The thesis topic is linking of knowledge from psychology and psychodiagnosis within project management. The thesis has several aims, which are all introduced in the first chapter. One of those aims is the introduction of contemporary ways, methods and standards used in project management. Another aim is equipping a project manager with knowledge from psychology and psychodiagnosis, which still constitute a comparatively neglected area of project management. What their utilization can actually do is to increase the efficiency and performance of project teams. The final aim is to come up with a solution to identified problems based on the conducted research. The second chapter of the thesis explains basic terms of project management, its standards and methodology, and duties of a project manager. The part devoted to psychology deals with personality, psychodiagnostic methods, team and motivation. The fourth chapter pursues the conduct and evaluation of research of contemporary project management. Finally, problems identified based on the findings from questionnaire survey are dealt with within the fifth chapter. It contains instructions for choice of appropriate way of project management, draft of the process of building a project team and a concept to achieve greater work satisfaction of team members.

Data Integration is currently an important and complex topic for many companies, because having a good and working Data Integration solution can bring multiple advantages over competitors. Data Integration is usually being executed in a form of a project, which might easily turn into failure. In order to decrease risks and negative impact of a failed Data Integration project, there needs to be good project management, Data Integration knowledge and the right technology in place. This thesis provides a framework for setting up a good Data Integration solution. The framework is developed based on the current theory, currently available Data Integration tools and opinions provided by experts working in the field for a minimum of 7+ years and have proven their skills with a successful Data Integration project. This thesis does not guarantee the development of the right Data Integration solution, but it does provide guidance how to deal with a Data Integration project in a large enterprise. This thesis is structured into seven chapters. The first chapter brings an overview about this thesis such as scope, goals, assumptions and expected value. The second chapter describes Data Management and basic Data Integration theory in order to distinguish these two topics and to explain the relationship between them. The third chapter is focused purely on Data Integration theory which should be known by everyone who participates in a Data Integration project. The fourth chapter analyses features of the current Data Integration solutions available on the market and provides an overview of the most common and necessary functionalities. Chapter five focuses on the practical part of this thesis, where the Data Integration framework is designed based on findings from previous chapters and interviews with experts in this field. Chapter six then applies the framework to a real working (anonymized) Data Integration solution, highlights the gap between the framework and the solution and provides guidance how to deal with the gaps. Chapter seven provides a resume, personal opinion and outlook.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos reservatórios, em cascata, que fazem parte do Médio e Baixo Rio Tietê, incluindo os tributários, os Rios Tietê, Piracicaba e Bauru. Foram considerados os pontos de coleta, localizados à montante, jusante, bem como os pontos intermediários dos reservatórios estudados. Considerando-se os períodos referentes a outubro de 1999 fevereiro, maio e julho de 2000, as pesquisas nestes locais abordaram a qualidade ambiental dos reservatórios, com características limnológicas (água, sedimento), a fauna de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, além de testes ecotoxicológicos (Chironomus xanthus). As análises dos sedimentos permitiram evidenciar as frações de silte e argila, o elevado teor de matéria orgânica nos reservatórios situados no início da cascata, além do nitrogênio e fósforo e metais potencialmente biodisponíveis. Elevadas concentrações de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados, material em suspensão (orgânico e inorgânico) e clorofila-a, foram observadas nas amostras de água, o que permitiu classificar os reservatórios como eutróficos, mesotróficos e oligotróficos, de acordo com sua posição no sistema bem como do período amostrado. As concentrações de alguns dos metais encontrados na água estiveram acima do permitido pela Resolução CONAMA (20/96), considerando-se os períodos em estudo. Quanto às relações bióticas, foram obtidas através do índice de Diversidade (H\'), da equitabilidade, a qual foi evidenciada pela distribuição agregadados organismos e a presença de indivíduos pertencentes à mesma espécie, evidenciou a baixa riqueza de taxa. Através do