Body composition has been shown to be an important indicator of health, since many chronic diseases are related to excess adiposity. In this context the appropriate assessment is required in order to obtain the correct diagnosis in terms of nutritional status. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the components of body composition of college students in the city of Santa Maria, RS obtained from hydrostatic weighing (HW), bioelectrical impedance (BI) and anthropometry and agreement between shown diagnostics. The study included 164 college students (104 men and 60 women) aged between 18 and 30 years. For the determination of body composition, subjects were evaluated by means of HW, BI and anthropometry (weight, height, skinfolds thickness, body circumferences, and bone breadths), and analyzed 48 equations (32 generalized and 16 specific) for review the percentage of body fat (%BF), 7 equations of lean body mass (LBM), two of muscle mass (MM) and two bone mass (BM). Descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test, the t test for dependent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient , the standard error of estimate, the total error and constant error of the scatter diagram was used as well, Bland - Altman (1986) and the kappa coefficient to verify the concordance of the results. The level of significance was set at 5%. Data analysis was performed with SPSS, version 14.0. The average %BF was found to be 16.3% in men and 26.3% women. As for the agreement, the generalized equations demonstrated greater power of the relative body fat, 16 equations (9 men and 7 for women) Petroski (1995) showed no significant difference data obtained using the method, as well as an equation Guedes and Guedes (1991) for women and BI for men. The kappa coefficient of concordance observed was low (≤0.44) having few overlapping diagnoses. MCM obtained by different equations differed from results obtained with the criterion method, as compared to BI (body composition analyzer), only the results obtained for men did not differ from the criterion method. The equations of MM Janssen et al. (2000) and Lee et al. (2000) showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.72 for men and r = 0.76 for women, and no statistical difference was observed. BM already obtained by means of equations Von Döbeln modified by Rocha (1975) and Martin (1991) showed statistically different results. Based on the results we conclude that: a) for the determination of %BF equation Petroski (1995) that uses variables as the sum of nine skinfolds thickness and age, for men, and employing the sum of three skinfold thickness and age, for women were those that showed the best results in agreement with the reference method, however, the diagnostic showed up just the same; b) LBM provided by body composition analyzer proved acceptable for men, whereas for females the results were not satisfactory; c) the MM results presented good agreement between the equations for both genders; and d) the equations of BM demonstrate different results, both when analyzing the female group, as the male group. / A composição corporal tem se mostrado um importante indicador de saúde, visto que muitas doenças crônicas estão relacionadas ao excesso de adiposidade. Neste contexto a avaliação adequada é necessária, com o intuito de se obter o diagnóstico correto em termos de estado nutricional. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre os componentes da composição corporal de estudantes universitários da cidade de Santa Maria, RS obtidos a partir da pesagem hidrostática (PH), da impedância bioelétrica (IB) e da antropometria e a concordância entre os diagnósticos evidenciados. Participaram deste estudo 164 universitários (104 homens e 60 mulheres) com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. Para a determinação da composição corporal, os indivíduos foram avaliados por meio da PH, da IB e da antropometria (massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, perímetros corporais e diâmetros ósseos), sendo analisadas 48 equações (32 generalizadas e 16 específicas) para avaliação do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), 7 equações de massa corporal magra (MCM), duas de massa muscular (MM) e duas de massa óssea (MO). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, o teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, o teste t para amostras dependentes, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, o erro padrão de estimativa, o erro total e o erro constante, bem como, o diagrama de dispersão de Bland-Altman (1986) e o coeficiente kappa para verificar a concordância dos resultados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. A análise dos dados foi feita com o programa SPSS, versão 14.0. O %GC médio encontrado foi de 16,3% nos homens e 26,3% nas mulheres. Com relação à concordância, as equações generalizadas demonstraram maior poder de precisão da gordura corporal relativa, 16 equações (9 para homens e 7 para mulheres) de Petroski (1995) não apresentaram diferença significativa dos dados obtidos com o método critério, bem como uma equação de Guedes e Guedes (1991) para as mulheres e a IB para os homens. O coeficiente de concordância kappa observado foi baixo (≤0,44), apresentando poucos diagnósticos coincidentes. A MCM obtida pelas diferentes equações diferiu estatisticamente do resultado obtido com o método critério, já em relação a IB (analisador de composição corporal), apenas os resultados obtidos para os homens não diferiu do método critério. As equações de MM de Janssen et al. (2000) e Lee et al. (2000) apresentaram coeficiente de correlação de r=0,72 para os homens e r=0,76 para as mulheres, bem como não foi observada diferença estatística. Já a MO obtida por meio das equações de Von Döbeln modificada por Rocha (1975) e de Martin (1991) demonstraram resultados estatisticamente diferentes. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que: a) para a determinação do %GC a equação de Petroski (1995) que utiliza como variáveis o somatório da espessura de nove dobras cutâneas e a idade, para os homens, e a que emprega o somatório da espessura de três dobras cutâneas e a idade, para as mulheres, foram as que demonstraram os melhores resultados de concordância com o método de referência, no entanto, os diagnósticos apresentaram-se pouco coincidentes; b) a MCM fornecida pelo analisador de composição corporal mostrou-se aceitável para os homens, já para o grupo feminino os resultados obtidos não foram satisfatórios; c) os resultados de MM apresentaramse concordantes entre as equações em ambos os sexos; e d) as equações de MO demonstram resultados distintos, tanto ao analisar o grupo feminino, quanto o grupo masculino.

