional y propedéutica en un mismo currículo, más con otra perspectiva educativa: los cursos Técnicos integrados a la Enseñanza Media. Estas transformaciones curriculares están provocando pequeñas “mutaciones” en el modelo “esportivista” de EFi presente en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão. “Mutaciones” las cuales, de la misma manera con lo que hay ocurrido en la Escuela de Porto Alegre, están rompiendo con el modelo “esportivista” de la EFi; tornando la EFi una asignatura más teórica y con contenidos preocupados con lo cuidado a la salud del trabajador en su local de trabajo. En esto contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características de la EFi “esportivista” van se modificar y se perpetuar en esto proceso de “mutación”. Todavía, no hay dudas que un importante proceso de “mutación” para la EFi fue iniciado en estas Escuelas Profesionales.

Esta Tese apresenta uma compreensão sobre o processo adaptativo da Educação Física (EFi) ao currículo de Escolas Profissionalizantes da Rede Federal. A Tese foi construída a partir da visitação a quatro Escolas Profissionalizantes que, atualmente, compõem o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande e Campus Sertão. Nas visitações, foi possível encontrar documentos relativos ao ensino ministrado nessas Escolas em diferentes épocas, bem como realizar entrevistas com professores e ex-alunos, além de registrar os espaços físicos e os materiais de apoio didático preferencialmente destinados às aulas de EFi. Todo esse esforço foi empregado com o intuito de reconstruir a história da EFi nessas Escolas. Tal reconstrução foi apresentada em quatro períodos distintos, nos quais, o processo adaptativo da EFi foi analisado pela influência que elementos “externos” (política educacional para a Educação Profissional; marcos regulatórios; formação propedêutica vs. formação profissionalizantes) e “internos” (origem da Escola, cursos ofertados, corpo discente e infraestrutura física) à essas Escolas Profissionalizantes exerceram sobre as características da EFi. O processo adaptativo da EFi às Escolas Profissionalizantes estudadas foi iniciado entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, quando foram criadas condições para que o modelo de EFi esportivista migrasse das Escolas Propedêuticas para às Escolas Profissionalizantes. Ao longo das décadas que seguiram, o modelo esportivista de EFi - de tradição escolar propedêutica - que migrou não encontrou dificuldades para se adaptar ao currículo dos cursos Técnicos (formados por disciplinas de origem propedêutica e profissionalizante) ofertados durante o dia nessas Escolas. Contudo, encontrou muita dificuldade em se adaptar ao currículo dos mesmos cursos Técnicos ofertados à noite. E, em meados da década de 1990, antes mesmo que essas dificuldades adaptativas fossem contornadas, regulamentações educacionais induziram as Escolas Profissionalizantes a uma divisão em seus currículos: criação de um currículo para o curso de Ensino Médio (com as disciplinas de origem propedêutica) e outro currículo para os cursos Técnicos (com as disciplinas de origem profissionalizante). Nesse contexto, a criação do curso de Ensino Médio nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão favoreceu a permanência do modelo esportivista de EFi nessas Escolas. Por outro lado, o “ambiente” da Escola de Porto Alegre, com a opção pela preservação de um currículo puramente profissionalizante (somente oferta de cursos Técnicos), tornou-se bastante inóspito para esse modelo de EFi. Alguns anos mais tarde, já no século XXI, novas regulamentações educacionais trouxeram de volta a essas Escolas a possibilidade de oferecer disciplinas propedêuticas e profissionalizantes em um único currículo, porém com outra proposta educacional: os cursos Técnicos integrados ao Ensino Médio. Tais transformações curriculares estão provocando pequenas “mutações” no modelo esportivista de EFi ainda presente nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão. “Mutações” às quais, de forma semelhante com o que está ocorrendo com a EFi na Escola de Porto Alegre, estão rompendo com o modelo esportivista de EFi; tornando essa disciplina mais teórica e com conteúdos voltados para o cuidado com a saúde do trabalhador em seu ambiente de trabalho. Diante de todo esse contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características da EFi esportivista vão se modificar e se perpetuar em meio a esse processo de “mutação”. Contudo, não há dúvidas de que um importante processo de “mutação” para a EFi foi iniciado nessas Escolas Profissionalizantes. / This dissertation presents an understanding about the adaptive process of the subject of Physical Education (PhyEd) to the curriculum of the federal Vocational Schools. It was developed based on the visits to four Vocational Schools that currently make up the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul: Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande and Campus Sertão. During the visits, it was possible to find documents related to the teaching of those Schools at different times. It was also possible to conduct interviews with teachers and former students and to observe the physical spaces and didactic support materials preferably intended for PhyEd classes. All this effort was carried out in order to reconstruct the history of PhyEd in those Schools. Such reconstruction was presented in four periods, and in each one, the adaptive process of PhyEd was analyzed by “external” (educational policy to Vocational Schools; educational laws) and “internal” elements (origin of Schools, courses offered, students characteristics and the School structure) that had influenced the characteristics of PhyEd subject in these Schools. The adaptive process of PhyEd to these Schools was started between the 1960s and 1970s, when the PhyEd (originally a propaedeutic subject) found cultural conditions to migrate from Propaedeutic Schools (School