IET/Densidade de Oligochaeta constatou-se para os reservatórios em cascata e os principais tributários características de eutrofizados. A fauna bentônica dos rios Tietê, Piracicaba e Bauru e dos reservatórios dos locais de estudo caracterizou-se pela presença de Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) além de Chironomidae (Díptera), e do grupo Mollusca. Entre os Tubificidae, a espécie Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi e Limnodrilus udekemianus ocorreram em considerável dominância numérica no período de estudo. A Família Chironomidae, foi representada pelos gêneros Goeldichiromus e Coelotanypus e o grupo Mollusca pelo gênero, Haylacostoma e espécie Melanoides tuberculatus (Thiaridae), Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae), o gênero Biomphalaria (Planorbidae) e o gênero Lymnaea collumela, (Lymnaiidae). Quanto à Família Naididade foi representada pelas espécies (Prístina americana, Dero nívea, Dero digitata e Allonais chelata), pela família Alluroididae (Brinkhurstia americanus) e pela Família Opistocystidae (Opistocysta funiculus). Os testes de toxicidade com Chironomus xanthus confirmaram os resultados obtidos através das análises físicas e químicas, conferindo características de impactados aos reservatórios situados no início da cascata (Barra Bonita, Bariri e Ibitinga) e aos tributários (Tietê, Piracicaba e Bauru) moderadamente poluídos aos reservatórios intermediários (reservatório de Nova Avanhandava e Promissão) e, com ausência de poluição, o Reservatório de Três Irmãos, situado no final da cascata. Os resultados decorrem dos usos e ocupação do solo, atividades antropogênicas na Bacia Hidrográfica, do aporte de materiais para o sistema na qual se inserem os rios e os reservatórios estudados. / This work was developed in the reservoirs, at waterfalls, which are part of the Medium and Low Tiete River, including its tributaries, the Tiete, the Piracicaba river and the Bauru river. The collecting sites considered were upstream, downstream and those intermediary sites of the reservoirs. Taking into account the different periods of October 1999 and February, May and July of 2000, the researches in those sites were about the environmental quality of the reservoirs with limnologic characteristics (water, sediment), the bentonic macroinvertebrate fauna besides ecotoxilogic tests (Chironomus xanthus). The sediment analysis allowed to evidence the silt and clay fractions, the high organic matter content in the reservoirs located at the waterfall head in addition to nitrogen, phosphur and potentially bio-available metals. High nitrogened and phosphated nutrients, suspended matter (organic and inorganic) and chlorophyl-a were observed in the water samples, which allowed to classify the reservoirs as euthrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic according to their location in the system and the sampling period. The concentration of some metals found the water was above the level permitted by CONAMA Resolution (20/96) taking into account the periods of study. As to the biotic relations, they were obtained by means of the Diversity index (H\') of the equitability, which was evidenced by the aggregated distribution of the organisms and the presence of individuals belongingto the same species evidenced the low taxa richness. Through the IET/Oligochaeta abundance, the reservoirs and the tributaries were found to be eutrophitized. The Tiete, Piracicaba and Bauru rivers and the reservoirs studied sites bentonic fauna was characterized by the presence of Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) besides Chironomidae (Diptera) and the Mollusca group. Among the Tubificidae, the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi e Limnodrilus udekemianus species occurred in considerable numerical dominance in the period of study. The Chironomidae family was represented by the genus Goeldichiromus and Coelotanypus and the Mollusca group by the genus Haylacostoma and Melamoides tuberculatus (Thiaridae) species, Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae), the genus Bionphalaria (Planorbidae) and the genus Lymnaea collumela (Lymnaiidae). The Naididae family was represented by the species (Pristina americana, Dero nivea, Dero digitata and Allonais chelata), by the family Alluroididae (Brinkhurstia americanus) and the family Opistocystidae (Opistocysta funiculus).The toxicity tests with Chironomus xanthus confirmed the results obtained through physical and chemical analyses granting characteristics of impacted to the reservoirs located at the waterfall head (Barra Bonita, Bariri and Ibitinga) and the tributaries (Tiete, Piracicaba and Bauru) moderately polluted to the intermediate reservoirs (Nova Avanhandava and Promissão reservoirs) and, absenceof pollution, the Tres Irmãos Reservoir located at the end of the waterfall. The results arise from the uses and occupation of the soli, anthropogenic activities in the hydrographic basis, disclosure of materials into the system in which are the rivers the reservoirs under study are located.

