This Thesis is to examine the topic of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe which took place in 1973-1975. The proposals to convene the Security Conference date back to the fifties, when the Soviet Union called on the European countries to attend the Conference in order to resolve the security situation in Europe. During my research, I asked what motives were behind the invitation to convene the Conference and what caused the failure of these initiatives. I prove that the ultimate goal of the Soviet Union was not the conclusion of the collective agreement, but rather to weaken the West. In chronologic order I follow the development of the relations between the Warsaw Pact and the NATO in the sixties, which eventually led to the start of the Conference in 1973. I also describe interests of groups of countries during the Conference and analyze their role in the adoption of the Final Act.

The thesis titled "The TV program of the Czechoslovak television from the year 1968 till April of 1970" deals with the program offer from the period of so-called Prague Spring until the end of April 1970 when the second transmitter circuit was ready to start. I chose this time period because of frequent changes in politics and society, which was reflected in the media content, and thus in the TV content. This time segment is divided into four time periods in which I monitor the program offer of the TV. The first period is the period of Prague Spring, the second one is from September 1969 to April 1970 when Gustáv Husák became the first secretary of the ÚV KSČ, the third one is from May 1969 to August 1970 when Jan Zelenka became the director of Czechoslovak television (he was considered as the first normalization director) and the fourth period is from September 1969 to April 1970, when the second transmitter circuit was ready to start. The main aims of this thesis are detailed description and comparison of TV offers in these four periods. To achieve the objectives a comparative analysis is used. I analyze mostly weekly magazines Československá televize of the years 1968, 1969 and 1970. The information gained from these magazines is accompanied by other written sources, pictorial records programs...

Im Russischen Zarenreich waren Drohungen ein zentrales Instrument der Machtausübung. Die Androhung von Gewalt erlaubte es dem Staat, seine Untertanen in Schach zu halten, ohne Gewalt tatsächlich anwenden zu müssen. Als während der Gewaltexzesse der Revolution von 1905 die Drohkulisse des Zarenreiches in sich zusammenfiel, geriet das System in eine elementare Krise. In dieser Arbeit wird anhand einer Fallstudie untersucht, wie die imperiale russische Armee als zentraler politischer Akteur neue Praktiken entwickelte, die das Überleben des Zarenreichs sicherten. In Zusammenarbeit von Militäreinheiten vor Ort und dem Ministerium in St. Petersburg wurden Regelungen ausgearbeitet, mit denen die symbolische Androhung von Gewalt durch den tatsächlichen, realisierten Gewaltakt ersetzt werden sollte. Hierzu wollten die Militärs zunächst, dass die Differenz zwischen Soldaten und Zivilisten wieder sichtbar gemacht werden sollte. Soldaten sollten sich nur noch in Extremsituationen auf den Strassen blicken lassen um dann „schnell und entschieden“, wie eine der zentralen Forderungen jener Zeit lauerte, zur Waffe zu greifen. Diese Taktiken hatten kurzfristig Erfolg. Langfristig führten sie jedoch zur Erosion des russischen Zarenreichs: Die Revolution von 1905 hatte die Grenzen der Drohpotentiale des Zaren aufgezeigt. / In Tsarist Russia, the threat was an important instrument of rule. Threats of violence enabled the state to subdue its subjects without the need to resort to the actual use of violence. But when the Tsar’s threats lost their effectiveness during the excessive violence of the revolution of 1905, Russia endured a fundamental crisis. My work uses Warsaw as a case study to examine how the Imperial Russian Army secured the survival of Tsarist Russia by developing new practices of threat. Units on the ground and the military bureaucracy in St. Petersburg developed new regulations that aimed at replacing the symbolic threat of violence with its actual and finely regulated application. As a precondition for this, the military command wanted to reestablish the symbolic boundaries between soldiers and civilians. Soldiers were allowed to leave their barracks only in situations when this was absolutely necessary. However, they then had to use violence “quickly and decisively,” as a popular phrase described it. In the short term, these tactics proved successful. In the longer run, however, they led to the erosion of the Tsarist regime during its next fundamental moment of crisis. The revolution of 1905 had shown to the people the limitations of the Tsar’s threat potential.