Virkestorkning är ett mycket energikrävande men nödvändigt förädlingssteg för träindustrin. Eftersom energi- och tidsåtgången framförallt är beroende av mängden fukt som ska drivas ur virket så är kännedom om virkets initiala och slutliga fuktinnehåll avgörande för en optimerad process. Industriellt, idag, görs ofta en grov uppskattning av virkets initiala fuktmängd. Denna fuktmängd ligger sedan till grund för torkningens genomförande och dess resultat. I föreliggande arbete undersöks huruvida invägning av virkespaketen före torkning kan användas för att bestämma virkets fuktinnehåll och hur detta kan bidra till att optimera torkprocessen. 17 fullständiga torkningsförsök genomfördes på ett konventionellt sågverk i norra Sverige. I försöken vägdes virkespaketen och torkningsscheman anpassades därefter.Genom mätningar av virkets fuktkvot och jämförelse med tidigare torkning där konventionella torkningsscheman använts så kunde det konstateras att paketvägningen bidrar till en förbättrad och optimerad torkningsprocess. / Drying is a very energy-intensive but important process in the wood industry. Since the amount of energy used is, more or less, proportional to the amount of water released, the measurement of the initial and final wood moisture content is crucial to optimize the process. Today, a rough estimate of the initial wood moisture content is used as dryer operation input data. The process could be improved by a more accurate determination of the initial moisture level. The present work examines if weighing the wood can be used as a method to determine the wood moisture level and how this can optimize the drying process. 17 drying trials were conducted at a sawmill in northern Sweden. The wood was weighed and new drying schedules were constructed and adjusted accordingly. The result show that weighing the wood results in more accurate drying schedules and overall an optimized drying process.

The objection of this dissertation is to examine effects of stowed cargo on safety driving of a vehicle. Based on general experience of weighing trucks and monitoring of cargo fixture, my attempt was to summarize related legislative conditions of the operation of trucks in terms of payload, weighing and stowing of cargo. In the first part I worked on consistent methodology of stowing and fastening of cargo on trucks. I've included various methods of loading cargo and different ways of fastening and their calculations. The main body of the second part is a practical methodology of inspectional weighing of trucks on the road. In this section I took into account the current method and procedure of inspectional weighing and measuring of trucks. During my trial weighing of different types of trucks I proved that the key factor for safe seating and lashing of load on a vehicle is determining center of gravity of the vehicle. I solve this problem in detail in the last part of my work.

Elite and collegiate athletes are subpopulations at increased risk for the development of disordered eating and pathogenic weight management strategies; such risks may extend beyond sport participation into sport retirement. As athletes self-weigh, whether during their time in competitive sport or in retirement, it would be expected that they also experience increases in body dissatisfaction and psychosocial distress. Results suggest both a longitudinal impact, as well as continued cross-sectional relationships between SW and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, former SW (at Time 1) is related to their levels of body satisfaction in relation to the Body factor and the Overall Body at Time 2. Particularly, athletes who weighed themselves 7+ more times a week reported significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction on the Overall Body factor and the Body factor than retired athletes who did not self-weigh, all other groups did not differ significantly from each other. Cross-sectional relations were found between current (Time 2) SW and Body Satisfaction (Overall Body, and Body factors), Dietary Restraint, and Bulimic Symptomatology. In all cases, those who engaged in SW 7+ times per week had significantly higher scores than all other groups.

