Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-09T17:10:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Polyana Resende Silva de Morais - 2015.pdf: 3035751 bytes, checksum: 2ffc0c669c47e74eabe5f5af1e6353ac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T10:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Polyana Resende Silva de Morais - 2015.pdf: 3035751 bytes, checksum: 2ffc0c669c47e74eabe5f5af1e6353ac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T10:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Polyana Resende Silva de Morais - 2015.pdf: 3035751 bytes, checksum: 2ffc0c669c47e74eabe5f5af1e6353ac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introduction: Among the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are high blood pressure (hypertension), obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Studies show that blood pressure (BP) increases progressively with an increase of the body mass index (BMI) and in individuals with increased waist circumference (WC), they have a higher risk of developing hypertension, IR and other metabolic disorders since childhood. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between RI, WC and BMI in adolescents with altered levels of PA. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1025 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years enrolled in public and private schools in a large city. Two groups were evaluated, one formed by the PA that had changed the assessment by casual measurement and / or Home Blood Pressure Measurement (HBPM) and another group formed by those with normal BP. Evaluated anthropometric indicators for BMI and WC calculation. Classified as abnormal blood pressure those with BP percentile> 90 on casual measurement and / or HBPM. Measured fasting plasma glucose and plasma insulin using the HOMA-IR index as indicative of RI. Results: We studied 162 adolescents (35 normal BP group and 127 of the amended BP group) and 61.1% (n = 99) boys, mean age 14.9 ± 1.62 years. Observed 38 children (23.5%) with abnormal HOMA-IR index. Teenagers with altered BP had significantly higher mean values of WC, BMI and HOMA-IR (p <0.05). The WC was higher in boys in both groups (p <0.05), and only changed the BP group was observed HOMA-IR values higher among girls (p <0.05). The correlation between BMI and HOMA-IR in altered pressure group, was moderate and significant (ρ = 0.394; p <0.001), higher than that found in the normal pressure group. The correlation between WC and HOMA-IR was also significant and moderate and similar in both groups (ρ = 0.345; p = <0.05). In HOMA-IR logistic regression analysis was predictor of change in BP (OR = 2.0 / p = 0.001).Conclusion: There is a significant association between RI and PA with impact since childhood. The correlation and association between cardiovascular risks markers observed stronger in the amended BP group suggests that primary prevention measures such risk factors should be implemented early. / Introdução: Dentre os principais fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) estão a hipertensão arterial (HA), a obesidade e a resistência insulínica (RI). Estudos mostram que a pressão arterial (PA) aumenta progressivamente com o aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e indivíduos com circunferência da cintura (CC) aumentada possuem um risco maior para desenvolverem HA, RI e outras alterações metabólicas desde a infância. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre RI, CC e IMC em adolescentes com níveis alterados de PA. Método: Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 1025 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de uma cidade de grande porte. Foram avaliados dois grupos, um formado pelos que apresentaram PA alterada na avaliação pela medida casual e/ou da Medida Residencial da Pressão Arterial (MRPA) e outro formado por aqueles com a PA normal. Avaliados indicadores antropométricos para cálculo do IMC e CC. Classificados como pressão arterial alterada aqueles com percentil de PA >90 na medida casual e/ou MRPA. Dosados glicemia de jejum e insulina plasmática, utilizando o índice de HOMA-IR como indicativo de RI. Resultados: Estudados 162 adolescentes (35 do grupo PA normal e 127 do grupo de PA alterada), sendo 61.1% (n=99) meninos, com idade média 14.9 ± 1.62 anos. Observados 38 adolescentes (23.5%) com índice de HOMA-IR alterado. Os adolescentes com PA alterada apresentaram valores médios significativamente maiores de CC, IMC e HOMA-IR (p<0.05). A CC foi superior nos meninos em ambos os grupos (p<0.05), e só no grupo PA alterada foi possível observar valores de HOMA-IR superior entre as meninas (p<0.05). A correlação entre IMC e HOMA-IR no grupo pressão alterada, foi moderada e significativa (ρ = 0.394; p< 0.001), superior ao encontrado no grupo pressão normal. A correlação entre CC e HOMA-IR também foi significativa e moderada e semelhante em ambos os grupos (ρ = 0.345; p = < 0.05). Na análise de regressão logística HOMA-IR foi preditor para a alteração da PA (OR = 2.0 / p = 0.001). Conclusão: Há associação significativa entre RI e PA com impacto desde a infância. A correlação e associação entre os marcadores de RCVs observada mais forte no grupo PA alterada sugere que medidas de prevenção primária desses FR devem ser implementadas precocemente.