In keeping with international trends in education, South Africa has embraced inclusive education as the means by which diverse learners, including those who experience barriers to learning, should be educated. Premised on the need for schools to change and become responsive to diverse learners by offering the support necessary for access and participation, inclusion is beginning to be realised in South African schools. Independent schools comprise a small but significant sector in South African education, and, despite not having access to state resources, are implementing inclusive education. This study investigates the schools belonging to the oldest and largest independent schools' association, the Independent Schools' Association of Southern Africa (ISASA) to establish the extent to which learners who experience barriers to learning are included in ISASA schools and the practices that facilitate their inclusion. Data gathered from a self-administered questionnaire completed by principals of ISASA schools reveals that the majority of ISASA schools include at least some learners who experience intrinsic or extrinsic barriers to learning. The most common intrinsic barriers are AD(H)D and learning disability and the most common extrinsic barriers are family problems and language barriers. Support for these learners is provided at school-wide and classroom level through the implementation of various inclusive practices that have been described in the international literature on inclusion and in local policy and guideline documents. These include developing policies that guide the support of learners who experience barriers to learning; ensuring that personnel are available to provide appropriate support; harnessing support for learners, their parents and teachers both from within the school and from the wider community; ensuring wheelchair access and employing classroom and other strategies that facilitate access and participation. ISASA schools differ in the extent to which they are inclusive. A few are not inclusive at all, but most are showing progress and commitment to inclusion. In so doing, these schools are implementing ISASA's Diversity and Equity Policy that requires member schools to be inclusive of learners who experience barriers to learning wherever this is feasible educationally, and also realising Constitutional values of equality, dignity and freedom of discrimination. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Summary in English / Text in Afrikaans / Awareness of and interest in the incidence of sexual child abuse has been increasing. The current prominence of this phenomenon in south Africa, . is evidenced by reports in the printed and electronic media. A study of the prehistoric era, ancient civilizations, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and later shows that children have been sexua·lly abused throughout all ages. Yet, the sexual abuse of children is incompatible with the values and goals of authentic nurturing. i • Child sexuality can never ~e equated w1.th adult I sexuality. The child lacks the emotional~ mental, intellectual and physical capabilities to manage sexual contact with an adult person. He/ she is therefore not in a position to agree to intimate intercourse. This research project mainly focused on the relationship between the identification of and aid to the sexually abused child, and the personality functioning of adults who were sexually abused as children. An ontological-antropological approach to childhood has shown that the sexually abused child has the right to the school guidance teacher's respect for his dignity as child and a need for a response to his pain and yearning. The sexually abused child is situated in a distinctive lifeworld and sexual abuse has affective, social and physical consequences. Social relations are negatively affected and some children show self-destructive behavior. The establishment of an authentic and stable sexual identity is especially threatened. Children should be educated to resist the sexual advances of adults, while sexually abused children should be provided with adequate aid. Educators (guidance teachers) should therefore have the necessary guidelines at their disposal for the prevention and treatment of sexual child abuse. / Psychology of Education / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Background: People who use illegal drugs are disproportionately affected by HIV and hepatitis C, stigmatization and social exclusion. Health inequities are worsened by drug policy of criminalization, which thwarts health promotion efforts and hinders access to services. To address these inequities, people who use drugs are increasingly included in decisions that affect them by sitting on policy, service delivery and research committees. This study addressed a gap in understanding how power inequities are transformed in committees where people who use drugs are at the table. Methods: In partnership with the Drug Users Advocacy League and the Society of Living Illicit Drugs Users, this participatory critical emancipatory inquiry explored power relations in four committees in Ontario and BC. Data were collected in 2013 through meeting observations, interviews, demographics surveys and document reviews. Data analysis was guided by theoretical frameworks grounded in critical theory and transformative learning theory. Results: Findings confirmed striking socioeconomic inequities between people who use drugs and others at the table. Inconsistent measures were taken by committees to alleviate barriers to inclusion. Despite openness to inclusion, committee members tended to underestimate people who use drugs. The presence of local organizations of people who use drugs ensured a more democratic selection of their representatives to sit on committees. Once at the table, creating a safe space entailed building trust, authentic relationships, relational and reflective dialogue, and skilled facilitation. Democratic practices of negotiated relationships and consensus-based decision-making enhanced meaningful inclusion. A structural environment in which drug policy criminalizes people who use illegal drugs hindered capacity to transform power inequities by feeding stigma, which worsens health and social inequities. Committees were committed to inclusion of people who use drugs though capacity to do so varied due to budgetary and human resources constraints. Study limitations, practice implications and future research directions are offered. / Graduate / 0700 / 0680 / lynnebel@uvic.ca

Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or “food code”) in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards. The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. Bearing these themes in mind, in this dissertation I examine the relationship between the scientific and the ‘social’ elements embodied by the Codex food standards since its inception after the Second World War. I argue that these attempts to reach scientific standards represent an example of coproduction– one in which the natural and social orders are produced alongside each other. What follows from this central claim is an attempt to characterize the pre-WTO years of the Codex through a case study approach. The narrative begins with a description of the predecessor regional group the Codex europaeus, and then proceeds to key areas affecting human health: 1) food additives, 2) food hygiene, and 3) pesticides residues.