Die vorliegende Studie entstand, um die langfristige Renditeentwicklung polnischer Aktien nach Börseneinführungen und Kapitalerhöhungen in den Jahren 1994-2008 zu untersuchen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk richtet sich dabei auf die Erkennung und Analyse der performancerelevanten Unternehmenseigenschaften sowie auf die Erklärung der festgestellten Marktanomalien mit Hilfe ausgewählter Modellansätze. Die empirischen Analysen wurden aus dem Blickwinkel eines Kleininvestors durchgeführt, wodurch die meisten Ergebnisse, neben dem wissenschaftlichen Wert, eine hohe Praxisrelevanz besitzen. Die Untersuchung von insgesamt 263 Börseneinführungen ergab, dass die Emissionsrenditen der meisten Aktien zwar signifikant positiv waren, längerfristig bauten sie sich aber ab. Am Ende des 36-sten Notierungsmonats wiesen sie insgesamt eine starke Underperformance auf. Dabei entwickelten sich die langfristigen marktbereinigten IPO-Renditen in den 90-er Jahren wesentlich schlechter, als nach der Jahrhundertwende. Die Analyse des Kursverhaltens nach 157 Kapitalerhöhungen durch Aktien- und Bezugsrechtsemissionen zeigte, dass innerhalb der dreijährigen Halteperiode die Performance der betrachteten Stichprobe von der Rendite des Gesamtmarktes nur geringfügig abweichte. Dabei entwickelten sich die Kurse von Aktien der kleineren Firmen wesentlich schlechter, als die Aktienkurse der hochkapitalisierten Unternehmen. / This study investigates the long-term stock return after initial public offerings and seasoned equity offerings occurred between 1994 and 2008. A particular attention is being paid to the identification and analysis of performance-relevant issuing firm characteristics and the explanation of the identified market anomalies by means of the preselected explanatory models. Since the empirical study was carried out from the small investor’s perspective, the majority of the obtained results provide not only a considerable scientific value, but also a strong relevance to the actual practice. The study examined 263 IPOs of common stocks and found an overwhelmingly positive initial return. However, this return vanished gradually on the long run, resulting in a high overall underperformance in 36 months after the first listing. In this respect, it is remarkable that the long-term returns of the IPO-stocks issued in the 1990s proved considerably lower than of those placed after 2000. The examination of the long-term stock price behaviour after 157 SEOs reveals only a tiny difference between the performance of the sample and the overall market return. Noteworthy is however the fact that equity issues conducted by smaller firms led usually to significantly poorer stock performance, than when equity was offered by large capitalized companies.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2008. / Title from screen (viewed on July 8, 2008). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Robert G. Barrows, Nancy Marie Robertson, Marianne S. Wokeck. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-172).

Syftet med denna uppsats var att besvara följande frågeställning: 1) Hur gestaltas den polska självständighetsmarschen och dess deltagare? Går det genom öppen kodning att hitta återkommande frames? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 2) Hur förhåller sig gestaltningen till tidigare journalistisk forskning om hur demonstrationer gestaltas? Kännetecknas gestaltningar av de frames som i hög utsträckning används? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 3) Hur återspeglar framställningar av självständighetsmarschen hur journalister i de olika undersökta länderna förhåller sig till objektivitetsideal enligt en liberal modell? Frågeställningen besvarades genom en tvådelad kvantitativ objektivitetsanalys samt en tvådelad kvalitativ gestaltningsanalys. Resultatet av den första delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade att objektivitetsideal förknippade med hur informationskällor används var relativt lika; objektivitetsideal återspeglas inom detta område på ett relativt likartat sätt länder emellan. Resultatet av den andra delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade relativt stora skillnader mellan hur inrikes (polska) medier samt utrikesmedier beskriver marschen. Tydligast i detta sammanhang var att 46% av de utländska nyhetstexterna kallade marschen helt högerextrem, medan endast 7% av de polska nyhetstexterna kallade den i helhet som högerextrem. Liknande siffror kunde ses om man bytte ut begreppet ”högerextrem” mot ”nationalistisk”. I gestaltningsanalysens första del, kunde fem olika mindre ramar som beskrev marschens deltagare (”stöttade av regeringen”, ”representanter av allmän opinion”, ”vandaler/huliganer”, ”extremister” och ”harmlösa”) identifieras, och dessa bildade tillsammans en övergripande gestaltningsram. Den övergripande ramen gick att tillämpa på de flesta texter som analyserades. Resultatet av den andra delen visade att Dardis (2006) kartlagda marginaliseringsfigurer (som forskning visat frekvent använts i tidigare journalistisk forskning om demonstrationer) användes i liten utsträckning. Gestaltningsanalysen visade, tillskillnad från objektivitetsanalysen, relativt lika beskrivningar i samtliga länders medier, även om det gick att se nationella skillnader.När det gäller objektivitetsideal så indikerar resultatet generellt att journalister i Polen inom detta sammanhang förhåller sig annorlunda till västerländska objektivitetsideal, alternativt att journalister förhåller sig annorlunda till objektivitetsideal när det gäller utrikes- jämfört med inrikesrapportering.

