No / The current systems of care for dying persons, the people caring for them, and the bereaved operate in ways that frequently lack sufficient sensitivity to their needs. We describe a new model for dying, death, and loss that adopts a public health approach. Specifically, we describe a deliberative process that resulted in a charter for a public health approach to dying, death, and loss. Modeled after the World Health Organization's 1986 Ottawa Charter, our charter includes a call to action. It has the potential to bring about significant change on local, societal, and global levels as exemplified by four projects from three countries. Public health and end-of-life services and organizations need to form partnerships with the community to develop a public health approach to dying, death, and loss. Learning from each other, they will affirm and enhance community beliefs and practices that make death part of life.

This predominantly empirical dissertation deals with how socio-economic living conditions and immigrant-specific factors can be linked to immigrants’ mental ill health. It is also explored how cultural representations can affect stress and whether mental ill health is expressed differently among immigrants from Iraq and Iran than among individuals of Nordic origin. Moreover, a conceptual analysis is conducted, where a phenomenological conceptualisation of stress is outlined with a special focus on how this stress approach can be related to culture and migration. The empirical material consists of eleven in-depth interviews with Iraqi and Iranian immigrant women and two population-based surveys. The main findings of this thesis suggest as follows: 1) Mental ill health is more common among foreign-born than among native-born Swedes and can to a great extent be attributed to their poorer socio-economic living conditions. 2) Immigrants’ mental health is independently associated with different types of factors, such as traumatic episodes, socio-cultural adaptation level and socioeconomic living conditions. 3) The self-reporting mental health instruments, HSCL-25 and WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, produce scores that are comparable between Scandinavians and immigrants of Middle Eastern descent. 4) Nonuniversal representations that can be found in Iraq and Iran can amplify, or even be necessary ingredients in certain types of stressful experiences among immigrant women from these countries. 5) The distinctions between universal and non-universal stress, and between immigrant/minority and non-immigrant/nonminority stress appear to be crucial for an adequate comprehension of immigrants’ stressful experiences. / Denna huvudsakligen empiriska avhandling behandlar hur socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor och invandrarspecifika faktorer kan kopplas till invandrares mentala hälsa. I avhandlingen undersöks även hur kulturella representationer kan påverka stressfulla upplevelser och huruvida mental ohälsa uttrycks annorlunda bland invandrare från Irak och Iran än bland nordbor. Vidare genomförs en begreppsanalys av stress skisserad utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Fokus ligger här på hur ett sådant perspektiv på stress kan relateras till kultur och migration. Det empiriska materialet består av elva djupintervjuer med invandrarkvinnor från Irak och Iran, samt två populationsbaserade enkätundersökningar. De huvudsakliga fynden i denna avhandling är följande: 1) Mental ohälsa bland utrikesfödda är vanligare än bland svenskfödda och detta kan till stor del ”förklaras” av ogynnsammare socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 2) Invandrares mentala ohälsa har ett direkt samband med olika typer av faktorer som traumatiska episoder, sociokulturell anpassningsnivå och socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 3) Självskattningsinstrumenten för mental hälsa, HSCL-25 och WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, producerar värden som är jämförbara mellan nordbor och invandrare från Mellanöstern. 4) Icke-universella representationer som kan påvisas i Irak och Iran kan förstärka, eller till och med vara nödvändiga komponenter för vissa typer av stressfulla upplevelser bland invandrarkvinnor från dessa länder. 5) Distinktionerna mellan universell och icke-universell stress, och mellan invandrar/minoritets och icke-invandrar/icke-minoritets stress, tycks vara centrala för en adekvat förståelse av invandrares stressfulla upplevelser.