Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Max Weber’s text, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), also called “the Weber thesis”, has animated debates on the relationship between religion, particularly Calvinism, and capitalism for over a century. Many studies have been done to test the validity of the relationship between religion, particularly Protestantism, and capitalism in different parts of the world. However, the case of the relationship between Calvinism and capitalism in South Africa has received limited scholarly attention. In the view of the political economist Francis Fukuyama, ‘the failure of the Calvinist Afrikaners to develop a thriving capitalist system until the last quarter of the [19th] century’ is an anomaly that needs explanation. My doctoral thesis takes up this challenge and offers an understanding of the engagement of Boers/Afrikaner Calvinists with trade, later modern industrial capitalism, from 1652 to 1948. In order to understand the South African case study — Calvinism found roots at the Cape in 1652 and is significant still today — I have employed historical sociology as my methodology. My preference was guided by Weber’s use of a form of this methodology. This allows for nuanced understandings of Calvinism and forms of capitalism at different periods in its evolution. I have employed Weberian sociological theory, including his ideal type constructs such as the Protestant ethic, bureaucracy and the spirit of capitalism, to gain greater insight. In my analysis I have also relied on Weber’s Verstehen (interpretive) frameworks to offer more nuanced results. To add to the conceptual framework, I have used Weber’s metaphor of the “switchmen” in order to trace the impact of ideas. Of course, the focus is on Calvin’s ideas as they were reintroduced at different periods in South African Calvinist history: often to suit new socio-political conditions and material interests. I trace the values of the Protestant ethic and the attitudes expressing the spirit of capitalism, following Weber, through an investigation of bureaucratisation of business and government. I show the increased convergence of the Afrikaner Calvinist volk with the spirit of modern industrial capitalism in the early 20th century through the call by the elite among the Afrikaners acting as ideological “switchmen” through their ideas and wanting to alleviate poverty amongst the group. Finally, the thesis shows the validity of the Weber thesis and its use for the study of Afrikaner Calvinism, including in period that follows after 1948. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Max Weber se teks, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), ook genoem “die Weber tesis”, het debatte oor die verhouding tussen religie, veral Calvinisme, en kapitalisme vir meer as ‘n eeu geanimeer. Daar is vele studies wat poog om die geldigheid van ‘n verband tussen religie, veral Protestantisme en kapitalisme in ander dele van die wêreld te beoordeel. Die verhouding tussen Calvinisme en kapitalisme in Suid Afrika het egter beperkte akademiese ondersoek gekry. Na die siening van die politieke ekonoom Francis Fukuyama is “die onvermoë van die Calvinistiese Afrikaners om ‘n welvarende kapitalistiese stelsel te ontwikkel tot voor die laaste kwart van die [19de] eeu” ‘n anomalie wat verduideliking benodig. My doktorale tesis neem die uitdaging aan en bied insig in die verband tussen Afrikaner Calvinisme en handel, later, moderne industriële kapitalisme, van 1652 tot 1948. Historiese sosiologie, gelei deur ‘n Weberiaanse benadering, is as metodologie toegepas om insig te kry in die Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudie – Calvinisme vestig in die Kaap in 1652 en is tans nog betekenisvol. Dit het my in staat gestel om ‘n genuanseerde begrip van Calvinisme en die vorms van kapitalisme in verskillende tydperke in sy evolusie te ontwikkel. Weberiaanse sosiale teorie, insluitend sy ideale tipes konsepte, soos die Protestante etiek, burokrasie en die gees van kapitalisme is toegepas om beter insig te kry. In my analise het ek op Weber se Verstehen (interpretatiewe) raamwerke gesteun om meer genuanseerde resultate op te lewer. Weber se metafoor van die “switchmen” is aangewend om die nalatenskap van idees te volg. Die fokus is natuurlik veral op die wyse waarop Calvyn se idees herhaaldelik gebruik is gedurende verskillende tydperke in Suid-Afrikaanse Calvinistiese geskiedenis: soms om nuwe sosio-politieke kondisies en materiële belange te bevredig. Ek het die waardes van die Protestante etiek en houdings wat, volgens Weber, die gees van kapitalisme uitdruk, in die burokratisering van besigheid en regering ondersoek. Ek het toenemende konvergensie tussen die Afrikaner Calvinistiese volk en die gees van moderne industriële kapitalisme in die vroeë 20e eeu, gevoed deur die oproep van die elite onder die Afrikaners wat waarneem as ideologiese “switchmen” deur hulle idees in die poging om armoede onder die groep te verlig, uitgelig. Laastens, die tesis bewys die geldigheid van die Weber tesis en sy toepassing in die studie van Afrikaner Calvinisme, insluitend die tydperk wat volg na 1948.