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-02T17:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luziannebenettefaragemoreira.pdf: 2098111 bytes, checksum: 4751ba64895ba50a272ac83404f6dc39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-03T13:00:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luziannebenettefaragemoreira.pdf: 2098111 bytes, checksum: 4751ba64895ba50a272ac83404f6dc39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T13:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luziannebenettefaragemoreira.pdf: 2098111 bytes, checksum: 4751ba64895ba50a272ac83404f6dc39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / A Saúde do Trabalhador busca compreender o ciclo de vida dos trabalhadores e o processo de trabalho de forma articulada. Na sociedade atual a obesidade é considerada uma doença crônica, cujo aumento da prevalência nas últimas décadas determina importantes implicações para a definição de estratégias de ação na área de saúde pública. Considerando a importância da prevenção da obesidade, enquanto doença crônica não transmissível e fator de risco para outras doenças, e seu impacto na saúde dos trabalhadores, o presente estudo teve como objetivos descrever o Estado Nutricional dos servidores Técnicos Administrativos em Educação (TAEs) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora e associá-lo aos hábitos alimentares e às práticas de atividade física desses servidores. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico de delineamento transversal com uma amostra aleatória de 487 trabalhadores TAEs com idade de 19 a 66 anos. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário autopreenchível que continha questões sobre o consumo alimentar, prática de atividade física, questões socioeconômicas e demográficas e ao final foi realizado a mensuração do peso e altura para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a medida da Circunferência abdominal. Os dados foram processados em um banco de dados criado por meio do programa estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 15.0. Os resultados revelaram que 39,5% dos servidores estão com o peso eutrófico, 34,7% com sobrepeso e 24,6% com obesidade. Quanto à prática de atividade física, 57% dos servidores são ativos e 43% sedentários. O consumo de frutas, verduras e leite mostrou que a maioria dos servidores tende a ter uma alimentação variada, ma não atingindo os níveis de consumo recomendado para estes alimentos. O estado nutricional variou de acordo com indicadores como idade, sexo, escolaridade e renda, confirmando que essas variáveis influenciam o peso dos indivíduos. Assim, o presente estudo demonstrou que se faz necessário uma ação voltada para a saúde do trabalhador no que diz respeito à prevenção e ao tratamento da obesidade como forma de se minimizar a incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no universo estudado. / The Occupational Health aims to understand the cycle of life of workers and work processes in an articulated manner. In today's society obesity is considered a chronic disease whose prevalence increased in recent decades has given important implications for the development of strategies for action in public health. Considering the importance of preventing obesity as chronic non- communicable disease and a risk factor for other diseases, and its impact on workers' health, the present study aimed to describe the nutritional status of the servers in Administrative Technical Education (TAES) at the University Federal de Juiz de Fora and associate it with food habits and physical activity practices of these servers. For this a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 487 workers TAES aged 19-66 years has been carried out. The data collection instrument was a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on dietary intake, physical activity, socioeconomic and demographic issues and end the measurement of weight and height was performed to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) and measurement of waist circumference. The data were processed in a database created by using the statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. The results revealed that 39.5 % of servers are eutrophic with weight, 34.7 % overweight and 24.6 % obese. As for physical activity, 57 % of the servers are active and 43 % inactive. The consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk showed that most servers tend to have a varied diet, ma not reaching recommended consumption levels for these foods. The nutritional status varied according to indicators such as age, sex, education and income, confirming that these variables influence the weight of individuals. Thus, the present study demonstrated that an action is needed toward the worker's health with regard to the prevention and treatment of obesity as a way to minimize the incidence of chronic diseases in the studied universe.