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIGLEI.pdf: 1428547 bytes, checksum: e9c6418bbbadac0d41a5b5caf79ecf58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / This study concerns people who live in a street situation, a historic social phenomenon that has been gaining visibility due to the alarming growth in the number of people in absolute misery, living in the streets and squares of cities, with their basic rights violated and without access to public services to which they have a right. I present a theoretical review about this phenomenon which originates from social inequality, generated by the exploitation of the working classes in the capitalist system, representing one of the most tragic manifestations of the social question. These are men and women who live in a situation of extreme poverty, without work and regular housing, who inhabit public spaces, streets and squares of the city, surviving as beggers or by conducting informal services, such as looking after parked cars, collecting recyclable materials and similar activities. This study examines the trajectory of the construction of a national policy for inclusion of people living in a street situation, particularly in Brazil, and specifically in Pelotas. A study was conducted in this municipality with the users of the Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance for the Street Population (CREAS-pop), to trace the characterization of these subjects and analyze the implementation of the service, according to the manifestations of the participants in the study. To conduct the study, scientific research was conducted with a qualitative approach, within a dialectical-critical focus, which included a study of documents, observation and a focus group to respond to the following key question: what is the meaning of the implantation of the CREAS POP Pelotas to meet the needs and expectations of its users? The data collection to characterize the profile of users allowed, in addition to the preparation of reference statistics, unveiling the reality of a population group, which - despite life s adversities and the difficulties of a system that denies them their most essential rights - continue to dream of better days, with a complete life, and hope that the service will help improve their reality. It found that the work undertaken by CREAS POP Pelotas is participating in efforts to implement a national policy for people in a street situation, which still functions in a very limited manner. The institution is involved in the construction of a model of care for these people, to guarantee their rights, particularly the right to access social policies. The statements of the users include visceral expressions of the anguish of people who survive in inhuman conditions amid the daily life of the city, and coexist with others, living exposed to the elements, with hunger, without income, abandoned, suffering all kinds of violence, while basically invisible to society. Nevertheless, they declare that they have hope that the service can provide the force that they are lacking to change their lives, that they feel safe at the shelter, that they get together to discuss their problems and say that once again their voices are being heard / Este trabalho versa sobre a População em Situação de Rua, fenômeno sócio histórico que vêm ganhando visibilidade em face do crescimento alarmante de pessoas que se encontram na miséria absoluta, vivendo nas ruas e praças das cidades, com direitos fundamentais violados e sem acesso aos serviços públicos a que tem direito. Apresenta uma revisão teórica sobre este fenômeno quem origem na desigualdade social, gerada pela exploração das classes trabalhadoras no sistema capitalista, representando uma das manifestações mais trágicas da questão social. São homens e mulheres que vivem em situação de extrema pobreza, sem trabalho e moradia regular, habitam os espaços públicos, ruas e praças da cidade, sobrevivendo como pedintes ou através de serviços informais, tais como, flanelinhas, catadores de material reciclável e outras ocupações do gênero. Abarcamos neste estudo, a trajetória do processo de construção da Política Nacional para inclusão de Pessoas em Situação de Rua, particularmente no Brasil, e especificamente em Pelotas, município em que foi aplicada uma pesquisa com os usuários do Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social para população de rua (CREAS-pop), para traçar a caracterização destes sujeitos e analisar a implantação do serviço, segundo as manifestações dos participantes da pesquisa. Para isto, a investigação científica realizada com abordagem qualitativa, dentro de um enfoque dialético-crítico, usou o estudo documental, observação e grupo focal para responder a seguinte questão-chave: qual o significado da implantação do CREAS POP Pelotas para o atendimento das necessidades e expectativas de seus usuários? O processo de coleta de dados para a caracterização do perfil dos usuários permitiu, mais do que elaboração de uma estatística referencial, desvelar a realidade de um grupo populacional que, mesmo frente às adversidades da vida, dos revezes de um sistema que lhes usurpa os direitos mais essenciais, continuam sonhando com dias melhores, com uma vida plena, e depositam esperanças que o serviço contribua para a melhoria de sua realidade. Constatou-se que o trabalho desenvolvido pelo CREAS POP Pelotas se encontra em processo de implementação do que propõe a Política Nacional para População em Situação de Rua, atuando ainda