在政治事務中，權力與倫理應當有著什麼樣的區別與關聯？乃是一個至為重要的問題 。德思想家韋伯（MAX WEBER, １８６４－１９２０） 對政治事務的思考，亦特別著 重於此。他的基本觀點是：人對人的權力宰制無法取消，亦即整個社會徹底地倫理化 乃是不可能的，在此限制之下，政治行動及制度的唯一倫理可能性在於責任；而政治 事務要不淪為純然的權力徵逐而墮入虛無，亦唯有憑藉責任倫理來提昇。於是責任倫 理不僅是唯一可能的政治倫理，亦是必要的政治倫理。此即為本文的主要論題之所在 。為突顯韋伯上述觀點，本文將韋伯置於左抗馬克思，右拒尼采的立場來考察；馬克 思可視為從「倫理」的立場對「權力」的最猛烈批判，而尼采則可看做從「權力」的 度對「倫理」的最徹底顛覆，他們共同構成了西方現代文明的最嚴重威脅。韋伯處此 左右夾擊之中，則要求西方現代人做一個政治上成熟的人，採取責任倫理的實踐立場 ，並以此為唯一必要且可能的生存之道。 本文分為五章。第一章緒論，指出研究目的與範圍，並對主題所在的脈絡及論述架構 做一說明。第二章討論兩個先決問題：其一，韋伯與政治思想的關係、其二，韋伯與 馬克思及尼采的關係，以做為下一章論述的準備。第三章以「馬克思－韋伯－尼采」 這一對比為基本架構，從個體的人格、行動及群體的制度三個層次，來正面舖陳韋伯 的基本觀點。第四章從「學術與政治的關係」這一角度對韋伯的基本觀點加以評估與 辯護。第五章結論並提出未來研究的方向。

The aim of this thesis is to explore the influence of religion on the work ethic values of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owner-managers in Turkey. The emergence of religious/pious business people in Turkey has been regarded as a phenomenon. This research pays special attention to the religious transformation and secularism in Turkey. It is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with 32 Turkish SME owner-managers. The sample of the study has been divided into two groups: The practicing Muslim Turkish managers (the religious group), and non/less practicing Muslim Turkish managers (the secular group). Discourse analysis of the qualitative data, first, clarifies where to seek the religious influence on business activities. It indicates that the influence of religion should be sought within individuals‘ conduct/manner of living leading the moral values and the mentalities of the business people, rather than seeking cause and affect relationship. The contemporary Islamic interpretation in Turkey, as it is called Turkish/Anatolian interpretation of Islam, is found to re-shape the existing teachings of the religion and reproduce the religious structure through the practices. In this respect, five distinguishing characteristics emerged as signs of the religious influence behind the pious business people‘s actions: Hard work as an Islamic duty, good will (intention), responsibility, bounty/benevolence and the balance/equilibrium in one‘s life. It is also observed that the new Islamic discourse in Turkey provides moral energy exclusively for the religious business people in terms of influencing and encouraging entrepreneurial activities. Meanwhile, the study demonstrates that the work ethic values of the religious Turkish SME owner-managers have been evolving to be more rational and professional, especially after the 1980s liberal economy. This transformation has been evaluated within the concept of secularisation.