that offered High School course) to Vocational Schools (School that offered Technical courses). Thus, over the following decades, the PhyEd sports model (based on sports practice) who migrates does not found difficulties to adapt to the curriculum of the Technical courses offered during the day at these Vocational Schools, once that these curricula accepted propaedeutic and vocational subjects. However, the same PhyEd sports model found several difficulties to adapt to the same Technical courses curricula offered at night. And, even before these adaptive difficulties were overcome, in the mid-1990s; educational laws induct in Vocational Schools a division: the necessity to offer a curriculum to High School course (with propaedeutic subjects only) and other for Technical courses (with professional subjects only). In this way, the High School course created in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools, had favored the PhyEd sports model permanence at these. On other hand, in Porto Alegre`s School, that opted to offer only Technical courses, the PhyEd sports model was not accepted. Some years later (twentieth one century), educational laws were altered to create another possibility to offer vocational and propaedeutic subjects in the same course in these Schools: a course that offer the High School degree plus a Technical course degree. This new course possibility to Vocational Schools is starting a “mutation” process in the characteristics of the PhyEd presented in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools. “Mutation” process that, at the same way that had happened in Porto Alegre School, are changing the characteristics of sports practice in PhyED classes; making these classes more theoretical with safety and health at workplace preoccupations. According to this context, it seems to be early to affirm who characteristics of the PhyEd sports model will be modified during this “mutation” process. Although there is no doubt that an important “mutation” process has been started for PhyEd subject in these Vocational Schools. / Esta Tesis presenta una comprensión sobre el proceso adaptativo de la asignatura de Educación Física (EFi) al currículo de Escuelas Profesionales de la Red Federal. La Tesis fue desarrollada a partir de la visitación a cuatro Escuelas Profesionales que, actualmente, componen el Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande y Campus Sertão. Durante las visitaciones, fue posible encontrar documentos relativos a la enseñanza ministrados en esas Escuelas en diferentes épocas, así como realizar entrevistas con profesores y ex-alumnos, además de registrar los espacios físicos y materiales de apoyo didáctico preferentemente destinados a las clases de EFi. Todo ese esfuerzo fue realizado con el objetivo de reconstruir la historia de la EFi en esas Escuelas. Tal reconstrucción fue presentada en cuatro periodos distinguidos, nos cuales, el proceso adaptativo de la EFi a estas Escuelas fue analizado por la influencia que elementos “externos” (política educacional para la Educación Profesional; reglamentos educacionales; formación propedéutica vs. Formación profesional) y “internos” (origen, cursos ofrecidos, cuerpo discente, y estructura física) a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas, ejercieran en las características de la EFi. El proceso adaptativo de la EFi a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas se inició entre las décadas de 1960 y 1970 cuando condiciones fueran creadas para que el modelo “esportivista” de EFi (fundamentado en la práctica deportiva) migrase de las Escuelas Propedéuticas para las Escuelas Profesionales. A lo largo de las décadas que se siguieron, el modelo “esportivista” de EFi – de tradición escolar propedéutica – que migró no encontró dificultades de adaptarse al currículo de los cursos Técnicos (que aceptaban asignaturas de origen propedéutica e de origen profesional) diurnos de estas Escuelas. Sin embargo, encontró muchas dificultades en adaptarse al currículo de los mismos cursos Técnicos nocturnos. Y, a mediados de la década de 1990, antes que esas dificultades fuesen contornadas, reglamentos educacionales inducirán las Escuelas Profesionales a una división estructural en sus currículos únicos: la creación de un currículo para los cursos Técnicos (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Profesionales) y otro para el curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Propedéuticas). En eso contexto, la creación del curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas propedéuticas) en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão, favoreció la permanencia de lo modelo “esportivista” de EFi en estas Escuelas. Por otro lado, la Escuela de Porto Alegre, con la opción por la preservación de uno currículo puramente profesional (cursos Técnicos), se tornó un ambiente inhóspito para ese modelo de EFi. Algunos años más tarde, ya en el siglo XXI, nuevos reglamentos educacionales hicieran posible nuevamente en estas Escuelas la oferta de asignaturas de origen profesional y propedéutica en un mismo currículo, más con otra perspectiva educativa: los cursos Técnicos integrados a la Enseñanza Media. Estas transformaciones curriculares están provocando pequeñas “mutaciones” en el modelo “esportivista” de EFi presente en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão. “Mutaciones” las cuales, de la misma manera con lo que hay ocurrido en la Escuela de Porto Alegre, están rompiendo con el modelo “esportivista” de la EFi; tornando la EFi una asignatura más teórica y con contenidos preocupados con lo cuidado a la salud del trabajador en su local de trabajo. En esto contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características de la EFi “esportivista” van se modificar y se perpetuar en esto proceso de “mutación”. Todavía, no hay dudas que un importante proceso de “mutación” para la EFi fue iniciado en estas Escuelas Profesionales.