de forma tímida, na construção de um modelo de atenção a estas pessoas, no que tange a efetivação da garantia dos direitos positivados, especialmente no que se refere ao acesso às políticas sociais para a concretização dos direitos elementares. Nos relatos dos usuários, defrontamo-nos com expressões vicerais das angustias de pessoas que sobrevivem em condições desumanas em meio ao cotidiano da cidade, convivem com todos, vivendo ao relento, com fome, sem renda, abandonados, sofrendo toda sorte de violências, ainda assim, são invisíveis a sociedade, declaram, contudo, que estão com esperanças que o serviço seja a força que faltava para mudar suas vidas, se sentem seguro na casa, se reúnem para discutirem seus problemas e dizem que novamente estão sendo ouvidas suas vozes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work is the product of an investigation that is part of the LP1: Research, Training, Knowledge and Professional Development Line of the Graduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Santa Maria / RS, focused on broadening the discussions in The initial training of teachers of mathematics and their first years of teaching. The aim of this research is to identify the constituent elements of the initial formation of teachers of mathematics that contribute to the first years of teaching, verifying the approximation and distances of the initial formation course and the reality experienced in the schools, through the gaze of the beginning teacher who teaches mathematics. The research theme came from the experience of the researcher as a teacher who teaches mathematics in her early years of teaching, given the emergence of problems, challenges, uncertainties and difficulties to be faced in the classroom, and that often the beginner teacher Is not prepared to face them. The theoretical references that base this writing that refer to the initial formation are Charlot (2000), Tardif (2002), Mizukami (2006), Imbérnon (2011), Vaillant; Garcia (2012), in the initial formation of teachers of mathematics are Ponte (1998), Moura (2001, 2002), Libâneo (2004), Lorenzato (2010), among others. In relation to the first years of teaching, the main references were Huberman (1992), Garcia (2009), Vaillant and Tardif (2002). For that, the investigation was carried out with teachers who teach mathematics in the state public network of the municipality of Ijuí / RS, the dialogue was recorded and occurred through semistructured interviews with seven teachers. Through their narratives we have been able to know them from the choice of the mathematics course, the first ones counted with the teaching in the initial formation and the entrance in the teaching career. With the transcribed dialogue the interpretation and understanding of the data was based on the narrative analysis of Galvão (2005) with the contribution of the hermeneutic experience, for understanding to happen, Gadamer (1997) argues that the interpreter moves from a projected meaning of the whole to the parts, and then returns to the whole, Called by the author of the hermeneutic circle, in this way the knowledge of the completeness of the text allows the interpreter to question between what is not familiar and what is being shared. The results allow us to share that the teachers understand that initial training is a necessary support for future practices, motivating and encouraging future teachers to think about mathematics teaching, however, during the training, there were difficult situations in the stages that marked The identity of these teachers. They concluded that the entry into the career was a moment of expectation but that feelings of insecurity, uncertainty, fears were greater and emphasized that the main deficiency in this initial period was in the organization of pedagogical practice and that the lack of support is Remarkable, end up resorting to experienced teachers. We conclude that the initial training course left some gaps strongly felt by the teachers at the beginning of the career, so they understand that the training course needs to provide more classroom practices, believe that they learn in practice, and could thus face with greater Clarity in classroom situations. / Este trabalho é produto de uma investigação que insere-se na LP1: Linha de Pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS, tem seu foco voltado a ampliação das discussões no âmbito da formação inicial de professores que ensinam matemática e seus primeiros anos de atuação docente. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar elementos constituintes da formação inicial de professores que ensinam matemática que contribuem para os primeiros anos da docência, verificando a aproximação e os distanciamentos do curso de formação inicial e a realidade vivenciada nas escolas, através do olhar do professor iniciante que ensina matemática. A temática da investigação surgiu a partir da vivência da pesquisadora como professora que ensina matemática em seus primeiros anos de atuação docente, visto o surgimento de problemas, desafios, incertezas e dificuldades a serem enfrentadas em sala de aula, e que muitas vezes o professor principiante não está preparado para enfrentá-los. O referenciais teóricos que embasaram esta escrita que referem-se a formação inicial são Charlot (2000), Tardif (2002), Mizukami (2006), Imbérnon (2011), Vaillant; Garcia (2012), na formação inicial de professores que ensinam matemática são Ponte (1998), Moura (2001; 2002), Libâneo (2004), Lorenzato (2010), dentre outros. Em relação aos primeiros anos de atuação docente os principais referenciais foram Huberman (1992), Garcia (2009), Vaillant e Tardif (2002). Para tanto, a investigação foi realizada com professores que ensinam matemática na rede pública estadual do município de Ijuí/RS, o diálogo foi gravado e ocorreu através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com sete professoras. Através das suas narrativas pudemos conhecê-las desde a escolha pelo curso de matemática, os primeiros contados com a docência na formação inicial e a entrada na carreira docente. Com o diálogo transcrito a interpretação e compreensão dos dados baseou-se na análise narrativa de Galvão (2005) com a contribuição da experiência hermenêutica, para que a compreensão aconteça, Gadamer (1997) argumenta que o intérprete se move de um significado projetado do todo para as partes, e então volta para o todo, denominado pelo autor de círculo hermenêutico, dessa forma o conhecimento da completude do texto permite que o intérprete questione entre aquilo que não lhe é familiar e o que está sendo compartilhado. Os resultados nos permitem compartilhar que as professoras entendem que a formação inicial é um suporte necessário para as futuras práticas, motivando e incentivando os futuros professores a pensar o ensino de matemática, no entanto, durante a formação, nos estágios houveram situações difíceis o que marcou a identidade dessas professoras. Completam que a entrada na carreira, foi um momento de expectativas, mas que os sentimentos de insegurança, incertezas, medos, foram maiores e enfatizaram que a principal deficiência, nesse período inicial, foi na organização da prática pedagógica e que a falta de apoio é notável, acabam recorrendo aos professores experientes. Concluímos que o curso de formação inicial deixou algumas lacunas fortemente sentidas pelas professoras na entrada na carreira, assim, elas entendem que o curso de formação precisa fornecer mais práticas em sala de aula, acreditam que aprendem na prática, sendo assim, poderiam enfrentar com maior clareza as situações em sala de aula.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att lyfta maktperspektivet genom en kritisk diskursanalys av debatten kring konceptualiseringen av en diagnos för problematiskt digitalt spelande (PDS). Som professionella inom socialt arbete är PDS ett högaktuellt problem som nyligen har fått en ny officiell diagnos; Gaming Disorder, som ett nytt verktyg i praktiken. Teori: Studiens teoretiska förankring ligger i socialkonstruktionism, maktteori och diskursteori, som samtliga fokuserade på konceptualisering av diagnoser och diagnosens makt i samhället. Metod: Metoden för studien är främst kvalitativ genom en kritisk diskursanalys, men nyttjar även ett mer kvantitativt redskap genom korpuslingvistik. Korpuslingvistiken användes för att identifiera diskurser i debatten som sedan genomgick en tematiserad indelning inför den kritiska diskursanalysen. Resultat: Studiens resultat fokuserar främst på den diskursiva och sociala praktiken i en kritisk diskursanalys, detta då maktperspektivet uppfattades som starkast i dessa nivåer. Resultatet tyder på en fördelning mellan två oeniga fält av experter i debatten. där ena fältet har en stark koppling till WHO, vilket diskuteras i denna studie. / Aim: The aim with the study is to lift the power perspective through a critical discourse analysis of the debate about the conceptualization of a diagnosis for problematic digital gaming (PDS). For professionals in social work, PDS is a highly topical problem which recently gained a new official diagnosis, Gaming Disorder, as a new tool in social work. Theory: The study's theoretical grounding is in social constructionism, power theory and discourse theory, which all have been focused on the conceptualization of diagnoses and the power of diagnoses in society. Method: The method for the study is mainly qualitative through a critical discourse analysis but uses also a more quantitative tool through corpus linguistics. The corpus linguistics was used to identify discourses in the debate which later went through a thematization before the critical discourse analysis. Result: The study's result mainly focuses on discourse practice and social practice; due to that this was where the power perspective was perceived the strongest. The result indicates a division between two fields of discordant experts in the debate, where one field has a strong connection to WHO, which is discussed in this study.