Kravhanteringen är en av de viktigaste delarna i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. I kravhanteringen ingår aktiviteter som att samla in krav, analysera och prioritera vilket är för att skaffa sig en så tydlig bild av det framtida resultatet som möjligt. I alla aktiviteter i kravhanteringen kommuniceras det mellan olika intressenter. Kommunikation är en vital del av kravhanteringen då projektteamet tillsammans med kunden identifierar och tar fram kund- och användarbehov genom en rad aktiviteter.Covid-19 pandemin påverkade hela världen och för att begränsa smittspridningen togs beslut om att de som kunde jobba hemifrån skulle göra det. Detta ledde till att många verksamheter fick anpassa sig efter distansarbete och kommunikation i virtuella miljöer vilket påverkade kommunikationen på olika sätt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att besvara frågan hur kravhanteringsfasen har påverkats av en omställning till distansarbete. För att samla in relevant data har kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts och semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Den insamlade data har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys där två systemutvecklingsmodeller agila metoden och vattenfallsmodellen togs upp. Resultatet av uppsatsen påvisar att alla på ett eller annat sätt påverkats av distansarbete. Det framgick att kommunikationen i kravhanteringen påverkats extra. Projektteamen försökte lösa utmaningarna genom en rad olika metoder, men lösningarna resulterade i att kravhanteringen inte påverkades resultatmässigt eller påverkat systemutvecklingsprojektet utgång. Kravhanteringen tog dock längre tid och projektteamen fick arbeta hårdare för att nå samma resultat som om det skett ansikte mot ansikte. Resultatet av studien beskriver att kommunikation i virtuell miljö bara är ett substitut i stället för att genomföra fysiska möten. / Requirements management is one of the most important parts of a system development project. Activities such as collecting requirements, analyzes and prioritizing to obtain as clear picture of the future result as possible. In all the activities in requirements management, it communicates between different stakeholders. Communication is a vital part of requirements management, as the project team together with the customer identifies and develops customer and user needs through the process. The Covid-19 pandemic affected the whole world and to limit the spread of infection, it was decided that everyone who could work from home would work from home. This led to many businesses having to adapt to teleworking and communication in virtual environments. This affected communication in different ways. The purpose of the thesis is to answer the question of how the requirements management phase has been affected by the transition to telework. To collect relevant data, qualitative research methods have been used and semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The collected data have been analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis where two system development models were taken up, the agile method and the waterfall model. The results of the essay show that everyone has been affected in one way or another by teleworking. It appeared that communication in requirements management was particularly affected. The project teams tried to solve the challenges through a number of different methods, but the solutions resulted in the requirements management not being affected in terms of results or affecting the outcome of the system development project. However, the requirements management took longer, and the project teams had to work harder to achieve the same results as if it had happened face to face. The results of the study describe that communication in a virtual environment is only a substitute for meeting face to face.