Esta Tese apresenta uma compreensão sobre o processo adaptativo da Educação Física (EFi) ao currículo de Escolas Profissionalizantes da Rede Federal. A Tese foi construída a partir da visitação a quatro Escolas Profissionalizantes que, atualmente, compõem o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande e Campus Sertão. Nas visitações, foi possível encontrar documentos relativos ao ensino ministrado nessas Escolas em diferentes épocas, bem como realizar entrevistas com professores e ex-alunos, além de registrar os espaços físicos e os materiais de apoio didático preferencialmente destinados às aulas de EFi. Todo esse esforço foi empregado com o intuito de reconstruir a história da EFi nessas Escolas. Tal reconstrução foi apresentada em quatro períodos distintos, nos quais, o processo adaptativo da EFi foi analisado pela influência que elementos “externos” (política educacional para a Educação Profissional; marcos regulatórios; formação propedêutica vs. formação profissionalizantes) e “internos” (origem da Escola, cursos ofertados, corpo discente e infraestrutura física) à essas Escolas Profissionalizantes exerceram sobre as características da EFi. O processo adaptativo da EFi às Escolas Profissionalizantes estudadas foi iniciado entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, quando foram criadas condições para que o modelo de EFi esportivista migrasse das Escolas Propedêuticas para às Escolas Profissionalizantes. Ao longo das décadas que seguiram, o modelo esportivista de EFi - de tradição escolar propedêutica - que migrou não encontrou dificuldades para se adaptar ao currículo dos cursos Técnicos (formados por disciplinas de origem propedêutica e profissionalizante) ofertados durante o dia nessas Escolas. Contudo, encontrou muita dificuldade em se adaptar ao currículo dos mesmos cursos Técnicos ofertados à noite. E, em meados da década de 1990, antes mesmo que essas dificuldades adaptativas fossem contornadas, regulamentações educacionais induziram as Escolas Profissionalizantes a uma divisão em seus currículos: criação de um currículo para o curso de Ensino Médio (com as disciplinas de origem propedêutica) e outro currículo para os cursos Técnicos (com as disciplinas de origem profissionalizante). Nesse contexto, a criação do curso de Ensino Médio nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão favoreceu a permanência do modelo esportivista de EFi nessas Escolas. Por outro lado, o “ambiente” da Escola de Porto Alegre, com a opção pela preservação de um currículo puramente profissionalizante (somente oferta de cursos Técnicos), tornou-se bastante inóspito para esse modelo de EFi. Alguns anos mais tarde, já no século XXI, novas regulamentações educacionais trouxeram de volta a essas Escolas a possibilidade de oferecer disciplinas propedêuticas e profissionalizantes em um único currículo, porém com outra proposta educacional: os cursos Técnicos integrados ao Ensino Médio. Tais transformações curriculares estão provocando pequenas “mutações” no modelo esportivista de EFi ainda presente nas Escolas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande e Sertão. “Mutações” às quais, de forma semelhante com o que está ocorrendo com a EFi na Escola de Porto Alegre, estão rompendo com o modelo esportivista de EFi; tornando essa disciplina mais teórica e com conteúdos voltados para o cuidado com a saúde do trabalhador em seu ambiente de trabalho. Diante de todo esse contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características da EFi esportivista vão se modificar e se perpetuar em meio a esse processo de “mutação”. Contudo, não há dúvidas de que um importante processo de “mutação” para a EFi foi iniciado nessas Escolas Profissionalizantes. / This dissertation presents an understanding about the adaptive process of the subject of Physical Education (PhyEd) to the curriculum of the federal Vocational Schools. It was developed based on the visits to four Vocational Schools that currently make up the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul: Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande and Campus Sertão. During the visits, it was possible to find documents related to the teaching of those Schools at different times. It was also possible to conduct interviews with teachers and former students and to observe the physical spaces and didactic support materials preferably intended for PhyEd classes. All this effort was carried out in order to reconstruct the history of PhyEd in those Schools. Such reconstruction was presented in four periods, and in each one, the adaptive process of PhyEd was analyzed by “external” (educational policy to Vocational Schools; educational laws) and “internal” elements (origin of Schools, courses offered, students characteristics and the School structure) that had influenced the characteristics of PhyEd subject in these Schools. The adaptive process of PhyEd to these Schools was started between the 1960s and 1970s, when the PhyEd (originally a propaedeutic subject) found cultural conditions to migrate from Propaedeutic Schools (School that offered High School course) to Vocational Schools (School that offered Technical courses). Thus, over the following decades, the PhyEd sports model (based on sports practice) who migrates does not found difficulties to adapt to the curriculum of the Technical courses offered during the day at these Vocational Schools, once that these curricula accepted propaedeutic and vocational subjects. However, the same PhyEd sports model found several difficulties to adapt to the same Technical courses curricula offered at night. And, even before these adaptive difficulties were overcome, in the mid-1990s; educational laws induct in Vocational Schools a division: the necessity to offer a curriculum to High School course (with propaedeutic subjects only) and other for Technical courses (with professional subjects only). In this way, the High School course created in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools, had favored the PhyEd sports model permanence at these. On other hand, in Porto Alegre`s School, that opted to offer only Technical courses, the PhyEd sports model was not accepted. Some years later (twentieth one century), educational laws were altered to create another possibility to offer vocational and propaedeutic subjects in the same course in these Schools: a course that offer the High School degree plus a Technical course degree. This new course possibility to Vocational Schools is starting a “mutation” process in the characteristics of the PhyEd presented in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande and Sertão Schools. “Mutation” process that, at the same way that had happened in Porto Alegre School, are changing the characteristics of sports practice in PhyED classes; making these classes more theoretical with safety and health at workplace preoccupations. According to this context, it seems to be early to affirm who characteristics of the PhyEd sports model will be modified during this “mutation” process. Although there is no doubt that an important “mutation” process has been started for PhyEd subject in these Vocational Schools. / Esta Tesis presenta una comprensión sobre el proceso adaptativo de la asignatura de Educación Física (EFi) al currículo de Escuelas Profesionales de la Red Federal. La Tesis fue desarrollada a partir de la visitación a cuatro Escuelas Profesionales que, actualmente, componen el Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS): Campus Bento Gonçalves, Campus Porto Alegre, Campus Rio Grande y Campus Sertão. Durante las visitaciones, fue posible encontrar documentos relativos a la