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T15:42:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 didiersilveiracastellanofilho.pdf: 8877431 bytes, checksum: 7e8fd867f6c8f4b24eed3d97211aab11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:22:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 didiersilveiracastellanofilho.pdf: 8877431 bytes, checksum: 7e8fd867f6c8f4b24eed3d97211aab11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 didiersilveiracastellanofilho.pdf: 8877431 bytes, checksum: 7e8fd867f6c8f4b24eed3d97211aab11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A obesidade na gravidez está relacionada com resultados adversos e com risco gestacional aumentado. A leptina é uma adipocitocina sintetizada no tecido adiposo, principalmente no visceral, que, na gestação, é também produzida pela placenta, desempenhando um importante papel na regulação do metabolismo energético e na instalação da resistência fisiológica à insulina. Níveis séricos de leptina mais elevados do que os encontrados na gestação normal, têm sido relacionados com diversas complicações obstétricas. Considerando-se a hipótese de que a obesidade abdominal (OA) na gestação implicaria, provavelmente, em uma liberação mais elevada de adipocitocinas na circulação materna, aumentando o risco gestacional, elaboramos este trabalho que teve como objetivos: avaliar a correlação entre a circunferência abdominal (CA) materna medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação e os níveis séricos de leptina durante a gravidez; comparar os níveis séricos de leptina entre gestantes com e sem OA diagnosticada no início da gestação; avaliar o comportamento do peso materno e dos níveis séricos de leptina durante a gestação, em pacientes sem sobrepeso e com sobrepeso/obesidade; e avaliar o ganho de peso total e percentual durante a gravidez como possíveis fatores que influenciam os níveis séricos de leptina. Foi conduzido um estudo prospectivo que incluiu 40 gestantes atendidas no pré-natal de risco habitual. A CA foi medida antes da 12ª semana, e os níveis séricos de leptina dosados, pelo método de ELISA, entre a 9ª e a 12ª, a 25ª e a 28ª e entre a 34ª e a 37ª semanas de gestação. Considerando a CA, a coorte foi dividida em dois grupos: com OA (CA ≥ 88 cm) e sem OA (CA < 88 cm). De acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: sem sobrepeso (IMC < 25 kg/m2) e com sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2). Considerou-se o valor de p<0,05. Verificouse uma correlação positiva entre a medida da CA avaliada antes da 12ª semana de gestação e a média dos níveis séricos de leptina (r=0,7; p<0,0001). A média dos níveis séricos de leptina no grupo das gestantes com OA (41,9 ± 3,5 ng/mL) foi superior comparado ao grupo das pacientes sem OA (23,6 ± 2,7 ng/mL) (p<0,0002). Houve aumento progressivo de ganho de peso materno durante a gravidez, em ambos os grupos. Encontramos um aumento progressivo, estatisticamente significante, dos níveis de leptina no grupo de gestantes sem sobrepeso (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o ganho de peso gestacional total nos dois grupos. O ganho percentual de peso durante a gravidez foi significativamente maior (p < 0,001) no grupo de pacientes sem sobrepeso. Concluindo, existe uma correlação positiva entre a medida da CA aferida antes da 12ª semana de gestação e a média dos níveis séricos de leptina durante a gravidez; pacientes com diagnóstico de OA antes da 12ª semana de gestação apresentam, durante a gravidez, níveis séricos médios de leptina superiores àquelas que não apresentaram OA antes da 12ª semana de gestação; a CA medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação demonstra ser um método válido e simples para se predizer os níveis séricos de leptina durante todo o período gestacional; o peso materno aumenta, progressivamente, durante a gestação, tanto nas pacientes sem sobrepeso quanto naquelas com sobrepeso/obesidade; os níveis séricos de leptina aumentam, progressivamente, durante a gravidez, nas pacientes sem sobrepeso; as pacientes sem sobrepeso apresentam maior ganho de peso percentual na gestação do que aquelas com sobrepeso/obesidade; o aumento dos níveis séricos de leptina durante a gravidez no grupo de gestantes sem sobrepeso parece ser explicado pelo maior ganho de peso percentual destas pacientes, quando comparadas àquelas com sobrepeso/obesidade. / Obesity is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and increased gestational risk. Leptin is an adipocytokine synthesized in adipose tissue, particularly in visceral that, during pregnancy, is also produced by the placenta and plays an important role in the regulating of energy metabolism and physiological insulin resistance. Serum leptin levels higher than those found in normal pregnancy have been related with several obstetric complications. Considering the hypothesis that abdominal obesity (AO) in pregnancy could possibly result in a higher release of proinflammatory cytokines in the maternal circulation, increasing gestational risk, we elaborated this work that aimed to: to evaluate the correlation between maternal waist circumference (WC) measured before the 12th week of gestation and serum leptin levels during pregnancy; to compare the leptin levels of women with and without abdominal obesity (AO) diagnosed in early pregnancy; to evaluate the behavior of maternal weight and serum leptin levels during the pregnancy in overweight/obese and nonobese pregnant women; and to assess total and percent weight gain during pregnancy as possible factors that influence leptin levels. We perform a prospective study including 40 pregnant women receiving low-risk prenatal care. WC was measured before the 12th week and serum leptin levels were measured, by ELISA, between the 9th and 12th, 25th and 28th and 34th and 37th weeks pregnancy. According to WC measurement, the cohort was divided into two groups: with AO (WC ≥ 88 cm) and without AO (WC < 88 cm). Based on their pre-pregnancy body mass indices (BMIs), the sample was divided in: non-overweight weight (BMI of < 25 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (BMI of ≥25 kg/m2). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. A positive correlation was obtained between the WC measured during the same period and the mean serum leptin levels (r=0.7; p<0.0001). The mean leptin levels in pregnant patients with AO (41.9±3.5 ng/mL) were higher than in patients without AO (23.6 ± 2.7ng/mL) (p<0.0002). There was an increased progressive maternal weight gain during pregnancy in both groups. There was an increased progressive in leptin levels in both groups, however, the increase was significantly higher in the patients without overweight (p <0.001). There was no difference between gestational total weight gain in both groups. The percent weight gain during pregnancy was significantly higher (p <0.001) in the group without overweight. In conclusion, there is a positive correlation between WC measured before the 12th week of pregnancy and the mean serum leptin levels during pregnancy; pregnant women with AO evaluated before the 12th week present higher levels of serum leptin during pregnancy, than those without AO; WC measure before the 12th week of pregnancy is a valid and simple method to predict serum leptin levels throughout pregnancy; maternal weight increase during pregnancy in both, non-overweight and overweight/obese patients; the serum leptin levels increase during pregnancy in nonoverweight patients; the percent weight gain in pregnancy is higher in non-overweight pregnant women compared to overweight/obese; the increase in serum leptin levels during pregnancy in non-overweight patients seems to be explained by the greater percent weight gain of these women, compared to overweight/obese.

A hipertensão arterial freqüentemente está associada com obesidade, alterações metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Embora haja estudos mostrando a correlação dessas alterações com alterações cardíacas estruturais e funcionais, não há dados nesse sentido em pacientes hipertensos graves. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, em pacientes hipertensos graves, variáveis cardíacas estruturais e funcionais e se há associação entre elas e variáveis metabólicas, antropométricas e com a rigidez arterial. Foram avaliados 41 pacientes com hipertensão arterial grave recebendo o mesmo tipo de tratamento anti-hipertensivo durante 30 dias. O ecocardiograma foi usado para avaliar a estrutura e função do coração. A determinação da distensibilidade da aorta foi obtida pela velocidade de onda de pulso. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em jejum de 12 horas para a avaliação das variáveis bioquímicas. A circunferência de cintura foi obtida com fita métrica flexível de acordo com recomendações internacionais e nacional. Foram realizadas correlações das variáveis ecocardiográficas com as bioquímicas, antropométricas e com a velocidade de onda de pulso. As variáveis bioquímicas que tiveram melhor correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração foram o ácido úrico e triglicérides. O ácido úrico apresentou correlação positiva com massa, índice de massa, diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo, espessuras diastólicas do septo e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetro da raiz da aorta, e negativa com a variável funcional fração de ejeção. Triglicérides correlacionou-se com as espessuras diastólicas do septo e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetros diastólico e sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetro da raiz da aorta e do átrio esquerdo, massa e índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo de forma positiva e velocidade protodiastólica máxima do fluxo mitral e sua razão com a velocidade telediastólica máxima de forma negativa. As correlações persistiram após correção para idade e índice de massa corpórea. A circunferência de cintura e a velocidade da onda de pulso apresentaram correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. Valores de glicose, HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol também foram associados com diferentes variáveis estruturais e funcionais cardíacas. Foi realizado modelo de regressão linear múltipla que considerou como variáveis dependentes os parâmetros do ecocardiograma e como independentes, pressão arterial, os dados bioquímicos, a idade e o índice de massa corpórea. Triglicérides, ácido úrico e índice de massa corpórea tiveram o maior número de associações com as variáveis estruturais cardíacas. O HDL-colesterol e a pressão arterial sistólica mostraram o maior número de associações com as variáveis diastólicas. Outra análise multivariada selecionou idade, pressão arterial sistólica e velocidade da onda de pulso como variáveis independentes e essa última se associou somente