Covid-19-pandemin utgör ett globalt hot mot hälsa, ekonomiskt välbefinnande och politisk stabilitet. Enligt forskare är vacciner mot covid-19 en nyckel till att få ett slut på pandemin och återgå till en viss typ av normalitet. Problemet är att vaccinerna mot covid-19 har fördelats ojämnt mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Denna studie är baserad på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer som undersöker hur experter ser på distributionen av vacciner mot covid-19 mellan hög- och låginkomstländer. Mer specifikt, vilka faktorer som de anser påverka fördelningen samt vilka åtgärder som behövs för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis. Studien är kopplad till ett teoretiskt ramverk om global rättvisa som används för att förklara varför vi människor har skyldigheter att hjälpa varandra. Denna studies resultat indikerar att majoriteten av experterna anser att fördelningen av vaccinerna har i hög grad varit ojämn eftersom höginkomstländer har anskaffat mer vacciner än låginkomstländerna. Enligt experterna kan en global ojämn fördelning av vacciner leda till konsekvenser som att det utvecklas mutationer av viruset som inte vaccinerna fungerar emot, och att pandemin således fortsätter. Den viktigaste faktorn som experterna belyste är att länder har agerat nationalistiskt och att det har varit ett högt tryck på politiska ledare att skaffa vacciner för deras befolkningar. Experterna var överens om att Covax initiativet var en bra åtgärd för att vaccinerna skulle fördelas mer rättvist även om de också påpekade utmaningar med Covax. Denna studie bidrar därför till förståelsen att det finns många faktorer som påverkar den globala fördelningen av vacciner mot covid-19, men också att det finns flera åtgärder för att göra fördelningen mer rättvis. / The COVID-19 pandemic poses a global threat to health, economic well-being and political sta- bility. According to researchers, COVID-19 vaccines are a key to ending the pandemic and return- ing to a certain type of normality. The issue is that the COVID-19 vaccines have been unevenly distributed between high- and low-income countries. This study is based on qualitative semi-struc- tured interviews exploring how experts view the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines between high- and low-income countries. More specifically, what factors that they consider to affect the distribution and what measures are needed to make the distribution more equitable. The study connects to the theoretical framework of global justice which is used to clarify why humans have obligations to help each other. The result of the study indicates that the majority of experts con- clude that the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines has been very uneven because high-income countries have obtained more vaccines than low-income countries. According to experts, an une- ven distribution of the vaccines can lead to several consequences such as the development of mu- tants which the vaccine does not work against, and thus to the pandemic continuing. The main factor pointed out by the experts is that countries have acted nationalistic and that there has been a lot of pressure on political leaders to procure vaccines for their populations. The experts agree that the Covax initiative was a good measure for the vaccines to be distributed more fairly, alt- hough they also highlighted challenges with Covax. This study therefore contributes to the under- standing that there are many factors that affect the global distribution of vaccines against COVID- 19, but also that there are several measures to make the distribution more equitable.

WHO tog 2009 fram en checklista för att öka patientsäkerheten i samband med operationer, SafeSurgery Checklist [SSC] eller på svenska: Checklista för säker kirurgi. Syftet med checklistan är attförebygga de risker som kan leda till vårdskador vid operationer och att förbättra operationsteametskommunikation. Detta via ett antal säkerhetsfrågor samt att alla på operationssalen presenterar sig mednamn och profession.En rad studier visar på att checklistan om den är rätt använd reducerar operationskomplikationerna.Dessvärre finns det också studier som menar att följsamheten till checklista för säker kirurgi brister.I en kartläggning på författarens arbetsplats så identifierades flera förbättringsgap. Det framkom blandannat att det i operationsteamen brister i följsamhet på flera punkter i checklistan och att det var storaskillnader i hur den genomfördes. Det visade sig också att flera professioner i mikrosystemet inte kändesig delaktiga och inkluderade när checklistan genomfördes.Författaren valde därför att genomföra ett förbättringsarbete för att få bättre följsamhet till checklistaför säker kirurgi. Förbättringsarbetet genomfördes i samband med att den ursprungliga checklistanskulle ersättas med en uppdaterad version, Checklista 2.0 framtagen av Landstingens ömsesidigaförsäkringsbolag.Med Nolans förbättringsmodell som stöd så genomfördes utbildningsdagar, workshops och dialogerunder 2020–2021. Därefter infördes Checklista 2.0 på en operationssal som ett pilottest.En majoritet av medarbetarna upplevde att de nya rutinerna förbättrat