Varje dag förlorar åtta barn en förälder i Sverige. En större del av dem bevittnar detta efter en förälders sjukdom och kanske en kontakt med palliativ sjukvård. 2010 kom en ny lagändring i Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen som kräver att sjukvården särskilt ska beakta barnens behov av råd, stöd och information i samband med en förälders sjukdom eller om en förälder avlider. Det förekommer kunskapsbrister om hur läget kring stöd för barn som har förlorat en förälder ser ut. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur kuratorer inom palliativ sjukvård upplever sitt arbete med stöd till barn i samband med en förälders död. I en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra kuratorer som jobbar inom palliativ sjukvård kom det fram att de upplever sin roll i arbetet som bestående av många olika moment. Kuratorerna uppmärksammar barnet i dess sociala sammanhang, till exempel familj och skola och försöker se till att stödet därifrån fungerar. Detta görs genom att till exempel ge föräldrastöd till föräldrarna och att försöka informera föräldrarna att det gynnar barnens utveckling att de görs delaktiga och informeras. Att hänvisa till vidare kontakter som gruppverksamheter för barn i sorg eller dylikt är också en viktig del av kuratorers arbete. Kuratorernas arbete präglas av ett systemteoretiskt förhållningssätt/en helhetssyn vilket kan vara ett sätt att handskas med den komplexitet som arbetsuppgifterna innebär: att uppmärksamma barnens men även familjens behov i olika sammanhang och på olika nivåer. Vissa problemområden, till exempel motsättningen mellan barnens behov av information/delaktighet och föräldrars rätt att bestämma över sina barn har identifierats och inbjuder till vidare diskussion. / Eight children loose one of their parents every day in Sweden. The bigger part of them witness the death of the parent after a long-term illness and maybe after being in contact with the palliative care. The Swedish law of Health- and Healthcare was changed in 2010 due to emphasize that the healthcare institutions have to take into account children rights for information, counseling and support in case of a parental illness or death.  Knowledge about how the system of support for these children is functioning is limited until this day. The goal of this thesis is to examine how counselors in the palliative care experience their work with supporting the children who have lost a parent. The result of the interview study with four counselors in the palliative care implies that these counselors experience their job being complex with many different tasks. The counselors try to take into account the children and their needs in their social environments, such as family and school. To reassure that they get the support needed from these environments the counselors try to support the parents in their parenting and also by informing the parents that informing and including the children in these situations has a positive impact on their development. Another important part of the counselors’ job is referring the children to different support groups or another alternatives for support. The counselors job is characterized by the system theoretical/holistic approach which possibly can by explained as a way to work with children but even parental needs in different social environments and on different levels. Some new problematic issues arose from the interviews, such as the contradictive relationship between the children rights to information and support and the rights of the parents to decide for their children, which invites to further discussion and research in the area.