com o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico. Em pacientes hipertensos graves, os níveis de triglicérides e do ácido úrico apresentaram boa correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. Glicose, HDLcolesterol e LDLcolesterol também tiveram correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração, porém em menor intensidade. A circunferência de cintura apresentou correlação com alguns dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. A rigidez de grandes artérias teve forte correlação com a idade e com disfunção diastólica de ventrículo esquerdo, independente do fator pressão arterial / Hypertension is frequently associated with obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Although there are studies correlating these alterations with cardiac structure and function alterations, there is no data regarding this issue in severe hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate in severe hypertensive patients structural and functional cardiac variables, and whether there is an association between them and anthropometric, metabolic variables, and pulse wave velocity. Forty-one patients with severe hypertension were evaluated after 30 days taking the same anti-hypertensive medication. Cardiac evaluation was performed with the echocardiogram. Aortic distensibility was obtained by pulse wave velocity. Blood sample was drowning after 12-hours fasting for biochemistry variables. Waist circumference was measured with a flexible metric strip according to international and national recommendations. Correlation between echocardiographic parameters, biochemistry variables, waist circumference, and the pulse wave velocity were done. Uric acid and triglycerides showed better correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. Uric acid showed a positive correlation with left ventricle mass, left ventricle mass index, left ventricle diastolic diameter, left ventricle septal and posterior wall thickness, aortic root and a negative correlation with ejection fraction. Triglycerides showed a positive correlation between diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness, systolic and diastolic left ventricle diameters, aortic root and left atrium diameter, left ventricle mass and mass index, and also a negative correlation between peak velocity of early diastolic filling of mitral inflow and your ratio with the peak velocity of late diastolic filling. The correlation persisted after correction for age and body mass index. The waist circumference and the pulse wave velocity also showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional data. Glucose, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol values also were associated with myocardial structural and functional different parameters. In a linear regression multiple model, considering echocardiogram parameters as dependent variable and blood pressure, biochemistry data, age, and body mass index independent variables was done. Triglycerides, uric acid, and body mass index showed higher number of association with cardiac structural parameters. HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure showed greater number of association with diastolic variables. In another multivariate analyzes, age, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity were selected as independent variables and the last one showed association with isovolumic relaxation time. In patients with severe hypertension, triglycerides levels and uric acid showed a good correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. Glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol also showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional measures, however it was less strong. The waist circumference showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. The great arteries distensibility showed a strong correlation with age, and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction, independently of the blood pressure

In the Czech Republic occurred a change of lifestyle in recent decades, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and even for preschool children. With these changes can be related as well as the increasing number of children with bad posture. The aim of this research was to analyze weight parameters, body composition, fat distribution and its effect on posture in preschool children. Another aim was compare different methods for calculating the amount of body fat and see if it show the same clinical validity. Furthemore, we compared the measurement of the abdominal circumference with waist circumference in absolute and in relative form, these parameters are often used interchangeably. They are usedto detect fat distribution and estimate the amount of body fat. To determine the distribution of fat is also used centrality indices, which we also compared with abdominal and waist circumference. Our aim was also to evaluate the clinical validity in determining the type of fat distribution. The study included 208 children (101 boys, 107 girls) aged three to six years, most of Prague and its surroundings. Comparing the SDS BMI and weight - height ratio showed a statistically significant difference between the set 2013 and standard. The difference in the values of BMI (p = 0,0006)...