The subject of this thesis is ethical aspects of risk management. It is argued that a model for risk management needs to be developed that acknowledges several ethical aspects and most crucial among these, the individual’s right not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article I takes as its starting point the demand frequently expressed in the risk literature for a consistent risk management. Such consistency is often assumed to be in accordance with some kind of cost-benefit analysis. It is maintained that such a model, here called the Standard Model, does not respect the rights of the individual. Two alternative models are outlined in order to better deal with this ethical weakness, the Model of Inviolable Rights and the Model of Procedural Justice. The arguments in the alternative models evolve around the separateness of individuals, rights and fair risk taking. It is claimed that the latter model, which focuses on a fair procedure, seems most fruitful to develop. Article II is a discussion of the NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) conflict, which is well known from situations of siting potentially risky facilities. Of special concern is to investigate what the ethical premises are behind the negative characterization of the NIMBY concept. It is argued that, contrary to the assumption that the total benefit should outweigh the individual’s cost, individuals in siting scenarios have rights not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article III, which is co-authored with Professor Sven Ove Hansson, presents a three party model as a tool for ethical risk analysis. It is argued that ethical dimensions need to be acknowledged in the analysis of risks and that this is best done through a discussion of three parties that are involved in risk decisions – the risk-exposed, the beneficiary, and the decisionmaker. Seven crucial ethical questions are recognized and discussed regarding the relation between these parties. By using examples from the railway sector it is shown how the questions can be used to identify salient ethical features of risk management problems. / QC 20101116

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de citros, com destaque para o estado de São Paulo, maior produtor nacional. Recentes estudos mostram que a área irrigada de citros no estado tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Porém, a falta de informações sobre o manejo eficiente da irrigação na cultura do citros é uma das principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos produtores. Com o intuito de atender essa necessidade, este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a evapotranspiração de uma planta adulta de limeira ácida \'Tahiti\' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) e o coeficiente de cultivo no período seco (outono - inverno) utilizando a técnica de lisimetria de pesagem. O coeficiente de cultivo (Kc = ETc/ETo) foi calculado considerando-se a contribuição independente da evaporação do solo e transpiração da planta, sendo substituído por dois coeficientes: Ke, um coeficiente de evaporação de água do solo e Kcb, um coeficiente basal de transpiração da cultura. Avaliar os aspectos produtivos e de qualidade de fruto, frente a diferentes níveis de irrigação, com o fornecimento crescente de 50 a 125 % da evapotranspiração da cultura. O experimento foi realizado na ESALQ/ USP em Piracicaba - SP, em uma área irrigada por gotejamento, com plantas espaçadas de 7 x 4 m, sendo que cada planta foi atendida por 4 pontos de molhamento no solo distribuídos de forma eqüidistantes entre si. Foi realizado o monitoramento climático utilizando estação meteorológica automatizada e a obtenção da evapotranspiração da cultura por lisímetro de pesagem. Durante o período de estudo, Kc variou entre 0,82 a 1,18, e Kcb variou entre 0,86 a 1,05. Os resultados mostraram que a irrigação calculada pelo método do Kcb+Ke, tem um ajuste muito bom e representa com precisão o consumo de água pela planta. Os maiores consumos foram observados nos meses de maior temperatura média (abril e setembro). A reposição de 100 % da água evapotranspirada resultou em maior produtividade de frutos de limeira acida \'Tahiti\' em condições de campo. Quanto à qualidade de frutos, não houve diferença significativa entre os níveis de irrigação avaliados. / Brazil is the largest world producer of citrus crop, with São Paulo state leading as the largest national producer. Recent studies show that irrigated areas of citrus in the state have been increasing significantly in the last few years. However, lack of information on irrigation management related to this crop is one of the main problems encountered by the farmers. In order to address the above problem, the objective of this work was to determine the evapotranspiration of acid lime adult plant variety \'Tahiti\' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) and the crop coefficient during dry period (autumn - winter) using a weighing lysimeter technique. The crop coefficient (Kc = ETc/ETo) was calculated by considering the independent contribution of the evaporation of the soil and transpiration of the plant, being substituted by two coefficients: Ke, a soil water evaporation coefficient and Kcb, a basal crop coefficient. To evaluate the productive aspects as well as the fruit quality, different irrigation levels were applied in an increasing manner from 50 to 125 % of the crop evapotranspiration. The experiment was carried out at ESALQ / USP in Piracicaba - SP, in a drip irrigated area with plant spacing of 7 x 4 m. Each plant was supplied with four wetting equidistant emitters. The climatic data was obtained by the use of automated meteorological station and the crop evapotraspiration by the use of a weighing lysimeter. During the study period, Kc varied from 0.82 to 1.18, and Kcb varied from 0.86 to 1.05. The results showed that the irrigation amount calculated by the method of Kcb+Ke had a very good water consumption precision by the plant. The highest consumptions were observed in the months of high average temperature (April and September). The reposition of 100 % of the evapotranspirated water resulted in the highest fruit production of acid lime tree variety \'Tahiti\' in field conditions. Irrigation levels had no significant effect at 0.05 level on the quality of the fruits.