Notre étude porte le western crépusculaire et cherche plus précisément à extraire le « crépusculaire » du genre. L'épithète « crépusculaire », héritée du vocabulaire critique des années 1960 et 1970, définit généralement un nombre relativement restreint d'œuvres dont le récit met en scène des cowboys vieillissants dans un style qui privilégie un réalisme esthétique et psychologique, fréquemment associé à un révisionnisme historique, voire au « western pro-indien », mais qui se démarque par sa propension à filmer des protagonistes fatigués et dépassés par la marche de l'Histoire. Par un détour sur les formes littéraires ayant comme contexte diégétique l’Ouest américain (dime-novel et romans de la frontière), nous effectuons des allers et retours entre les formes épique et romanesque, entre l’Histoire et son mythe, entre le littéraire et le filmique pour mieux saisir la relation dyadique qu’entretient le western avec l’écriture, d’une part monumentale et d’autre part critique, de l’Histoire. Moins intéressée à l’esthétique des images qu’aux aspects narratologiques du film pris comme texte, notre approche tire profit des analyses littéraires pour remettre en cause les classifications étanches qui ont marqué l’évolution du western cinématographique. Nous étudions, à partir des intuitions d’André Bazin au sujet du sur-western, les modulations narratives du western ainsi que l’émergence d’une conscience critique à partir de ses héros mythologiques (notamment le cow-boy). Notre approche est à la fois épistémologique et transhistorique en ce qu’elle cherche à dégager du western crépusculaire un genre au-delà des genres, fondé sur une incitation à la narrativisation crépusculaire de la part du spectateur. Cette dernière, concentrée par une approche deleuzienne de l’image-cristal, renvoie non plus seulement à une conception existentialiste du personnage dans l’Histoire, mais aussi à une mise en relief pointue du hors-cadre du cinéma, moment de clairvoyance à la fois pragmatique et historicisant que nous définissons comme une image-fin, une image chronogénétique relevant de la contemporanéité de ses figures et de leurs auteurs. / Our study is centered on the “Twilight western” (western crépusculaire) and is more precisely concerned with the “Twilight” aspect of the genre. The "Twilight" epithet, inherited from the French critical vocabulary of the 1960s and 1970s, encompasses a relatively restrained number of works whose stories, often associated with revisionist discourses, or as “pro-indian westerns”, are dedicated to aging cowboys with a style where aesthetical and psychological realism is put forward in favor of showing how these tired protagonists feel outdated and outmarched by History. By a turn on the literary forms that have for their diegetic background the American West (dime-novels and novels more generally contextualized at the border), our research is structured by a back and forth between the epic and romantic forms of narration, between History and its myths, and moreover between the literary form and the filmic form for a better grasp of the dyadic relationship that the West entertain with its writing of History, both with its more monumental and critical approaches. Less interested towards the aesthetic of these “Twilight” images than the narratological aspects of the film considered as text, our approach is founded on literary analysis to better challenge the classifications which have marked the evolution of the Western film. Based on the intuitions of film critic André Bazin on the “sur-western” (high western), we study the narrative modulations of the genre as much as the emergence of a critical awareness from its mythological heroes (mostly the cowboy). Our approach is epistemological as it is transhistorical since it seeks to conceptualize “Twilight western” as a genre beyond genres, not established on a collection of semantical observations, but on the incitement of a twilight narrativization that emerges from the viewer. We concentrate this narrativization alongside the deleuzian crystal-image as not only an existentialist conception of the western genre in regards to History, but also as a highlighting of cinema’s “hors-cadre” (beyond-frame) perceived as an enlightenment that is both pragmatic and historicizing. We define this precise kind of historiographical image as an “image-fin” (end-image), a chronogenetic image axed on the contemporaneity of theses mythological figures and their authors.