delaktigheten. Sedan november2021 så är de nya rutinerna implementerade på hela avdelningen.Under 2022 genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie som undersökte operationsteamets uppfattningav vilka faktorer som påverkat följsamheten under tiden förbättringsarbetet pågick. Resultatet mynnadeut i tre teman; motivation, ledarskapets betydelse och känsla av tillhörighet.Resultatet kan användas som vägledning för framtida förbättringsarbeten och förändringar i rutiner.Det kan ge en ökad förståelse för att operationsteamets professioner har olika utgångslägen. Därförbehöver förändringar som berör flera professioner ta hänsyn till dessa utgångslägen för att bliframgångsrika.Mer forskning kring vad som påverkar patientsäkerhetskulturen inom hälso- och sjukvården behövs ochden behöver ta hänsyn till samtliga professioner som verkar inom kontexten. / In 2009, WHO introduced a checklist to increase patient safety during surgery, Safe Surgery Checklist[SSC]. The purpose of the checklist is to prevent risks that can lead to medical injuries during surgeryand to improve team communication.A number of studies show that the checklist, if used correctly, reduces surgical complications.Unfortunately, there are also studies that suggest that compliance with the checklist for safe surgery isinaccurate.In a survey at the author's workplace, several improvement gaps were identified. It emerged, amongother things, that there was a lack of compliance in surgery teams and there were major differences inhow the checklist was carried out. It also turned out that several professionals in the microsystem didnot feel involved and included when the checklists were conducted.The author therefore chose to carry out an improvement work to get better compliance to the SSC. Theimprovement work was carried out in connection with the original checklist being replaced with anupdated version, Checklist 2.0, developed by the County Council's mutual insurance company.With Nolan's improvement model as support, training days, workshops and dialogues were heldbetween 2020–2021. Then Checklist 2.0 was introduced in one theatre as a pilot test.A majority of the employees felt that the new routines improved participation. Since November 2021,the new routine have been implemented throughout the department.In 2022, a qualitative interview study was conducted that examined the surgical team's perception ofthe factors that affected compliance during the improvement work. The result resulted in three themes.Motivation, the importance of leadership and sense of belonging. The perception differed somewhatdepending on one's professional affiliation.The results can be used as a guide for future implementations and changes in routines. It can provide anincreased understanding that the surgical team's professions have different starting points and thereforechanges that affect several professions need to take these starting points into account in order to besuccessful.More research on what affects the patient safety culture in health care is needed and it needs to take intoaccount all professions that operate in the context.

Background Oxygen is one of the most commonly used drugs by anesthesiologists. The World Health Organization (WHO) gave recommendations regarding perioperative oxygen administration, but the practice of oxygen use in anesthesia, critical emergency, and intensive care medicine remains unclear. Methods We conducted an online survey among members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC). The questionnaire consisted of 46 queries appraising the perioperative period, emergency medicine and in the intensive care, knowledge about current recommendations by the WHO, oxygen toxicity, and devices for supplemental oxygen therapy. Results Seven hundred ninety-eight ESAIC members (2.1% of all ESAIC members) completed the survey. Most respondents were board-certified and worked in hospitals with > 500 beds. The majority affirmed that they do not use specific protocols for oxygen administration. WHO recommendations are unknown to 42% of respondents, known but not followed by 14%, and known and followed by 24% of them. Respondents prefer inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) ≥80% during induction and emergence from anesthesia, but intraoperatively < 60% for maintenance, and higher FiO2 in patients with diseased than non-diseased lungs. Postoperative oxygen therapy is prescribed more commonly according to peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), but shortage of devices still limits monitoring. When monitoring is used, SpO2 ≤ 95% is often targeted. In critical emergency medicine, oxygen is used frequently in patients aged ≥80 years, or presenting with respiratory distress, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. In the intensive care unit, oxygen is mostly targeted at 96%, especially in patients with pulmonary diseases. Conclusions The current practice of perioperative oxygen therapy among respondents does not follow WHO recommendations or current evidence, and access to postoperative monitoring devices impairs the individualization of oxygen therapy. Further research and additional teaching about use of oxygen are necessary.