enseñanza ministrados en esas Escuelas en diferentes épocas, así como realizar entrevistas con profesores y ex-alumnos, además de registrar los espacios físicos y materiales de apoyo didáctico preferentemente destinados a las clases de EFi. Todo ese esfuerzo fue realizado con el objetivo de reconstruir la historia de la EFi en esas Escuelas. Tal reconstrucción fue presentada en cuatro periodos distinguidos, nos cuales, el proceso adaptativo de la EFi a estas Escuelas fue analizado por la influencia que elementos “externos” (política educacional para la Educación Profesional; reglamentos educacionales; formación propedéutica vs. Formación profesional) y “internos” (origen, cursos ofrecidos, cuerpo discente, y estructura física) a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas, ejercieran en las características de la EFi. El proceso adaptativo de la EFi a las Escuelas Profesionales estudiadas se inició entre las décadas de 1960 y 1970 cuando condiciones fueran creadas para que el modelo “esportivista” de EFi (fundamentado en la práctica deportiva) migrase de las Escuelas Propedéuticas para las Escuelas Profesionales. A lo largo de las décadas que se siguieron, el modelo “esportivista” de EFi – de tradición escolar propedéutica – que migró no encontró dificultades de adaptarse al currículo de los cursos Técnicos (que aceptaban asignaturas de origen propedéutica e de origen profesional) diurnos de estas Escuelas. Sin embargo, encontró muchas dificultades en adaptarse al currículo de los mismos cursos Técnicos nocturnos. Y, a mediados de la década de 1990, antes que esas dificultades fuesen contornadas, reglamentos educacionales inducirán las Escuelas Profesionales a una división estructural en sus currículos únicos: la creación de un currículo para los cursos Técnicos (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Profesionales) y otro para el curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas de origen en las Escuelas Propedéuticas). En eso contexto, la creación del curso de Enseñanza Media (con las asignaturas propedéuticas) en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão, favoreció la permanencia de lo modelo “esportivista” de EFi en estas Escuelas. Por otro lado, la Escuela de Porto Alegre, con la opción por la preservación de uno currículo puramente profesional (cursos Técnicos), se tornó un ambiente inhóspito para ese modelo de EFi. Algunos años más tarde, ya en el siglo XXI, nuevos reglamentos educacionales hicieran posible nuevamente en estas Escuelas la oferta de asignaturas de origen profesional y propedéutica en un mismo currículo, más con otra perspectiva educativa: los cursos Técnicos integrados a la Enseñanza Media. Estas transformaciones curriculares están provocando pequeñas “mutaciones” en el modelo “esportivista” de EFi presente en las Escuelas de Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande y Sertão. “Mutaciones” las cuales, de la misma manera con lo que hay ocurrido en la Escuela de Porto Alegre, están rompiendo con el modelo “esportivista” de la EFi; tornando la EFi una asignatura más teórica y con contenidos preocupados con lo cuidado a la salud del trabajador en su local de trabajo. En esto contexto, parece cedo para afirmar que características de la EFi “esportivista” van se modificar y se perpetuar en esto proceso de “mutación”. Todavía, no hay dudas que un importante proceso de “mutación” para la EFi fue iniciado en estas Escuelas Profesionales.

In the light of youth unemployment and increased transnational mobility practice oriented vocational education and training get more and more importance in the international cooperation in education. There is a broad consensus among educational experts, that one of the possible measures to reduce youth unemployment in the world is to provide youth skills and competences, which are needed on the labour market. The school based vocational education needs to be updated with practical skills. The fundament of each practice oriented vocational education and training system (VET) lays in the cooperation between the main actors: the enterprises and vocational schools. Dual systems in countries as Germany, Switzerland and Austria offer many good practice examples on the benefits of the engagements of both actors in the vocational education and training system but nevertheless these examples cannot be taken as “one model fits all” which can be implemented in each country. Therefore each country interested in the redesign of their own vocational education and training system needs to identify possible benefits of and challenges in their system, to be able to specify the opportunities and threat for future development. It cannot be presumed that enterprises can be forced to take apprentices and train them in their facilities. It has to be evident for every educational actor willing to cooperate with enterprises, that enterprises first strive for growth in profits upon others to be able to secure their existence and secondly they may support additional, non-economic activities; for example the vocational education and training of future employee. Although to ensuring the quality of future employees may partly be seen as their social responsibility this fact will still depend on their economic situation and their need for skilled labour. However, making profit does not collide with the idea of the engagement of enterprises in the vocational education and training. It only needs an in depth-analysis of potentials and needs of enterprises and vocational schools and an adequate planning as well as development of the educational programs and activities. The following example on the PR China delivers many interesting basic approaches on how cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools can be built up, managed and preserved. Thanks to the over thirty years of multilateral cooperation between der PR China and other European and Asian countries, the PR China already knows what is needed to modernize the vocational education and training system. Further education of teachers, redevelopment of curriculums and the redesign of the infrastructure of the vocational schools are those activities, which enriched the Chinese vocational education and training system in the last thirty years. There is still backwardness in the economically weak part of the country but within the “go-west-strategy” of the government innovative measures are offered for enterprises to foster the development of the western region; for example cut red tape or tax and duty exemptions. In the course of the bureaucracy development of the east-southeast part of the country and through the increased perception of the country in the international business the quality of labour become more relevant also for the PR China. Products with low-value-added and unskilled labour were not sufficient anymore for the competitiveness of the country in the international environment. More and more enterprises realised the shortage of qualified labour because of the rise of progressing technology and of the availability of qualified labour. The commitment to quality in the vocational education and training laid on the market orientation and therefore on the establishment of cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools. The PR China can consequently show good practice examples from cooperation in the vocational education after more than thirty years of learning from other countries. The constructive element of these cooperation was identified by the actors as the consensus about the mutual benefit of cooperative activities. Although there are many good practices in the cooperation, nevertheless, more persuasiveness