This essay studies the European Union and the European asylum system from Max Webers authority theory. The EU considers to be an area of freedom and human rights, but recent events have shown inadequacies in the asylum system that was established by the Dublin Regulation 2003. The Hungarian government is one of the member countries of the EU that has refused and declined their obligations towards the EU. The aim of this study is to see why the EU have failed in implementing a functioning asylum policy and how the lack of authority have resulted in an insufficient asylum system for an international organization. The conclusion in this essay is that the Union is allowing member countries to not be cooperating with the European laws and the absence of authority and efficiency has led to some of the member countries to take advantage of it.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Ce mémoire interroge le rapport entretenu entre différentes formes de «prescriptions» présentes au sein d’une «communauté» constituée sur une base ethnique soit la «communauté turque» du quartier Parc-Extension de Montréal. L’idée maîtresse conduisant la réflexion donnant lieu à cette recherche part du constat que le droit formel des États Canadien et Québécois ne parvient pas à influencer véritablement certaines pratiques prescriptives familiales hautement normalisées. Ces pratiques sont ici différenciées, selon les distinctions du sociologue et juriste allemand Max Weber, entre «coutume», «convention» et «droit». Un travail de terrain, constitué d’une observation participante et d’entretiens compréhensifs, a fait émerger des résultats démontrant qu’une communauté caractérisée par une forte cohésion assure sa continuité par le respect de «prescriptions» majoritairement de type «conventionnel». Celles-ci destinées plus spécifiquement aux femmes, se présentent tant à l’intérieur de lieux publics turcs que dans la sphère familiale privée. En utilisant des techniques de contrôle social des plus efficaces, ces «conventions» s’avèrent être plus contraignantes qu’une règle garantie par le droit de l’État. La valeur principale validant la présence de ces «conventions» est principalement motivée par l’importance accordée à la préservation de l’honneur, tant familiale qu’ethnique, dont les membres se portent garant en respectant les «conventions» qui en assurent sa protection. / The object of this master thesis is to question the multiple social “prescriptions” that are present within an “ethnic community,” such as the Turkish community of the Parc-Extension area in Montreal. A central feature conducting this thesis is that formal law does not quite influence certain prescriptive family practices, which are highly normalized. These practices are differentiated through the distinct concepts of “custom,” “convention,” and “law” elaborated by the sociologist and jurist Max Weber. The fieldwork—which combines a participant observation as well as open-ended “comprehensive” interviews—leads to the conclusion that a community characterized by a strong group cohesion tends to insure the respect of these “prescriptions” that are generally “conventional.” Aimed mostly at women, these “prescriptions” can be found both within the public Turkish sphere and private one. Through efficient techniques of social control, these social conventions thus come to be more restricting than the rules instituted through state law. The key value behind these conventions is mostly linked to the importance of preserving honour within the family or ethnic community, whose members insure the protection and respect of these “conventions.”

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo obter a constante de Weber da percepção de comprimento de linha através de mediação tátil (bengala) e observar diferenças perceptuais quanto à capacidade visual dos participantes e do material utilizado na confecção dos mediadores táteis. Além disso, comparamos a disposição vertical e horizontal dos estímulos para verificar a ocorrência ou não das ilusões vertical-horizontal e radial-tangencial. Para isso, aplicamos o método dos estímulos constantes e uma escala de categoria em 90 participantes subdivididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a capacidade visual: deficientes visuais, videntes vendados e videntes. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, o tipo de material e a disposição espacial dos estímulos. Quando comparamos os resultados da constante de Weber para o tato mediado com a constante para o tato ativo, encontramos diferenças estatísticas na maioria das condições experimentais, revelando que o tato mediado é menos sensível que o tato ativo. Os resultados nos levam a concluir que ocorre perda de informação no tato mediado, com importantes implicações para os deficientes visuais que dependem de instrumentos para perceberem o ambiente. / The present study aimed to estimate the Weber\'s constant in perception of line length and to verify perceptual differences regarding participants\' visual capacity and the material used in canes. Furthermore, the vertical and horizontal position of stimuli were compared to verify the occurrence of the vertical-horizontal and the radial-tangential illusions. The method of constant stimuli and a category scale were applied to 90 participants divided into 3 groups: visually impaired, blindfolded, and sighted participants. The results showed no significant differences between groups, materials, or stimuli\'s positions. We also found that the Weber\'s constant values for mediated tactual perception were significantly higher than the constant value for active tactual perception for most conditions of the experiment. We concluded that tactual mediation implies in information loss in comparison with direct tactual perception, a fact that has important implications to individuals with visual impairment who depend on tools to better perceive the environment.