Citizens’ expectations of products and services produced by the public agencies are rising incredibly due to the fact that savvy startups and other global technology businesses have been succeeded in providing a high standard of digital services in the past decades. This, in turn, puts pressure on the public agencies in how they need to work in order to meet the citizens’ expectations and needs. Besides, during the years, there are a number of projects done by some of the agencies that has been identified as not having succeeded in delivering the desired value, staying in budget and delivering the project’s result in time. Therefore, there is a need for actions in order to counteract this. It is believed that applying Agile into the agency’s project management will help them to not only meet the citizens’ expectations, but also improve the project’s outcome. Many agencies have been hierarchical for a long time involving complex and rigid structure, and the fact that they have been working with a Waterfall-based methodology for a long time. Therefore, adopting this Agile approach implies a number of challenges for the agency. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate to what extent the Agile approach can be implemented into the agency by identifying the challenges that the adoption of Agile entails. A number of different previous research and literature about the Waterfall, even called traditional in this thesis, and Agile project management methods have been reviewed in order to provide theoretical frameworks that are of relevance for this study. As the research subject is quite complex and broad, a qualitative approach has been utilized to obtain in-depth knowledge. Interviews have been conducted with employees from the investigated agency, and in order to pursue a comparison with how other public agencies have worked with a potential Agile adoption, interviews have also been conducted with a second agency. The thesis finds that applying the Agile project management method into the investigated agency will imply some challenges. A total of seven different challenges were identified which can be briefly summed up as following; Employees being too comfortable with old methods; Staff has difficulty committing to the new working culture; Agile is not a “one-size-fits-all” method; Large size projects; Heavy documentation; Financial reporting practices affecting the efficiency of Agile planning; Lack of competencies or some competencies being considered rare, hence there is no guarantee for each team to have all competencies that are needed. This study’s result shows that the studied public agency can work with Agile project management methods to a wider extent than what is done today. However, there are a couple of challenges, and solely working with the Agile method was showed to not be recommended. In order to find out if the Agile approach can be used in other works that are not covered in this study, or if the result can be applied to other sectors as well, further research is required. / Invånarnas förväntan för en produkt eller tjänst framtagen av myndigheter har ökat drastiskt. Detta kan bero på att startupföretag samt andra globala tekniska företag har lyckats erbjuda digitala tjänster av hög standard under de senaste årtionden. Det sätter i sin tur press på hur myndigheten behöver arbeta för att kunna bemöta invånarnas förväntningar och behov. Under åren har dessutom ett antal projekt inom myndigheterna blivit identifierade för att inte ha lyckats leverera det önskade värdet, hålla sig inom den satta budgeten och/eller leverera projektresultat inom den satta tidsramen. Därmed finns det ett behov av åtgärder för att motarbeta detta. Ett införande av Agil projekthantering tros kunna hjälpa till med att inte bara uppnå invånarnas förväntningar och behov utan även till förbättrat projektresultat. Myndigheterna har länge varit hierarkisk bestående av komplexa och stela strukturer, dessutom har de även under en lång tid arbetat Vattenfalls-baserat när det kommer till projekthantering. Därmed kan ett införande av det Agila konceptet medföra en del utmaningar. Denna rapport har därför riktats mot att undersöka till vilken utsträckning ett Agilt tillvägagångssätt kan implementeras inom myndigheten genom att identifiera utmaningarna som det Agila kan medföra. Ett antal olika litteraturer samt tidigare forskningar inom Vattenfall, även kallat traditionell i denna rapport, och Agil projekthantering har granskats för att tillhandahålla den teoretiska biten om de olika arbetsmetoderna. I och med att detta undersökningsområde kan ses som relativt komplext och brett så har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod använts för att få en djupare förståelse av området. Förutsättningarna av detta ges av intervjuer från anställda från den undersökta myndigheten. För att göra en jämförelse i hur andra myndigheter har arbetat med Agilt införande har intervjuer även hållits med ytterligare en myndighet. Studien visar att tillämpning av Agil projekthantering inom den undersökta myndigheten kan medföra en del utmaningar. Totalt identifierades sju olika utmaningar som är sammanfattade på följande sätt: Anställda är för bekväma med den gamla arbetsmetoden; Anställda har svårigheter med den nya arbetsmiljön; Agil är inte en metod som är av “en storlek passar alla” principen; Stora projekt; Tung dokumentation; Redovisningspraxis som påverkas av den Agila planeringen; Avsaknad av kompetens eller att vissa kompetenser anses vara en bristvara. Denna studie visar att den undersökta myndigheten kan arbeta med Agila projekthanteringsmetoder till en större utsträckning än vad som redan görs idag, däremot finns en del utmaningar, och att enbart arbeta med den Agila metoden visar sig inte vara rekommenderat. För att veta om det Agila konceptet kan användas i större utsträckning även utanför projekthantering eller om resultatet även gäller för andra sektorer krävs vidare påbyggnad av studien.