is still needed for continuous fostering of quality in the vocational education and training. The cooperation is not only influenced by the interest, need and the level of cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools, but the nature of the directives of the government are crucial for the cooperation too. For example, the decentralized implementation of the directives of the government may endanger the uneven development and quality assurance in vocational training. The transfer of responsibility of the state in the hands of the provinces ensures on the one side more freedom for provinces, for instance, it allows them to adapt the vocational education and training to their specific needs and to implement it to local circumstances. This means, to offer labour market oriented vocational education and training. On the other side it needs in the context of quality assurance to archive the knowledge gained through the fragmented implementation. This implies, that already developed teaching and learning materials should not get lost but it should be used as synergies and transfer these to other provinces, schools or enterprises. One of the exemplary efforts made by good situated “model vocational schools” is their willingness to overtake a sponsorship for other less developed vocational schools that are located mostly in the western region. Previously mentioned schools support the improvement of the teaching quality of latter mentioned schools and help them especially in the initial phase of the redevelopment of their teaching and training system. More concrete, “school sponsorships” allow to share knowledge, experience or to share technical equipment. The further education of teachers, the establishment of training facilities, the adaptation of curriculum to the labour market needs leave space for the consideration of local needs on the one side, and the dynamics of market development on the other side. It is only possible to take over responsibility for less developed schools, if there is financial support through the government too. School sponsorship is mostly subject to model schools therefore there is a significant need for recognition and promotion of education activities of these model schools. The high dynamic of the labour market in developing regions may cause challenges in the cooperation between vocational schools and enterprises, especially in the time of recession. If the cooperation with a vocational school gives rise to concern because of the limited time, personal availability or financial support in the enterprises, than the support of enterprises may decrease. Therefore the model schools strive to mobilise all actors, ask for financial and material benefits during the time of economic growth to be able to implement those benefits targeted and lay a solid fundament for the performance of less developed schools. This fundament may consist of well-educated vocational teachers, well-equipped training facilities as well as practice oriented curricula. A solid basis allows vocational schools in a economically weak period to use previous investments and benefits. Additional created supplementary services, as further educational offers for enterprise employees, well-educated vocational teachers as consulters by building up of new production lines or by doing research on the effectiveness of human resources, are examples for reserves to bear itself. The redefinition of the role of vocational schools as “service providers” in a wide sense, allows setting quality standards in relation with the pedagogical requirements and economical needs in the vocational education and training. The school administration and teachers need to be equipped with additional management skills in addition to their educational and professional skills to be able to initiate, build and maintain cooperation systematically and analytically. Enterprises need to be aware of taking responsibility for future skilled labour while cooperating with vocational schools. The openness of enterprises for cooperation allows determining one's potential within vocational education and training and look for benefits for both actors. It is necessary for a successful cooperation to be a "win-win" situation, so the motivation for all parties should be maintained. Finally each cooperation needs competent teachers, well equipped training facilities also strategic planning (AIOC-strategy) in sense of analysis of initial situation and the possibilities for the implementation of practical vocational education and training, optimisation of available capacities and resources, the interdependence of responsibilities and competences of both actors, and the consolidation of pedagogical quality criteria under economic premises. The PR China has tried in the past thirty years to modernize its vocational education and training system; this happened mostly in the technical occupations. The challenge for the future will be to do the same effort for the service occupations. The reform and open-door policy of the Chinese government since the 1970s brings many opportunities not only for the economy, but also for the society. The rapid development in the technically based fields brought the anticipated economic upswing and leads the PR China from a development country to the second biggest economy in the world. Now, the current government aims more to increase the life standard of the Chinese and strengthen the domestic consumption than to focus on industry production. Through the emerging middle class the quality and necessity of services gain higher importance in the society and it is seen as an integral part of increasing their quality of life. Chinas new generation remained from the destructive revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s, which have slowed down the development in the country. It has now in hand to bring together identity of the country with its traditions and modernity not only outwardly in the perception of the world, but to strengthen it also in the Chinese society.

Im Blick auf die Lerngruppen im Berufsschulreligionsunterricht steht dieser vor einer dreifachen Herausforderung: (1.) die ökumenische Kooperation, (2.) die didaktische Integration von Schüler(inne)n mit einer nichtchristlichen Religionszugehörigkeit sowie (3.) die Teilnahme von Schüler(innen) ohne Konfession und Religionszugehörigkeit. Während es zur ökumenischen Kooperation schon vielversprechende Versuche und zum interreligiösen Lernen im letzten Jahrzehnt viele Publikationen und Unterrichtsprojekte gibt, ist die Frage nach konfessions- bzw. religionslosen Jugendlichen im Religionsunterricht eine bislang vernachlässigte Forschungsaufgabe. Dies ist umso überraschender angesichts der Tatsache, dass die nichtreligiösen Schüler(innen) nach den christlichen Schüler(inne)n die zweitgrößte Gruppe darstellen. Das Institut für Evangelische Theologie der TU Dresden und das bibor der Universität Bonn haben sich dieser dritten Herausforderung gestellt und versucht, durch Gruppendiskussionen erste Erkenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, wie am BRU beteiligte Gruppen diesen Religionsunterricht in seinem pluralen Kontext empfinden und bewerten. Die besonders im Blick auf konfessionslose Schüler(innen) unterschiedliche Lage in den alten und den neuen Bundesländern ebnete sinnvoll die Kooperation zwischen der TU Dresden und dem bibor in Bonn. Die vorliegenden Analysen und Dokumentationen des Projektes „Der Berufsschulreligions-unterricht in der Pluralität“ präsentieren nun die Ergebnisse dieses Projektes, dessen zentraler Inhalt Gruppeninterviews zum BRU bei Jugendlichen und ihren Lehrern ist. Von daher