Topical issues of the regulation of international air carriage The main purpose of this work is to provide its readers with an overview of the many facets of passenger rights in such dynamic area as international air carriage. Development in this area has given rise to issues and challenges, including the overlapping of legal and geographical scopes of different air passenger protection instruments. Over the last decades, several air passenger protection regimes have developed across the world, in particular on international, European Union and national level. But does the patchwork work? The history of multilateral regulation in the field of international air transport with regard to air passenger rights could be said to have begun in 1929 when the Warsaw Convention was originally signed. The importance of the convention lies in unification of the rules concerning the documents of carriage and the liability of air carriers. In 1955 the Warsaw Convention was amended by the Hague Protocol, which substantially redrafted, modernized and simplified rules relating to the documents of carriage as well as doubled the limit of carrier liability with respect to persons. The Warsaw Convention's application was subsequently extended to the carriers actually performing the transport by air when a passenger...

The folowing work deals with primary public issue of stocks - an external financial source of business activities. This source of finance is defined to the reader as: there are explained advantages and disadvantages of IPO Process, including supposition of succesful enter to the stock exchange. This work is concretly oriented on Pre-filing phase of a company for an enter to the stock exchange with the aim to set a procedure of IPO Process and apply it to a concrete company.

The aim of the dissertation is to explain the military-political reasons behind the long-term attempt of the Soviet Union to deploy its units on Czechoslovak territory, as well as the root cause of the military operation against Czechoslovakia which was carried out by the five member armies of the Warsaw Pact. One of the main reasons for this was the military and strategic situation in Central Europe in the 1960's, and also the issue of nuclear weapons and their carriers. A separate chapter is dedicated to Soviet attempts to deploy its units on Czechoslovak territory prior to Operation Danube. The final chapter deals with the reorganization of the CPA, the establishment of the CGV and the NATO reaction to the change in the strenght of armed forces present on the border of the two Blocs.

This master thesis, The reform movement and the normalization of relations in Jihlava (1960-1971), maps the course of that period in Jihlava, the capital of the region Vysočina. The first part of this work includes a brief introduction into the atmosphere in Czechoslovakia in 1960s and the historical development in Jihlava in the same period. The second chapter describes the course of events from the beginning of year 1968, colloquially called "The Prague Spring". New politicians ascended to the politic power and established a new theory, which was called "Socialism with a human face". The third part deals with the invasion of the Warsaw Pact army of Czechoslovakia on 21st August 1968. The text focuses mainly on Jihlava. The fifth chapter describes the course of events in Czechoslovakia since the second half of year 1968 to April 1971. This period is called normalization and is characterized by retreating from the post-January policy, personnel changes, restoring censorship, etc. The last part of the thesis concerns itself with Evžen Plocek. He was an active reform politician in Jihlava and committed suicide in April 1969. He burned himself to death due to the consequences of the Warsaw Pact army invasion of The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1968.