Skin, more specifically the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC), forms an extremely effective barrier, preventing both the loss of heat and water, and the ingress of micro-organisms and chemicals. Assessing the rate and extent of drug permeation into or through the skin is important both to evaluate the usefulness of a drug for topical or transdermal delivery, and to compare different formulations to assess their bioequivalence. Prediction of drug permeation is logistically, ethically and economically preferable to in vivo measurements. The recent progress that has been made with empirical and mechanistic mathematical models, along with in vitro diffusion cell techniques has been reviewed. However, currently, in vivo measurements, in man, are still required. For new chemical entities, the need for clinical trials is clear. In the case of generic products, however, there is considerable effort currently being expended to replace expensive, subjective clinical trials with objective, validated measurements of drug permeation, in vivo, in particular to assess bioequivalence. The tape stripping technique has emerged as a promising technique to objectively measure drug permeation through skin, and is the focus of this thesis. After formulation application and removal, layers of SC are sequentially removed by adhesive tapes. As the SC performs the main barrier function of the skin, measuring the rate and extent of drug permeation through this layer is assumed to be related to overall topical bioavailability. The work in this thesis concentrates on performing tape stripping studies such that all tapes are analysed individually, and drug concentration as a function of SC depth is measured. The concentration depth profiles across the SC may be fitted to an appropriate solution of Fick's second law of diffusion to obtain estimates of the vehicle-SC partition coefficient and the drug's diffusivity in the membrane. These dermato-pharmacokinetic parameters may be compared for different formulations.

Pour les besoins du refroidissement de leurs réacteurs, les CNPE1 sont placés à proximité immédiate de cours d’eau ou du littoral. Ils sont de ce fait exposés à des bancs de brouillards, en particulier à l’automne et au cours de l’hiver. Or les modèles opérationnels de dispersion atmosphérique/dépôt, utilisés pour simuler la contamination radioactive de l’environnement à la suite d’un accident nucléaire, considèrent uniquement les dépôts par temps sec et ceux par temps de pluie. Faut-il tenir compte de la présence des brouillards comme terme additionnel de dépôt de radionucléides en cas d’accident nucléaire ? Pour répondre à cette question, une étude expérimentale a été conduite sur plusieurs sites exposés aux brouillards ou aux nuages (principalement la plateforme d’observation atmosphérique de l’ANDRA à Houdelaincourt ainsi que la station de recherche atmosphérique de l’OPGC/CNRS2 au sommet du Puy de Dôme et la plateforme d’étude atmosphérique SIRTA3 de l’IPSL4 à Palaiseau). La collecte d’eau de brouillard et la mesure des quantités d’eau déposées sous forme de gouttelettes sur différents types de végétaux, ont été réalisées respectivement grâce à collecteurs à fils et des pesées de précision. En mesurant le contenu en eau liquide dans l’air ainsi que la masse d’eau déposé sur les plantes, il a été possible de calculer des vitesses de dépôt des gouttelettes de brouillard pouvant atteindre plusieurs dizaines de cm.s-1 dans le cas d’un brouillard composé de grosses gouttelettes (diamètre médian volumique moyen de 20 µm). Ces vitesses élevées mettent en évidence l’importance des processus gravitationnels mais aussi turbulents notamment dans le cadre du dépôt sur des végétaux à structure foliaire tridimensionnelle comme les conifères. L’effet d’auto-écrantage lié à une densité de biomasse foliaire élevée a également été quantifié. Les concentrations en radionucléides à l’état de traces ont montré que l’eau de brouillard pouvait être jusqu’à 20 fois plus concentrée que l’eau de pluie, du fait de la dilution par condensation de vapeur d’eau sur les gouttelettes au cours de leur grossissement. Les mesures des masses d’eau déposées par les brouillards et de la concentration en radionucléides dans les gouttelettes sur le site d’Houdelaincourt, permettent d’estimer ces dépôts habituellement qualifiés d’occultes car trop faibles pour être quantifiés par des pluviomètres ou des radars météorologiques. Sur l’ensemble d’une saison de brouillard, le dépôt occulte de radionucléides a représenté jusqu’à 25% des dépôts par temps secs et par temps de pluie. En cas de rejet accidentel, la présence de brouillard pourrait contribuer à hauteur de 14% du dépôt par temps sec. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la nécessité de prendre en compte ce processus de dépôt pour mieux quantifier les retombées radioactives sur des territoires en contact avec des brouillards ou des nuages (en ce qui concerne les sites d’altitudes), en particulier en situation post-accidentelle. Un schéma simple de type dépôt sec, considérant le diamètre médian des gouttelettes dérivé de la visibilité, permet à minima de mieux simuler le processus de dépôt par sédimentation des gouttelettes. Ces travaux restent à compléter pour quantifier la contribution de la turbulence induite par l’écoulement de l’air au voisinage des obstacles comme des végétaux de grandes tailles et incorporer un schéma spécifique dans les modèles de dépôt. / For the purpose of cooling off their reactors, nuclear power plants are located near rivers, ponds or in coastal areas. In temperate regions and during fall and winter, they are frequently exposed to fogs. Operational models of atmospheric dispersion and deposition used to estimate radioactive contamination of the environment after a nuclear accident, consider dry deposition and wet deposition by rain. Should we take into account the deposition by fog droplets as an additional process in term of deposition? To answer this question, an experimental study has been setup on several sites often exposed to fogs or clouds. Fogwater collection and measurement of fogwater deposited on plants were realized with string collectors and precision balances, respectively. Different plant types were used for this study: small conifers, cabbage, grass plus a bare soil as a reference deposition surface. By measuring the liquid water content (LWC) and the mass of water deposited on plants, fog droplet deposition velocities can be calculated. In the case of fog composed mainly of big droplets (mean median volume diameter of 20 µm), deposition velocities of these droplets can reach several tens cm.s-1. These high deposition velocities highlight the fact that gravitational but also turbulent processes are both contributing to the deposition on plants especially with a tri-dimensional structure such as conifers. The edge effect linked to a strong density of trees has also been identified and quantified during our experiments. The radionuclides found in trace amounts in fogwater showed that fogwater could be up to twenty times more concentrated in radionuclides than rain water. It is due to the activity dilution during the condensation phase of the droplets, when the droplets are growing. Based on measurements of the mass of water deposited by fog and concentrations of radionuclides in fog droplets on the site of Houdelaincourt, occult deposition that cannot be quantify by rain gauges or meteorological radar can be estimated. Over a whole season of fog, occult deposition can represent up to 25% of the total deposition (dry and wet by rain) of radionuclides. In case of an accidental release, fog could contribute to 14% of the total deposition if no rain event occurs. Those results highlight the fact that fog deposition should be considered to better quantify radioactive fallouts in areas embedded by fog (or clouds for high altitude sites), particularly in post-accident situation. A simple model of dry deposition to simulate the droplets deposition by sedimentation can be developed, using the median diameter of droplets derived from the visibility. This work still needs to be completed to quantify the turbulence contribution induced by the air flow near obstacles such as large plants and to implement a specific scheme into deposition model.