Sedentary lifestyles and energy-rich diets are driving an increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is associated with cardiovascular risk. Reliable estimates of the worldwide prevalence of abdominal obesity are needed to quantify the associated health risk. The International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal obesity (IDEA) study is a large, international epidemiological cross-sectional study designed to provide reliable data on the distribution of waist circumference according to region, gender, age, and socio-economic level in 177 345 primary care patients from 63 countries across five continents. Any non-pregnant patient aged 18–80 consulting one of the randomly selected primary care physicians on two pre-defined half days was eligible to participate in the study. The primary objective was to estimate the prevalence of abdominal obesity in primary care, in each participating country. Secondary objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and smoking, and to evaluate their associations with abdominal obesity, according to age, gender, and socio-economic level and region. The IDEA study will provide the first global map of the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated comorbidities in primary care practice.

Objetivo: Sintetizar el efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 sobre los componentes del Síndrome Metabólico (SM) en adultos con infección por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) en Tratamiento Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad (TARGA). Métodos: Llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Definimos el SM según los criterios del ATP III basado en cinco componentes: triglicéridos, HDL, glucosa, circunferencia abdominal y presión arterial. Nuestra búsqueda primaria fue realizada en PubMed-MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CENTRAL, LILACS, SciELO hasta diciembre del 2019. Evaluamos el riesgo de sesgo con la herramienta Cochrane para ensayos clínicos. Estimamos el efecto conjunto mediante metaanálisis de efectos fijos y aleatorios en función a la heterogeneidad estadística. Calculamos diferencias de medias no estandarizadas (ΔMNE) y diferencia de medias estandarizadas (ΔME) con el estadístico d de Cohen (d-Cohen) para estimar el tamaño de efecto. Registramos el estudio en PROSPERO (CRD42019115749). Resultados: Encontramos un total de 13125 registros, a partir de los cuales incluimos 15 artículos en nuestro análisis: triglicéridos (15), HDL (5), glucosa (4), circunferencia abdominal (2) y presión arterial (1). Ocho artículos tuvieron alto riesgo de sesgo. Realizamos metaanálisis con nueve estudios para triglicéridos, observamos reducción significativa de los niveles [ΔMNE: -77,50 mg/dL (IC95% -117,72 a -37,28; I2: 27,2%)] con un efecto pequeño [Cohen-d: -0,43 (IC95% -0,62 a -0,25; I2:0,0%)]. Este efecto se acentúa cuando se acompaña de dieta y ejercicio [Cohen-d: -0,62 (IC95% -1,17 a -0,06; I2:0,0%)] o cuando se utiliza dosis mayores a 4 gr al día [Cohen-d: -0,58 (IC95% -0,93 a -0,23; I2:0,0%)]. No encontramos variación de acuerdo con los niveles basales de triglicéridos [Cohen-d: -0,43 (IC95% -0,62 a -0,25; I2:0,0%)]. Asimismo, efectuamos metaanálisis con cinco estudios para HDL, notamos que no hubo incremento significativo [ΔMNE:1,01 mg/dL (IC95% -1,35 a 3,37; I2: 0,0%)] con Cohen-d: 0,11 (IC95% -0,11 a 0,32; I2:0,0%). Al evaluar los otros componentes del SM detectamos alta heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica, por lo que no realizamos metaanálisis; no obstante, la totalidad de los estudios reportaron que no había efecto significativo de la suplementación sobre los niveles de glucosa sérica, circunferencia abdominal y presión arterial. Del mismo modo, no realizamos síntesis cuantitativa de los eventos adversos por la heterogeneidad y falta de reporte en los artículos individuales; sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios informaron baja frecuencia de eventos adversos y sin diferencias con los producidos en los grupos de control. Conclusiones: En pacientes con infección por el VIH en TARGA la suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 reduce los niveles séricos de triglicéridos. No se observa efecto sobre los niveles séricos de HDL. La evidencia referente a los otros componentes del SM es escasa y apunta a que no habría efecto. Hubo baja frecuencia de eventos adversos fundamentalmente leves. / Objective: To synthesize the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in adult with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Methods: We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. We used ATP III criteria to define MS based on five components: triglycerides, HDL, glucose, waist circumference and blood pressure. We performed a literature search in PubMed-Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, LILACS, SciELO and EMBASE until December 2019. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane tool for clinical trials. We calculated combined effect using random and fixed effects meta-analysis according the statistical heterogeneity. We calculated non-standardized means (ΔNSM) and standardized means (ΔSM) with Cohen’s d (Cohen-d) to estimate effect size. We registered this study in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42019115749). Results: From 13,125 records, we included 15 in our analysis: triglycerides (15), HDL (5), glucose (4), waist circumference (2) and blood pressure (1). Eight studies had high risk of bias. We performed a quantitative synthesis with nine studies for triglycerides. We observed a significant reduction in serum levels [ΔNSM: 77,50 mg/dL (CI95% -117,72 to -37,28; I2: 27,2%)] with a small effect [Cohen-d: -0,43 (CI95% -0,62 to -0,25; I2:0,0%)]. This effect was higher when omega-3 supplementation included diet and exercise [Cohen-d: -0,62 (CI95% -1,17 to -0,06; I2:0,0%)] or when the doses was greater than 4 g per day [Cohen-d: -0,58 (CI95% -0,93 to -0,23; I2:0,0%)]. We did not find variation according to basal triglyceride levels [Cohen-d: -0,43 (CI95% -0,62 to -0,25; I2:0,0%)]. For HDL, we made a meta-analysis with five studies. No significant effect was found [ΔNSM: 1,01 mg/dL (CI95% -1,35 to 3,37; I2: 0,0%)] with Cohen-d: 0,11 (CI95% -0,11 to 0,32; I2:0,0%). We found high clinical and methodological heterogeneity when evaluating the other components of MS and therefore no meta-analysis was made. Nonetheless, all the studies indicated that there was no significant effect of supplementation on serum glucose, waist circumference and blood pressure levels. Likewise, we did not perform a quantitative synthesis of adverse events by heterogeneity and lack of reporting of these on individual articles. Nevertheless, most studies reported mild adverse events in some patients compared to the placebo control group. Conclusions: The supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid in adult patients with HIV in HAART reduces the serum triglyceride levels. Furthermore, the serum levels of HDL are not affected. The evidence regarding to the other components of MS is insufficient and suggests that there would be no effect. The adverse events found were mild. / Tesis

Background: Obesity and the accompanying increased morbidity and mortality risk is highly prevalent among older adults. As obese elderly might benefit from intentional weight reduction, it is necessary to determine associated and potentially modifiable factors on senior obesity. This cross-sectional study focuses on multi-morbid patients which make up the majority in primary care. It reports on the prevalence of senior obesity and its associations with lifestyle behaviors. Methods: A total of 3,189 non-demented, multi-morbid participants aged 65–85 years were recruited in primary care within the German MultiCare-study. Physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and quantity and quality of nutritional intake were classified as relevant lifestyle factors. Body Mass Index (BMI, general obesity) and waist circumference (WC, abdominal obesity) were used as outcome measures and regression analyses were conducted. Results: About one third of all patients were classified as obese according to BMI. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 73.5%. Adjusted for socio-demographic variables and objective and subjective disease burden, participants with low physical activity had a 1.6 kg/m2 higher BMI as well as a higher WC (4.9 cm, p<0.001). Current smoking and high alcohol consumption were associated with a lower BMI and WC. In multivariate logistic regression, using elevated WC and BMI as categorical outcomes, the same pattern in lifestyle factors was observed. Only for WC, not current but former smoking was associated with a higher probability for elevated WC. Dietary intake in quantity and quality was not associated with BMI or WC in either model. Conclusions: Further research is needed to clarify if the huge prevalence discrepancy between BMI and WC also reflects a difference in obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, age-specific thresholds for the BMI are needed likewise. Encouraging and promoting physical activity in older adults might a starting point for weight reduction efforts.