In this thesis I processed the options of support for women during pregnancy and maternity which could be offered by the legislation of the Czech Republic and also the possibilities which were connected with their accession to the European Union. I also mentioned planned law changes which the new government of the Czech Republic wants to get through in their election period of 2013-2017. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part, "The Social Security of Women During Pregnancy and Maternity According to Czech Legislation" consists of four chapters: 'The Evolution of Social Security', 'The Social Security and Its Systems', 'The Social Security Within the Sickness Insurance' and 'The Social Security of Women Within the National Social Support'. In these individual chapters there are processed historical context of social security law evolution and then individual institutes serving for securing woman during pregnancy and maternity. The institutes consist of benefits in maternity and equalized contribution within the sickness insurance and also of child benefit, maternity grant and parental allowance within the national social support. The second part, 'The Social Security of Women During Pregnancy and Maternity According to European Union Legislation', consists of the following chapters:...

The thesis deals with stuttering in adulthood. The first part provides a theoretical basis for using professional literature. It contains theme of communication, communication disorders, stuttering (terminology, incidence, etiology and symptomatology, classification, diagnosis and therapy of selected techniques for adult age), and the International Stuttering Awareness Day. Another theme of the work is the employment of people with stuttering. Thesis also includes advice on how to talk to stutterers and guide phoning for stutterers. The practical part contains its own investigation, processing and results. KEY WORDS Communication, Stuttering, Poeple who stutter, Stuttering in adult age, International Stuttering Awareness Day, Stutterer and career choice

Les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes (HSH) sont les plus touchés par le VIH. La prévention du VIH dans cette population doit aujourd'hui se diversifier grâce à divers outils visant à réduire le risque : traitement des personnes séropositives, traitement préventif chez les personnes séronégatives, et comportements de réduction des risques sexuels. Le dépistage du VIH est alors un enjeu crucial de la prévention.La diversification de l'offre de dépistage en France, notamment grâce au dépistage rapide et communautaire, est un résultat majeur de cette thèse. D'autres problématiques sont également investiguées : le recours au dépistage du VIH chez les HSH vivant au Cameroun et l'intérêt pour la recherche en prévention chez les HSH en France.Tous ces résultats sont confrontés les uns aux autres et sont mis en perspective, en termes de recherches à mener mais aussi en termes de recommandations pour les politiques de prévention à destination des HSH. / Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the most affected by HIV. In this population, HIV prevention must be diversified, using several tools aiming to reduce risks: treatment of HIV positive persons, preventive treatment among HIV negative persons and, sexual risk reduction behaviours. HIV testing thus becomes the cornerstone of HIV prevention.Diversifying HIV testing is one of the most important results of this thesis. Other questions are also addressed: access to HIV testing among MSM living in Cameroon and interest in prevention research among MSM in France.The discussion of all these results leads to several perspectives in terms of researches that should be conducted, but also in terms of recommendations for prevention policies towards MSM.

A aprovação da Estratégia Global e do Plano de Ação sobre Saúde Pública, Inovação e Propriedade Intelectual (GSPOA), no âmbito da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), está baseada na percepção da necessidade de melhoria nas condições de acesso dos países em desenvolvimento a medicamentos e outros produtos que atendam às suas necessidades específicas de saúde pública. Para tanto, a GSPOA está dividida em 8 elementos principais, 25 subitens, distribuídos por 108 pontos de ação, que visam aumentar a eficácia na promoção da inovação dentro dos países, através do desenvolvimento institucional, investimento e coordenação de áreas relevantes para a inovação em saúde. Nesse contexto, o escopo da presente investigação doutoral consiste em perscrutar os desafios para a plena implementação da referida política internacional no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo de caso - enquanto método de investigação qualitativa - que tem sua aplicação quando o pesquisador busca uma compreensão extensiva e com mais objetividade e validade conceitual, do que propriamente estatística. Perquiriu-se, destarte, políticas públicas nacionais, observando racionalmente se promoveram alguma alteração efetiva no âmbito interno, relacionadas com a pesquisa e desenvolvimento e ao acesso a medicamentos seguros, eficazes, de qualidade, e, principalmente, a preços acessíveis. Partindo de uma perspectiva crítica, e marcos teóricos consagrados, buscou-se situar a GSPOA num contexto de saúde transnacional