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is ranked as one of the largest table grape exporting countries in the world. The biggest markets for table grape exports have always been the EU and the UK, with emerging markets in Eastern Europe and Asia. The growing demand for pre-packaged fruit and vegetables in these markets are driven by factors like consumer comfort, hygiene and quality. These consumer needs have given rise to stringent quality control standards, putting more pressure on the producers to produce higher quality products. This thesis investigates the use of check weighing as a tool to enhance the operational effectiveness of table grape punnet packing. It looks at the current state of table grape punnet packing in South Africa, then determines the operational effectiveness of current packing practices and finally evaluates the merits of using automated check weighing as an operational management tool to improve current systems. Producers primarily make use of unskilled labour for the pre-packaging of table grapes, making it difficult to consistently produce good quality products. Some packing systems guide the operators towards filling punnets to the specified mass; some packing systems also feature internal check weighing in some form. Although these features improve mass accuracy and hence product quality, the packing processes are still prone to human and machine errors. Producers employ internal quality controllers who try to identify and rectify any human or machine errors as soon as possible. The PPECB, a local statutory body, enforces the minimum quality standards for South African exports by means of inspectors checking random product samples during production. If products of sub-standard quality are found (including under mass), the whole batch needs to be checked and repackaged where necessary, at great cost to the producer. Pre-packaged products may be produced according to the minimum mass system or the average mass system. The average mass system reduces the amount of raw product giveaway and increases revenue, but it requires that all products are check weighed and the masses recorded with a specified level of accuracy. The addition of automated final product check weighing saw a significant reduction in the occurrence of under as well as over mass punnets. It also managed to improve the productivity of some packing systems. Subsequent experiments with the check weigher using different setup parameters yielded much better measurement accuracy and would reduce under and over mass punnets even more. Considering the potential costs of having to repack batches due to the discovery of under mass products, it would be viable to implement automated final product check weighing even for small producers, with a payback period of less than 5 packing seasons depending on the producer’s specific pack house layout. The implementation of check weighing could not only reduce the risk of sub-quality products being produced, but also open up entirely new market opportunities in a very competitive market for products produced to the average mass system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die grootste tafeldruiwe-uitvoerders ter wêreld. Die hoofmarkte vir tafeldruiwe-uitvoere was nog altyd die Europese Unie en Verenigde Koninkryk, met opkomende markte in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die groeiende behoefte vir voorafverpakte vrugte en groente in hierdie markte word gedryf deur verbruikersfaktore soos gemaksugtigheid, higiëne en kwaliteit. Hierdie behoeftes het tot gevolg gehad dat strenger reëls en regulasies vir kwaliteitsbeheer ontstaan het. Dit plaas ekstra druk op produsente om hoër gehalte produkte te produseer. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van weging van die finale produk as ʼn hulpmiddel om die operasionele effektiwiteit van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe te verbeter. Daar word gekyk na die huidige toestand van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe in Suid-Afrika. Die operasionele effektiwiteit van bestaande verpakkingstelsels word bepaal. Die meriete van ʼn “weging van die finale produk stelsel” as bestuurshulpmiddel is nagevors. Daar word ook bespreek of die stelsel as bestuurshulpmiddel aangewend kan word om die effektiwiteit van huidige verpakkingstelsels te verbeter. Produsente maak primêr gebruik van ongeskoolde arbeid om tafeldruiwe te verpak. Dit maak dit moeilik om konstante goeie kwaliteit te lewer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels begelei die operateur om bakkies van ʼn spesifieke massa te produseer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels bevat ʼn interne toetsweeg funksie van een of ander aard. Alhoewel die funksies die akkuraatheid, produkmassa en dus produkkwaliteit verbeter, kan menslike- en masjienfoute steeds ʼn impak hê op die verpakkingsprosesse. Produsente maak gebruik van interne kwaliteitsbeheerstelsels wat poog om menslike- en masjienfoute so gou moontlik op te spoor en te herstel. Die PPECB, ʼn staatsliggaam, dwing die minimum Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoerstandaarde af deur middel van inspekteurs wat lukraak produkte tydens produksie ondersoek. Indien die produkte nie aan die kwaliteitstandaarde (insluitend massa) voldoen nie, moet die hele pallet nagegaan word en die bakkies moet reggemaak word waar nodig, teen ʼn groot onkoste vir die