sind nicht nur die Analysen von Interesse, sondern vor allem die Möglichkeit für die Leser(innen), sich selbst ein eigenes Bild von der Meinung der Jugendlichen in Ost und West zum BRU zu machen.:I Teil: Der Berufsschulreligionsunterricht in der Pluralität – Einleitung 1 Gesellschaftliche Voraussetzungen des BRUs heute 2 Die Projektskizze und die Datenaufarbeitung 2.1 Beschreibung der Befragung in Sachsen 2.2 Beschreibung der Befragung in NRW II Teil: Der BRU aus der Sicht der Auszubildenden in Sachsen und NRW 3 BRU in der Pluralität – Sachsen (Biewald) 3.1 Ergebnisse aus dem Lehrerinterview 3.2 Ergebnisse aus den Gruppengesprächen 3.2.1 Schüleräußerungen zu ausgewählten Fragestellungen 3.2.2 Besondere Gewichtung der Schüleräußerungen aus dem „eigentlichen“ BRU (Berufsschule, Berufsfachschule, Fachschule) 3.2.3 Didaktische und religionspädagogische Folgerungen – Ausblick 4 Der BRU ist anders gut – signifikante Ergebnisse der Gruppendiskussionen in NRW 4.1 Ergebnisse im Blick auf die Gesamtlerngruppen 4.1.1 Der „überraschende“ BRU 4.1.2 Der „bekannte“ BRU 4.1.3 Der ´andere´ Religionsunterricht – der BRU als Rede vom Menschen 4.1.4 Der BRU und der ökonomische Legitimationsdruck – Überlegungen auch zum Berufsbezug 4.1.5 Die Chance des BRUs als offen-neutraler Religionsunterricht 4.1.6 Der BRU und die Pluralität 4.1.7 Der BRU als Religionsunterricht mit ´Selbstbeteiligung´ – das Bekenntnis zur eigenen Religiosität 4.2 Signifikante Ergebnisse im Blick auf christliche, muslimische und nichtreligiöse (atheistisch-konfessionslose) Auszubildende 4.2.1 Signifikante Äußerungen christlicher Auszubildender 4.2.2 Signifikante Äußerungen muslimischer Auszubildender 4.2.3 Signifikante Äußerungen atheistischer (religionsloser) Auszubildender 4.3 Die Gruppe der Lehrenden im evangelischen BRU 4.4 Gott ist Geschichte, wir sind die Gegenwart – Thesen 5 Die religionspädagogische Relevanz der Konfessionalität des BRUs – didaktische Perspektiven (Obermann/ Biewald) III Teil: Dokumentation der Gruppendiskussionen 6 Die Gruppendiskussionen aus Sachsen im Wortlaut 6.1. Interview anlässlich einer Lehrerfortbildung 6.2. Gruppengespräche 6.3. Von Lehrern selbst erhobene Sachverhalte 7 Die Gruppendiskussionen aus NRW im Wortlaut 7.1 Gruppendiskussion 1 7.2 Gruppendiskussion 2 7.3 Gruppendiskussion 3 7.4 Gruppendiskussion 4

In the light of youth unemployment and increased transnational mobility practice oriented vocational education and training get more and more importance in the international cooperation in education. There is a broad consensus among educational experts, that one of the possible measures to reduce youth unemployment in the world is to provide youth skills and competences, which are needed on the labour market. The school based vocational education needs to be updated with practical skills. The fundament of each practice oriented vocational education and training system (VET) lays in the cooperation between the main actors: the enterprises and vocational schools. Dual systems in countries as Germany, Switzerland and Austria offer many good practice examples on the benefits of the engagements of both actors in the vocational education and training system but nevertheless these examples cannot be taken as “one model fits all” which can be implemented in each country. Therefore each country interested in the redesign of their own vocational education and training system needs to identify possible benefits of and challenges in their system, to be able to specify the opportunities and threat for future development. It cannot be presumed that enterprises can be forced to take apprentices and train them in their facilities. It has to be evident for every educational actor willing to cooperate with enterprises, that enterprises first strive for growth in profits upon others to be able to secure their existence and secondly they may support additional, non-economic activities; for example the vocational education and training of future employee. Although to ensuring the quality of future employees may partly be seen as their social responsibility this fact will still depend on their economic situation and their need for skilled labour. However, making profit does not collide with the idea of the engagement of enterprises in the vocational education and training. It only needs an in depth-analysis of potentials and needs of enterprises and vocational schools and an adequate planning as well as development of the educational programs and activities. The following example on the PR China delivers many interesting basic approaches on how cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools can be built up, managed and preserved. Thanks to the over thirty years of multilateral cooperation between der PR China and other European and Asian countries, the PR China already knows what is needed to modernize the vocational education and training system. Further education of teachers, redevelopment of curriculums and the redesign of the infrastructure of the vocational schools are those activities, which enriched the Chinese vocational education and training system in the last thirty years. There is still backwardness in the economically weak part of the country but within the “go-west-strategy” of the government innovative measures are offered for enterprises to foster the development of the western region; for example cut red tape or tax and duty exemptions. In the course of the bureaucracy development of the east-southeast part of the country and through the increased perception of the country in the international business the quality of labour become more relevant also for the PR China. Products with low-value-added and unskilled labour were not sufficient anymore for the competitiveness of the country in the international environment. More and more enterprises realised the shortage of qualified labour because of the rise of progressing technology and of the availability of qualified labour. The commitment to quality in the vocational education and training laid on the market orientation and therefore on the establishment of cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools. The PR China can consequently show good practice examples from cooperation in the vocational education after more than thirty years of learning from other countries. The constructive element of these cooperation was identified by the actors as the consensus about the mutual benefit of cooperative activities. Although there are many good practices in the cooperation, nevertheless, more persuasiveness is still needed for continuous fostering of quality in the vocational education and training. The cooperation is not only influenced by the interest, need and the level of cooperation between enterprises and vocational schools, but the nature of the directives of the government are crucial for the cooperation too. For example, the decentralized implementation of the directives of the government may endanger the uneven development and quality assurance in vocational training. The transfer of responsibility of the state in the hands of the provinces ensures on the one side more freedom for provinces, for instance, it allows them to adapt the vocational education and training to their specific needs and to implement it to local circumstances. This means, to offer labour market oriented vocational education and training. On the other side it needs in the context of quality assurance to archive the knowledge gained through the fragmented implementation. This implies, that already developed teaching and learning materials should not get lost but it should be used as synergies and transfer these to other provinces, schools