em uma era de globalização, e os desafios para implementar mais completamente um direito à saúde, que transcenda medicamentos e exigências individuais, e que promova a reconsideração da relação sistêmica entre pesquisa farmacêutica, interesse comercial e assistência à saúde pública. Observamos que, para o período de 2008-2015, houve um processo de recrudescimento das políticas de inovação na seara da saúde, bem como êxito na promoção de iniciativas relativas à identificação de lacunas, e na formulação de estratégias que priorizam explicitamente a pesquisa e desenvolvimento em doenças negligenciadas de maior incidência no país. No entanto, verificou-se que tais ferramentas ainda são insuficientes para a efetiva superação do hiato tecnológico, e do déficit público referente às importações de insumos para o setor saúde. Um dos principais desafios relacionados com a inovação em saúde seria justamente colocar o sistema universal de saúde em posição de centralidade no âmbito das políticas do Estado. Em suma, tem-se que tais desafios têm origem orçamentário-financeira, normativa e institucional. Orçamentário-financeira porque o subfinanciamento do SUS é histórico, impactando nas demandas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento na seara sanitária. Quanto ao aspecto normativo, contata-se que opções equivocadas, especialmente quando da promulgação da Lei de Propriedade Industrial (nº 9.279/1996), comprometem a instrumentalização de políticas progressistas para que a propriedade intelectual responda melhor às reais necessidades de saúde pública. Em relação ao marco institucional, constatou-se que o diálogo entre os órgãos da Administração Pública, envolvidos na seara do acesso a medicamentos, em suas mais diversas interfaces, tem sua ação prejudicada diante da sobreposição dos interesses econômicos frente à segurança sanitária. A superação de tais entraves, para a plena implementação da GSPOA no Brasil, é deveras imprescindível, numa ação positiva no contexto do direito social à saúde e ao acesso universal a medicamentos / The approval of the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (GSPOA) within the framework of the World Health Organization (WHO) is based on the perception of the need to improve the access conditions of developing countries to medicines and other products that meet your specific public health needs. To this end, GSPOA is divided into 8 main elements, 25 sub-items, distributed by 108 action points, aimed at increasing efficiency in promoting innovation within countries, through institutional development, investment and coordination of areas relevant to innovation in health. In this context, the scope of this doctoral research consists of examining the challenges for the full implementation of this international policy in Brazil. It is a case study - as a method of qualitative research - that has its application when the researcher seeks an extensive understanding and with more objectivity and conceptual validity, than properly statistical. National public policies have been sought, rationally observing whether they have promoted any effective changes at the internal level related to research and development and access to safe, effective, quality and, above all, affordable medicines. From a critical perspective, and with established theoretical frameworks, the aim was to situate the GSPOA in a transnational health context in an era of globalization, and the challenges to more fully implement a right to health, which transcends medicines and individual demands, and promotes the reconsideration of the systemic relationship between pharmaceutical research, commercial interest and public health assistance. We note that, for the period 2008-2015, there was a process of strengthening innovation policies in health, as well as successful initiatives to identify gaps, and the formulation of strategies that explicitly prioritize research and development in neglected diseases of greater incidence in the country. However, it was verified that such tools are still insufficient for the effective overcoming of the technological gap, and of the public deficit regarding imports of inputs for the health sector. One of the main challenges related to health innovation would be precisely to place the universal health system in a position of centrality within the scope of State policies. In summary, these challenges have a budgetary-financial, normative and institutional origin. Budgetary-financial because SUS underfunding is historical, impacting the demands of research and development in the sanitary seara. Regarding the normative aspect, it is suggested that misguided options, especially when promulgating the Industrial Property Law (No. 9.279 / 1996), compromise the use of progressive policies so that intellectual property responds better to the real needs of public health. In relation to the institutional framework, it was found that the dialogue between the Public Administration organs, involved in the area of access to medicines, in its most diverse interfaces, is affected by the overlapping of economic interests in relation to health security. The overcoming of such obstacles, for the full implementation of the GSPOA in Brazil, is indeed essential, in a positive action in the context of the social right to health and universal access to medicines