This paper is a degree project on the C-level, 15 points at University West, Department of Business and IT dept. Informatics. This study is about agile methodology and its impact on IT projects. Requirements management is a process within an IT project, where customer has certain requirements that must be met by an IT system. The difference between the traditional and agile development is in the requirements management process and it can cause problems in a project. Requirements change during IT projects and to manage requirements, agile principles apply. Specification and planning in the waterfall model is time consuming. Working agile means to have close contact with the client. This minimizes the risk of project failure. With agile methods, functions can be developed at a faster rate and the customer receives prompt delivery. There are currently several different methods for systems development and project management. Some are based on research, others are new and some have been around a long time in the IT world. This work has identified customer involvement; Risk Reduction and Delivery which contribute to several projects fail under traditional systems. Agile methods are flexible, agile and welcome change and the customer will be able to steer the project. Agile methods have however provided the opportunity for developers to more quickly deliver functionality to the customer. / Detta arbete är ett examensarbete på C-nivå, 15 poäng vid Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och IT avd. informatik. Denna studie handlar om agila metodiken och dess inverkan på IT-projekt. Kravhantering är en process inom ett IT-projekt, där kund har vissa krav som måste uppfyllas av ett IT-system. Skillnaden mellan det traditionella och agila utvecklingsmetoder ligger i kravhantering process och det kan orsaka problem i ett projekt. Krav förändras under IT-projekt och för att hantera kraven bör agila principer tillämpas. Kravspecifikation och planering inom vattenfallsmodellen är tidskrävande. Att jobba agilt innebär att ha nära kontakt med beställaren. Därmed minimerar det risken för projektets misslyckande. Med agila metoder, kan funktionerna utvecklas i en snabbare takt och kunden får snabb leverans. Det finns idag flera olika metoder för systemutveckling och projektledning. Vissa är baserade på forskning, andra är nya och vissa har funnits en lång tid i IT-världen. Arbetet har identifierat kundinvolvering, Riskreducering och Leveranstid vilka bidra till att flera projekt misslyckas under traditionell systemutveckling. Agila metoder är flexibla, smidiga och välkomnar förändring och kunden kommer att kunna styra projektet. Agila metoder har däremot gett möjlighet för utvecklarna att på ett snabbare sätt leverera funktioner till kunden.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Les traumatismes craniocérébraux (TCC) peuvent entraîner de lourdes conséquences physiques, cognitives, émotionnelles et comportementales. Parmi celles-ci, l’agitation est très fréquente et se caractérise par une hyperactivité motrice, une désorientation, des problèmes d'attention, une labilité émotionnelle, une désinhibition et de l’agressivité. Elle interfère avec le rétablissement et les processus de réadaptation, mais il n'existe pas à ce jour de consensus sur son traitement, outre la contention physique ou la prise de médicaments, qui peuvent respectivement causer des blessures ou entraver la récupération. De récentes données suggèrent que les interventions musicales peuvent réduire l’agitation chez les patients TCC mais la capacité des patients TCC à percevoir et traiter la musique pendant la phase aiguë post-blessure n'a pas été établie. Le premier article de cette thèse visait à évaluer la perception musicale chez les patients TCC hospitalisés en phase aiguë. Dans la présente étude, 42 patients ayant subi un TCC ont été comparés à un groupe témoin. Tous les participants ont complété les tests de Scale et Rhythm de la Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia pour mesurer la perception musicale, et le test d’empan numérique pour mesurer la mémoire verbale à court terme. Comparativement au groupe témoin, les patients TCC ont obtenu des performances significativement inférieures; 43% d'entre eux présentaient des déficits de traitement de la hauteur et 40% des déficits de traitement du rythme. Les patients présentant des lésions à l'hémisphère droit ont obtenu des résultats plus faibles que ceux présentant des lésions à l'hémisphère gauche. Les déficits de traitement de la hauteur et du rythme coexistaient dans 31% des cas, ce qui suggère l'existence de réseaux neuronaux partiellement dissociables. Le deuxième article est une revue non systématique dont l’objectif était de caractériser