or enterprises. One of the exemplary efforts made by good situated “model vocational schools” is their willingness to overtake a sponsorship for other less developed vocational schools that are located mostly in the western region. Previously mentioned schools support the improvement of the teaching quality of latter mentioned schools and help them especially in the initial phase of the redevelopment of their teaching and training system. More concrete, “school sponsorships” allow to share knowledge, experience or to share technical equipment. The further education of teachers, the establishment of training facilities, the adaptation of curriculum to the labour market needs leave space for the consideration of local needs on the one side, and the dynamics of market development on the other side. It is only possible to take over responsibility for less developed schools, if there is financial support through the government too. School sponsorship is mostly subject to model schools therefore there is a significant need for recognition and promotion of education activities of these model schools. The high dynamic of the labour market in developing regions may cause challenges in the cooperation between vocational schools and enterprises, especially in the time of recession. If the cooperation with a vocational school gives rise to concern because of the limited time, personal availability or financial support in the enterprises, than the support of enterprises may decrease. Therefore the model schools strive to mobilise all actors, ask for financial and material benefits during the time of economic growth to be able to implement those benefits targeted and lay a solid fundament for the performance of less developed schools. This fundament may consist of well-educated vocational teachers, well-equipped training facilities as well as practice oriented curricula. A solid basis allows vocational schools in a economically weak period to use previous investments and benefits. Additional created supplementary services, as further educational offers for enterprise employees, well-educated vocational teachers as consulters by building up of new production lines or by doing research on the effectiveness of human resources, are examples for reserves to bear itself. The redefinition of the role of vocational schools as “service providers” in a wide sense, allows setting quality standards in relation with the pedagogical requirements and economical needs in the vocational education and training. The school administration and teachers need to be equipped with additional management skills in addition to their educational and professional skills to be able to initiate, build and maintain cooperation systematically and analytically. Enterprises need to be aware of taking responsibility for future skilled labour while cooperating with vocational schools. The openness of enterprises for cooperation allows determining one's potential within vocational education and training and look for benefits for both actors. It is necessary for a successful cooperation to be a "win-win" situation, so the motivation for all parties should be maintained. Finally each cooperation needs competent teachers, well equipped training facilities also strategic planning (AIOC-strategy) in sense of analysis of initial situation and the possibilities for the implementation of practical vocational education and training, optimisation of available capacities and resources, the interdependence of responsibilities and competences of both actors, and the consolidation of pedagogical quality criteria under economic premises. The PR China has tried in the past thirty years to modernize its vocational education and training system; this happened mostly in the technical occupations. The challenge for the future will be to do the same effort for the service occupations. The reform and open-door policy of the Chinese government since the 1970s brings many opportunities not only for the economy, but also for the society. The rapid development in the technically based fields brought the anticipated economic upswing and leads the PR China from a development country to the second biggest economy in the world. Now, the current government aims more to increase the life standard of the Chinese and strengthen the domestic consumption than to focus on industry production. Through the emerging middle class the quality and necessity of services gain higher importance in the society and it is seen as an integral part of increasing their quality of life. Chinas new generation remained from the destructive revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s, which have slowed down the development in the country. It has now in hand to bring together identity of the country with its traditions and modernity not only outwardly in the perception of the world, but to strengthen it also in the Chinese society.

Este estudo tem como objeto oito escolas estaduais Polivalentes situadas nas cidades de Araguari, Araxá, Frutal, Ituiutaba, Monte Carmelo, Patos de Minas, Uberaba e Uberlândia, em Minas Gerais. O período pesquisado compreende os anos entre 1965 e 1976. O limite inferior refere-se ao ano em que foi assinado o acordo 512-11-610-042 entre o Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC) e a Agência Norte-Americana para o Desenvolvimento Internacional (USAID), que proporcionou o desencadeamento de uma série de outros acordos, convênios e ações culminando com a criação do Programa de Expansão e Melhoria do Ensino Médio (PREMEM) e, por meio deste, os Polivalentes. E o limite superior, 1976, ano em que se encerrou a vigência desses acordos, que ficaram conhecidos como Acordos MEC-USAID. Os Ginásios Polivalentes caracterizaram-se como escolas de sondagem vocacional, visando direcionar a formação profissional da população em geral que aconteceria a posteriori, de forma a torná-la mais curta e eficiente, pois o mercado de trabalho requeria, com urgência, profissionais habilitados para uma economia em expansão. O projeto das escolas Polivalentes teve abrangência nacional e vislumbrava, para seu desenrolar, a substituição completa das escolas estaduais pelo modelo do Polivalente, denominado “pluricurricular”. O tema das escolas Polivalentes foi objeto de nossa pesquisa no Mestrado, quando o foco recaiu sobre a Escola Estadual Guiomar de Freitas Costa, em Uberlândia. Tal estudo suscitou indagações e inquietações que resultaram no problema central da tese aqui apresentada: compreender em que medida tais escolas integraram o projeto de desenvolvimento do país — sobretudo na primeira metade do governo militar — e entender sua estrutura, operacionalidade e eficácia. Para desenvolver a pesquisa aqui descrita, recorremos a fontes variadas: 1) literatura especializada sobre os assuntos abordados, ou seja, a situação da educação nacional no recorte temporal, o contexto político, econômico e social, metodologias de pesquisa, a teoria do capital humano, o ensino profissionalizante, tendências e práticas pedagógicas, acordos MEC-USAID e PREMEM; 2) legislação nacional, estadual e municipal atinentes à discussão: leis de diretrizes e bases da educação nacional, decretos e pareceres dispondo sobre o programa de cooperação técnica entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, o Programa de Expansão e Melhoria do Ensino (PREMEN), formação de professores, implantação das escolas Polivalentes e planejamento educacional; 3) documentação dos acervos escolares: livros de atas de colegiado e de pessoal docente e técnico-administrativo, livros de registro de resultado final, de matrícula, visitas do inspetor, livros caixa, de ponto, ocorrências