År 2020 drabbades världen av Covid-19. Spridningen av viruset resulterade i att många länder upprättade en lockdown. Detta påverkade sjöfartsbranschen negativt och ställde till med problem när folk blev sjuka. Detta är på grund av den unika miljön som finns ombord på fartyg. Syftet med studien var att analysera och utvärdera hur olika fartyg och rederier agerade under covid-19-pandemin med fokus på effektivitet, framgång och problem när det kommer till smittskydd. Studiens frågeställningar berörde hur rederiers existerande smittskyddsplaner såg ut och huruvida de kan förbättras, vilka lärdomar som kan dras om smittspridning ombord på fartyg och huruvida en förbättrad smittskyddsplan kan konstrueras utifrån de som redan existerar. En kvalitativ metod i form av granskning och inläsning av studier i området smittspridning i allmänhet samt studier om utbrott av covid-19 ombord på fartyg. Smittskyddsplaner samlades in genom ett mailutskick till svenska rederier. Resultatet visar att rederierna efterlevde många av WHO:s riktlinjer där de även implementerade egna tillägg till den ombordhavna smittskyddsplanen. Vi kom även fram till att landbaserad assistans är en viktig komponent för att kunna bekämpa smittspridning ombord. / In 2020, the world was struck by Covid-19. The spread of the virus resulted with many countries establishing  lockdowns. This negatively affected the shipping industry and caused problems when people got sick. This is because of the unique environment that exists on board ships. The purpose of the study was to analyze and evaluate how different ships and shipping companies acted during the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on efficiency, success and problems when it came to controlling the spread of infections. The study's questions concerned how shipping companies' infection control plans were complied with and whether they can be improved, what lessons can be learned about the spread of infections on board ships and whether an improved infection control plan can be constructed from those that already exist. A qualitative method of reviewing and reading studies in the field of infection control in general and studies on COVID-19 outbreaks on board ships. Infection control plans were collected through a mailing to Swedish shipping companies. The results showed that the shipping companies complied with many of the WHO's guidelines where they also implemented their own additions to the on-board infection control plan. We also came to the conclusion that land-based assistance is an important component for combating the spread of infections on board.

WHO has set up activity guidelines for children between 0-5 years of age. If children fail to follow the guidelines they risk developing NCD diseases in the future as a consequence. Several children in the age group fail to follow these guidelines all over the world. Adults have used IoT solutions to track and maintain their activity. There have been IoT devices developed for kids but none focus on the age group of 0-5 year old’s. Therefore the objective for this study was to examine how the age group could reach the guidelines for physical activity with the assistance of an IoT device. To study this the goal was to design an application that will assist parents in tracking their children’s activity and giving them suitable exercises. To investigate the subject a theoretical framework was created. It focused on investigating how physicalactivity can be measured, what sensors could be used, how could the data be visualized effectively, what motivates children to move and what research method and data collection methods that could be used throughout the project. The method chosen was the double diamond method which consisted of the stages discover, define, develop and deliver. During the discover phase an interview was performed with a key-informant with expertise in sports medicine and activity tracking with 3-5 yearold’s. A survey was also sent out to parents to investigate the population. In the define phase a concept was formed from the collected data. In the develop stage a Lo-fi Figma prototype was created and tested on both the key-informant and expertswithin UX and/or IT-consulting. The Lo-fi prototype contained graphs showcasing the family’s activity, activities to perform with their child, a reward page were children could gain rewards for activity and much more. The results showed that the rewards system introduced confused the participants and some thought it would berisky to introduce rewards for activity to children. This since they might then only be active for the reward, not for the fun of the activity itself. In the deliver phasea Mid-fi prototype was created from the feedback received through Lo-fi