produsent. Voorafverpakte produkte kan volgens die minimum- of gemiddelde-massa sisteme geproduseer word. Die gemiddelde-massa sisteem verminder die hoeveelheid druiwe wat weggegee word en verhoog dus inkomste, maar dit vereis dat elke bakkie met ʼn bepaalde akkuraatheid geweeg moet word. Daar moet ook rekord gehou word van die massas. Die byvoeging van geoutomatiseerde finale produk toetsweging het ʼn aansienlike verbetering in die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies tot gevolg gehad. Dit het ook die produktiwiteit van party verpakkingsstelsels verbeter. Daaropvolgende weër eksperimente met ander opstellingsparameters het baie beter akkuraatheid getoon en dus kon die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies selfs verder beperk word. Met inagneming van die kostes daaraan verbonde om ʼn pallet oor te pak as gevolg van ondergewig bakkies, sou dit selfs vir klein produsente die moeite werd wees om finale produk toetsweging te implementeer. Dit het ʼn terugbetalingsperiode van minder as vyf pakseisoene, afhangend van die produsent se spesifieke pakstooruitleg. Nie alleen kan die implementering van finale produk toetsweging die risiko van ondergewig produkte verlaag nie, maar dit kan ook nuwe markgeleenthede oopmaak vir gemiddeldemassa produkte in ʼn baie kompeterende mark.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoacyFN_DISSERT.pdf: 2496087 bytes, checksum: 1117c9b4b193fc9a52e64526b61bf842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in the context of agriculture in semiarid northeast has been outstanding every day, due to the higher very possibilities to solve the problem of shortage of energy source in this region, because of high productivity, good suitability for mechanization, resistance to drought, reduced requirement of soil and therefore fewer risks and higher net revenue, as an alternative to the corn crop which has more demanding compared to sorghum. The Brazilian semiarid region characterized by water scarcity, become indispensable use of irrigation for most crops can produce satisfactorily. Given the above, this study aimed to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc ) and crop coefficient (Kc) for different growth stages of sorghum dual purpose (forage and grain) called BRS - Ponta Negra, as well as evaluating the growth, development and production in irrigated under the climatic conditions of the city of Ipanguaçu/RN. The work was conducted in the experimental area of EMPARN irrigation sprinkler was used and grown in single rows spaced 0.75 m between rows and 0.10 m between plants. The measurement of ETc was performed using two weighing lysimeters identical, with an area of 2.7 m² (dimensions of 1.5 x 1.8 m in area and 0.9 m deep). The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method and necessary to estimate climate data were collected by an automatic meteorological station installed in the area between the two lysimeter. The total crop cycle Sorghum Ponta Negra was 96 days, with an evapotranspiration of 499.89 mm. The crop coefficients (Kc) were found (Phase I - 0.49; Phase II - 0.82, phase III - 1.13; Phase IV - 0.98) with length of time of 21, 36, 27 and 12 days, respectively. The fresh weight was 84.42 ton was ha-1, while the productivity of grains found was 8,72 ton was ha-1 and the dry matter of 35,9 ton was ha-1 / A cultura do sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) no contexto da agropecuária do semiárido nordestino vem se destacando a cada dia, por apresentar maiores possibilidades de solucionar o problema da carência de fonte energética dessa região, em virtude da alta produtividade, boa adequação a mecanização, resistência às estiagens, menor exigência de solo e, consequentemente, menores riscos e maior receita líquida, sendo uma alternativa à cultura do milho, que possui maior exigência em relação ao sorgo. A região do semiárido brasileiro caracteriza-se pela escassez de água, tornado indispensável uso da irrigação, para que a maioria das culturas possa produzir satisfatoriamente. Diante do exposto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e o coeficiente da cultura (Kc) para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento do sorgo de dupla aptidão (forrageiro e granífero) denominada BRS Ponta Negra, como também avaliar o crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção em cultivo irrigado sob as condições climáticas do município de Ipanguaçu/RN. O trabalho foi conduzido na área experimental da EMPARN, sendo a irrigação utilizada por aspersão e cultivada em fileiras simples espaçadas 0,75 m entre linhas e 0,10 m entre plantas. A medição da ETc foi realizada utilizando-se dois lisímetros de pesagem idênticos, com área útil de 2,7 m² (dimensões de 1,5 x 1,8 m de área e 0,9 m de profundidade). A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método Penman-Monteith FAO e os dados climáticos necessários para estimar foram coletados por uma estação meteorológica automática instalada na área entre os dois lisímetros. O ciclo total da cultura do Sorgo Ponta Negra foi de 96 dias, com uma evapotranspiração de 499,89 mm. Os coeficientes da cultura (Kc) encontrados foram (fase I - 0,49; fase II 0,82; fase III 1,13; fase IV 0,98) com duração das fases de 21, 36, 27 e 12 dias, respectivamente. A matéria fresca foi de foi 84,42 ton ha-1, enquanto que a produtividade em grãos encontrada foi de 8.72 ton ha-1e da matéria seca de 35,9 ton ha-1