Introducción: El fenómeno de la migración es una de las problemáticas sociales con mayor impacto en el mundo y altera las dinámicas sociales, políticas y económicas de las sociedades a las que pertenecen los migrantes. En el Perú la migración desde las zonas rurales contribuye a la urbanización, esto puede aumentar las probabilidades de desarrollar obesidad central y por ende aumentar el riesgo a futuras complicaciones metabólicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la migración interna y la circunferencia de cintura en mujeres peruanas en edad fértil a nivel nacional en el 2018. Métodos: Realizamos un análisis secundario de datos de la ENDES del Perú 2018 (Peru DHS, 2018). En nuestro análisis se incluyó a mujeres de 15-49 años y se excluyó a las que reportaron estar embarazadas. Nuestra variable resultado fue circunferencia de cintura y nuestra variable de exposición la migración interna. Adicionalmente, estas variables fueron categorizadas según la Asociación Latinoamericana de diabetes (ALAD) como normal (CC <88 cm), obesidad central (CC de ≥ 88 cm) y la migración interna como flujo migratorio: urbano-urbano, urbano-rural, rural-rural, rural-urbano y urbano o rural no migrantes y tiempo desde migración (nunca migraron, <5, 5-9, ≥ 10 años). Utilizamos un modelo lineal generalizado (GLM) con familia poisson y función de enlace log para el cálculo de razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas. Resultados:. En cuanto al análisis multivariado se encontró que las mujeres no migrantes y que residen en zonas urbanas tienen 18% mayor probabilidad de tener obesidad central comparado a las mujeres que residen en zonas rurales (RP(a) 1.18 RP(c) 1.17, IC95% 1.07 – 1.30). Las mujeres que migran de rural a urbano, urbano a rural y urbano a urbano tienen 16% (IC 95%) mayor probabilidad de tener obesidad central comparado al rural no migrante. Conclusiones: Las mujeres que migraron de zonas rurales a urbanas, urbano a rural y urbano a urbano tienen mayor probabilidad de tener obesidad central comparado con el rural no migrante. Dentro del grupo de mujeres no migrantes, las mujeres urbanas tienen mayor probabilidad de tener obesidad central. / Introduction: Migration is a phenomenon that has major impact in the world, and it alters social, political, and economic dynamics. Migration from the rural side of Peru contributes to urbanization and can increase the chances of central obesity and therefore increase the risk of future metabolic complications. Objectives: To assess whether there is an association between internal migration and abdominal circumference in Peruvian women of childbearing age according to the Demographic and Family Health Survey of Peru in 2018. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out using data from the 2018 Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey (Peru DHS, 2018). Women aged 15-49 years were included in this study and women who reported being pregnant were excluded. Our outcome variable was waist circumference, and our exposure variable was internal migration. Waist circumference (WC) was defined as central obesity using the Latino American Diabetes Association (ALAD) classification for central obesity with a WC > 88 cm. Internal migration was defined as migratory flow: urban-urban, urban-rural, rural-rural, rural-urban, and urban or rural non-migrants and time since migration (never migrated, <5, 5-9, ≥10 years). Generalized linear model (GLM) with poisson family and log link function was used to calculate raw and adjusted prevalence ratios. Results: In the multivariate analysis we found non-migrant women who reside in urban areas have an 18% greater probability of having central obesity compared to women who reside in rural areas (PR(a) 1.18 PR(c) 1.17, CI95 % 1.07 – 1.30). Women who migrate from rural to urban, urban to rural, and urban to urban have a 16% (95% CI) greater probability of having central obesity compared to rural non-migrants. Conclusions: This study showed that women who migrated from rural to urban, urban to rural and urban to urban have a higher probability of having central obesity, compared to rural non-migrants. / Tesis

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