usabilitytesting. The Mid-fi removed the rewards and added a calendar page. At the calendar page the family could plan and wish for activities. The Mid-fi was tested on parents and the results showed that several of them had a hard time finding the wish-list functionality. There were also many participants who wanted to interact with thegraphs to read more specific information. The discussion evaluated the Mid-fi inrelation to the test results and the theoretical framework. Through the analysis it was concluded that improvements can be made for future versions of the prototype. The conclusions evaluated the Mid-fi in relation to the objective and found that the prototype needed further testing with children to conclude if it would be able to help them follow the WHO’s guidelines. It was also concluded that the application would help parents track their child’s movements as many parents would want to use the application and they all understood the used data visualizations. It was lastly concluded that further research with child care practitioners would have to be performed to identify suitable exercises for the children. However, as the app provides a template to sort and recommend activities, it will help parents choose suitable activities for their child when the library has been built up. / WHO har upprättat riktlinjer för fysisk aktivitet för barn mellan 0-5 år. Om barn inte följer riktlinjerna riskerar de att utveckla icke-smittsamma sjukdomar (NCD) i framtiden som en konsekvens. Flera barn i denna åldersgrupp misslyckas medatt följa dessa riktlinjer över hela världen. Vuxna har använt IoT-lösningar för attspåra och upprätthålla sin egen aktivitet. Det har utvecklats IoT-enheter för barn, men ingen av dem fokuserar på åldersgruppen 0-5 år. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur åldersgruppen kan följa riktlinjerna för fysisk aktivitet med hjälp av en IoT-enhet. För att studera detta var målet att designa en applikation som hjälper föräldrar att spåra sina barns aktivitet och ge dem lämpliga aktiviteter. För att undersöka ämnet skapades ett teoretisk ramverk. Det fokuserade på att undersöka hur fysisk aktivitet kan mätas, vilka sensorer som kan användas, hur data kan visualiseras effektivt, vad som motiverar barn att röra sig och vilka forsknings- och datainsamlingsmetoder som kan användas under projektet. Den valda metoden var Double Diamond, som bestod av faserna upptäcka, definiera, utveckla och leverera. Under upptäcktsfasen genomfördes en intervju med en nyckelinformant med expertis inom idrottsmedicin och aktivitetsspårning för barn mellan 3-5 år. En enkät skickades också ut till föräldrar för att undersöka populationen. I definieringsfasen formades ett koncept utifrån de insamlade datat. I utvecklings-fasen skapades och testades en Lo-fi Figma prototyp på både nyckelinformantenoch experter inom UX och/eller IT-konsulting. Lo-fi prototypen innehöll grafer som visade familjens aktivitet, aktiviteter att utföra med deras barn, en belöningssida där barn kunde få belöningar för aktivitet och mycket mer. Resultaten visade att belöningssystemet förvirrade deltagarna och vissa ansåg att det skulle vara riskabelt att införa belöningar för aktivitet till barn. Detta eftersom de då kanske bara skulle vara aktiva för belöningen och inte för aktivitetens egen skull. I leveransfasenskapades en Mid-fi prototyp utifrån den feedback som erhölls genom användbarhet-stester av Lo-fi prototypen. Mid-fi prototypen tog bort belöningarna och lade till en kalendersida. På kalendersidan kunde familjen planera och önska aktiviteter. Mid-fi prototypen testades på föräldrar och resultaten visade att flera av dem hade svårt att hitta önskelistefunktionen. Det var också många deltagare som ville interagera med graferna för att läsa mer specifik information. Diskussionen utvärderade Mid-fi pro-totypen i relation till testresultaten och det teoretiska ramverket. Genom analysen konstaterades det att förbättringar kan göras för framtida versioner av prototypen. Slutsatserna utvärderade Mid-fi prototypen i relation till målet med studien och fann att prototypen behövde ytterligare testning med barn för att fastställa om den skulle kunna hjälpa dem att följa WHO:s riktlinjer. Det konstaterades också att applikationen skulle hjälpa föräldrar att spåra sina barns rörelser då många föräldrar ville använda applikationen och alla förstod de använda datavisualiseringarna. Slutligen konstaterades det att ytterligare forskning med barnomsorgspersonal måste genomföras för att identifiera lämpliga övningar för barnen. Men eftersom appen tillhandahåller en mall för att sortera och rekommendera aktiviteter, kommer den att hjälpa föräldrar att välja lämpliga aktiviteter för sina barn när bibloteket byggts upp.