Carl Maria von Weber är en av de första romantiska kompositörerna. Han skrev främst opera men även en fagottkonsert som är en grundpelare i fagottrepertoaren. I den här examensuppsatsen studeras och jämförs Webers opera Der Freischütz och hans fagottkonsert i F-dur i syfte att få en mer välgrundad tolkning av fagottkonserten. Undersökningen genomfördes med studier av Webers historia, studier av notmaterial från fagottkonserten och operan Der Freischütz, lyssnande av operan och sedan analys och jämförelser av de två verken. Referensmaterielat är John Warracks bok Carl Maria von Weber från 1968, notmaterial från fagottkonserten –såväl originalmanuskript som utgåvor –och från operan, samt inspelningar av både fagottkonserten och operan. Der Freischütz och fagottkonserten har en del liknande fraser och karaktärer. Detta i kombination med Webers historik antyder att operan som konstform är en stark inspirationskraft till all hans musik, inklusive fagottkonserten. Genom att låta sig inspireras av operamusiken kan man få en mer välgrundad tolkning av fagottkonserten. Motsvarande studier borde kunna genomföras med exempelvis Mozarts fagottkonsert och hans operor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Secches.pdf: 409597 bytes, checksum: 552b1fa3062f62932ec902dd43aada65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation s objective is to explore, within Max Weber s work, the concept of rationalization and its importance in the formation of the modern world. As proposed, the process of rationalization is presented as an historic process common to every civilization. A process that, regarding the western civilization, has a distinct peculiarity: the western formal rationality. Which, according to Weber, is the responsible for the formation of the modern world. However, the objective of this research is not limited to describing the formation of the modern world from the development of the western rationalized civilization, but also consists of discussing the possible effects of this process in modern society, according to the weberian critic. In order to do so, it is proposed, firstly, to analyze the author s thought regarding the historical period in which he lived, and also regarding the thinkers that served as influence and/or inspiration on the creation of his own critical analysis. Finally, the concept of rationalization is explored from three different, but complementary, approaches: 1) rationalization as an historic process, 2) the peculiar rationalization of the West in the formation of the modern world, and 3) Weber s critic of the rationalized modern world / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo explorar, na obra de Max Weber, o conceito de racionalização e sua importância para a formação do mundo moderno. Na pesquisa proposta, o processo de racionalização é apresentado como um processo histórico comum a todas as civilizações. Um processo que, no que diz respeito à civilização ocidental, apresenta uma peculiaridade distinta: a racionalidade formal ocidental. Peculiaridade essa, segundo Weber, responsável pela formação do mundo moderno. No entanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa não se limita a descrever a formação do mundo moderno à partir do desenvolvimento da civilização ocidental racionalizada, mas consiste também em discutir os possíveis efeitos desse processo na sociedade moderna, segundo a crítica weberiana. Para tanto, propõe-se, primeiramente, analisar o pensamento do autor com relação ao período histórico em que viveu e com relação aos pensadores que serviram de influência e/ou inspiração na criação da sua própria análise crítica. Por fim, o conceito de racionalização é explorado em três abordagens distintas, porém complementares: 1) a racionalização como processo histórico, 2) a racionalização peculiar do Ocidente na formação do mundo moderno, e 3) a crítica de Weber ao mundo moderno racionalizado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edison Menezes Urbano da Silva.pdf: 843493 bytes, checksum: a0a08a832f50a1c88bf9b2981c84e5ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-06 / Max Weber and Leon Trotsky lived and acted politically in the context of the First World War, leaving a rich collection of writings and speeches, little known today . We seek to recover these materials, linking them to the period in which they were produced, the transition from capitalism to its imperialist stage, and the existing debates at the time, in which both war and revolution were palpable prospects. Through intensive research of the authors' works and their main commentators , we reconstruct the overall picture of the time, with their dilemmas, and the personal trajectory of the authors, emphasizing the contrast in the face of war between a bourgeois nationalist attitude and an internationalist and proletarian one. Max Weber, besides the well-known sociologist, was an authentic German imperialist, whose historical view commonly judged as one of pessimistic resignation, did not prevent him taking a strong stance in defense and promotion of the war. At the same time, sought to present its own vision, more objective and balanced of what should the German war aims be. Trostki was all his life a revolutionary linked to the working class. Faced the war as a catastrophe that showed the historical limits of capitalism, offering humanity the international socialist revolution perspective as a concrete possibility to end all wars / Max Weber e Leon Trotski viveram e atuaram politicamente no contexto da primeira guerra mundial, deixando um rico acervo de escritos e discursos, hoje pouco divulgados. Buscamos recuperar esses materiais, vinculando-os ao período em que foram produzidos, a passagem do capitalismo para sua etapa imperialista, bem como aos debates existentes na época, em que tanto a guerra quanto a revolução eram perspectivas palpáveis. Através de pesquisa intensiva da obra dos autores e de seus principais comentadores, reconstruímos o quadro geral da época, com seus dilemas, e a trajetória pessoal dos autores, dando ênfase ao contraponto diante da guerra entre um posionamento burguês e nacionalista e um internacionalista e proletário. Max Weber, além do conhecido sociólogo, foi um autêntico imperialista alemão, cuja visão histórica comumente julgada pessemista ou resignada não lhe impediu adotar uma enérgica postura de defesa e promoção da guerra. Ao mesmo tempo, buscou apresentar uma visão própria, mais objetiva e equilibrada, de quais deveriam ser os objetivos de guerra alemães. Trostki foi durante toda sua vida um revolucionário vinculado à classe trabalhadora. Encarou a guerra como uma catástrofe que mostrava os limites históricos do capitalismo, oferecendo à humanidade a perspectiva da revolução socialista internacional como possibilidade concreta de pôr fim a todas as guerras