l'agitation et son traitement. Plusieurs types d’interventions comportementales, dont les interventions musicales, ont été explorées dans cette revue. Les limites méthodologiques ont été discutées et des recommandations ont été faites pour une approche plus systématique de la recherche utilisant des études de cas et de séries de cas chez les patients agités. Le troisième article est une étude pilote de phase II dans laquelle sont inclus des patients ayant subi un TCC modéré à sévère (n = 3) ou un accident vasculaire cérébral de l'artère cérébrale moyenne (n = 1). Ils ont été exposés à leurs musiques préférées, de la musique classique relaxante et un extrait sonore non musical (cascade) pendant la phase aiguë de récupération. Les comportements d’agitation ont été évalués à l'aide de l'Échelle d’Agitation (Agitated Behaviour Scale), de mesures actigraphiques et d’une observation qualitative. Les résultats indiquent que l’agitation a diminué lors de l’écoute de la musique classique relaxante et la cascade. L’agitation est restée stable lors de la musique préférée, mais certains patients ont exprimé des émotions positives ou présenté un comportement plus organisé, comme taper du pied ou chanter. Compte tenu des importantes limites méthodologiques dans ce champ d’études, la présente étude a permis d’explorer la faisabilité et l’effet d’une intervention musicale, ce qui permettra de guider les études futures. / Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has serious physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural consequences. Agitation is highly prevalent among patients with TBI, and is characterized by motor hyperactivity, disorientation, attention problems, emotional lability, disinhibition, and aggression. It often results in decreased engagement in rehabilitative treatment, and poorer functional outcomes. There is no consensus on the treatment for agitation. Most often, it is managed with medication and physical restraints, which may cause injury or impede cognitive recovery. Few studies examine novel non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in TBI patients. However, recent evidence suggests that music interventions may decrease agitated behavior in TBI patients. The ability of TBI patients to perceive and process music during the acute phase has not been established, though it may influence the efficacy of preferred music interventions. The first article of this thesis evaluated music perception in acutely hospitalized TBI patients. Music perception deficits have been identified in populations with acquired brain injury due to epilepsy, stroke, and after aneurysmal clipping. However, few studies have evaluated deficits following TBI, resulting in an underdiagnosis in this population. Forty-two patients completed the Scale and Rhythm tests of the Montreal Battery for the Evaluation of Amusia to measure music perception, and Digit Span Forward to measure verbal short-term memory. TBI patients were more often impaired than controls, with 43% demonstrating pitch processing deficits, and 40% demonstrating rhythm processing deficits. Patients with right hemisphere damage performed more poorly than those with left hemisphere damage. Pitch and rhythm deficits co-occurred 31% of the time, suggesting partly dissociable neural networks. Results are discussed in the context of current research and clinical implications. The second article was a non-systematic review in which we characterized agitation and its treatment. We explored behavioural interventions, including music interventions, occupational therapy, the Intervention Contingencies Awareness Relationship behavioural model, operant contingency management, and general therapeutic activities. The methodological limitations were discussed and recommendations made for a more systematic approach to research using case and case series studies in agitated patients. The third article was a phase-II development-of-concept pilot study in which four patients with moderate to severe TBI (n = 3), and middle cerebral artery stroke: (n = 1) were exposed to preferred music, relaxing classical music, and a nonmusical control (waterfall) during the acute phase of recovery. Agitated behaviours were assessed using the Agitated Behavior Scale, actigraphy, and qualitative observation. Agitated behaviour decreased during relaxing classical music, and waterfall. It remained stable in the preferred music condition. However, certain patients expressed positive emotions and organized behaviour such as tapping or singing along. Given important methodological limitations in current studies, a phase-II study allowed for the evaluation of outcomes and the practicality of delivering music listening interventions, which may guide future studies.