de alunos, professores e administrativos, inventários, grade curricular, calendário escolar, regimento escolar, diários de classe, folhas de pagamento, notas fiscais, correspondências recebidas e expedidas, documentação pessoal dos profissionais, escrituras de terreno, planta arquitetônica, manuais do PREMEN, materiais/recursos didáticos utilizados nas aulas, livros disponibilizados nas bibliotecas escolares, avaliações estruturadas para acompanhamento dos processos escolares, fotos de eventos, textos elaborados em datas comemorativas e recortes do jornal oficial e, finalmente, 4) reportagens da imprensa nacional e local, com destaque para Folha de São Paulo, Correio de Araxá, Correio de Uberlândia e Lavoura e Comércio (Uberaba). A proposta dos Polivalentes ensejou conciliar a formação teórica com a prática mediante um ensino ativo e permeado de recursos tecnológicos. Em contato com saberes e atividades práticas diversos e sob orientação profissional, o educando identificaria a área do conhecimento em que teria mais interesse e aptidão. Essa formação em nível de primeiro grau subsidiaria a profissionalização no segundo grau, que se tornou compulsória após a publicação da lei 5.692/71, a qual reformou a educação escolar nos antigos níveis primário, ginasial e colegial. Entretanto, a proposta pluricurricular que se disseminaria para as demais escolas públicas nacionais acabou sucumbindo ao modelo já institucionalizado. Por sua efêmera existência, talvez os Polivalentes não tenham cumprindo seus objetivos mais gerais quanto aos aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais, mas a pesquisa demonstrou que, para as pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, tiveram contato com essas escolas, o legado de ensino polivalente e de qualidade foi deixado, tanto que, após quarenta anos de encerramento da proposta, elas assim são lembradas. / This study has as object eight state vocational schools located in Araguari, Araxá, Frutal, Ituiutaba, Monte Carmelo, Patos de Minas, Uberaba and Uberlândia, in Minas Gerais. The period analyzed comprises the years from 1965 to 1976, from the signature of the Agreement 512-11-610-042 beteween the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and the American Agency for International Development (USAID), which started a series of other agreements, and actions ending up with the creation of the Expansion and Improvement of High Schools Program (Programa de Expansão e Melhoria do Ensino Médio - PREMEM) and, from this, the Vocational Schools. The upper limit of the study, 1976, was the year when these agreements, known as MEC/USAID agreements ceased. The Vocational Schools were characterized as vocation probing schools, directing the professional formation of the population in general, which would happen a posteriori, turning it shorter and more effective, since the labor market would demand, urgently, capable professionals for an expanding economy. The project of Vocational Schools had a national scope, and foresaw, for its unfolding, the complete substitution of State Schools for the new model, called “multi-curricula”. The theme Vocational schools was the object of my Master’s degree study, when I focused the State School Guiomar de Freitas Costa, in Uberlândia. That study raised questionings and concerns that resulted in the central problem of the thesis presented here: understanding the measure in which such schools integrated the country’s development project – mostly in the first half of the military rule – and to understand its structure, functionality and efficacyThe development of the study presented here, demanded the use of several sources: 1) specialized literature about the topics presented, i.e., the situation of national education in a temporal analysis, the political, economical and social context, research methodologies, the theory of human capital, vocational teaching, pedagogical trends and practices, agreements MEC-USAID and PREMEM; 2) national, state and county laws related to the discussion: laws of national education directives and basis, decrees and reports stating about the program of technical cooperation between Brazil and the United States of America, the Program of Expansion and Improvement of Teaching (PREMEM), formation of professors, establishment of Vocational Schools and educational planning; 3) documentation of school archives: books of minutes of Collegiate and of faculty and staff, registrar books with final scores, enrolment, visits of inspector, accounting books, punch clock records, student, professor and staff occurrences, inventory, class schedules, school year calendar, school rules, class reports, payment rolls, bills of sales, exchanged mail, personal documentation of professional personnel, documents of land acquisition, blueprints, manuals of PREMEM, didactic materials/resources used in classes, books available in the school library, structured evaluations for follow-up of school processes, pictures of events, texts prepared for special dates, and news from the official newspaper and, finally, 4) national and local press reports, especially from Folha de São Paulo, Correio de Araxá, Correio de Uberlândia and Lavoura e Comércio (Uberaba). The proposition of Vocational schools was conciliate theoretical and practical formation through an active education permeated by technological resources. The contact with knowledge and several practical activities under professional supervision, the student would identify the knowledge area that would interest him the most and his aptitude. This formation in primary school would make way for the vocation studies in high school, which became mandatory by the law 5.692/71, that reformed school education from the previous levels of elementary, middle high and high school. However, the multi-curricula proposal that would be spread to the other public schools in the country ended up succumbing to the model already established. From its ephemeral existence, maybe the Vocational Schools have not reached the more general goals in political, economic and social aspects; however, this study demonstrated that, for the people that, directly or indirectly, had contact with such schools, a legacy of vocational and quality teaching was made, so much so, that forty years after the end of that proposal, they are still remembered. / Tese (Doutorado)

The Castle of Education and the Nation is a work concerning secondary segment of schooling system in the political district of Sušice. The time scope of the work is framed by two school reforms from years 1869 and 1953. The work is divided into four topic areas. The opening part dedicates its attention to crucial literature regarding secondary schools, based on it the development of the secondary schooling in the inquired period is outlined, also the formation and evolution of secondary schooling in the political district of Sušice. Second part founded on the primary source research. All secondary schools in the political district of Sušice are analysed in detail with the emphasis put on changes in numbers of students in particular class, their gender and language composition and their geographical and socio-professional background. Emphasis is also laid on the percentage of the studying, who completed particular school successfully. The third part of this work builds on the second part. It sums up and generalises the results of the analysis and manipulates with it further using some theories from the field of history, sociology and the theory of nationalism. Especially the idea of social reproduction, social rise through secondary school education and the specific relationship of men and women to...