Temes que relacionen la família amb el treball estan captant cada vegada més l'atenció tant del sector privat com del públic. La Unió Europea promou assumptes com la baixes motivades pels fills, l'atenció als menors, l'equilibri entre la vida personal i el treball, i la flexibilitat horària. Així mateix promou canvis a l'entorn, l'estructura i l'organització del lloc de treball. En una línea similar, una creixent pressió per part de la població ha despertat l'interès de les principals empreses per millorar l'equilibri entre ocupació i vida privada dels seus empleats. Avui dia moltes empreses destaquen les preocupacions per la qualitat de vida com un tema de prioritat social. Però on es troba l'origen d'aquesta major conscienciació dels governs i les empreses i una major voluntat d'invertir en la millora de l'equilibri feina-vida dels ciutadans i els empleats? Les causes d'aquesta major receptivitat són en general les conseqüències de canvis sociodemogràfics. A les darreres dècades les dones s'han sumat a les files dels treballadors a una escala massiva. Motivades pel moviment a favor de les dones, que va aconseguir difondre la seva reclamació per la igualtat d'oportunitats tant a l'educació com a l'ocupació, les dones ara es dediquen a tot tipus d'activitats fora de la llar. Les dones de tota Europa, per terme mitjà, ocupen el 40% de les ocupacions a temps complet i el 32% dels llocs directius. La pressió econòmica, en forma de reducció de salaris per als homes, va fer que un gran nombre de dones sortissin a treballar a temps parcial, i va obligar a homes i dones per igual a augmentar les seves jornades laborals per a poder mantenir el seu nivell de vida. L'aportació de dos sous s'ha convertit en una necessitat econòmica per a un nombre creixent de famílies. A més, cada vegada hi ha més progenitors solters, parelles a les quals ambdós tenen una carrera professional, i homes plenament dedicats a cuidar dels seus fills. Per a aquestes persones, i d'altres interessades a compaginar el treball amb la família, trobar un equilibri entre les dues esferes s'ha convertit en una qüestió primordial de la seva vida. Les empreses adopten estratègies per a superar aquests problemes tot aplicant polítiques i programes dirigits a aportar als treballadors recursos que els ajuden a compaginar la dedicació a la família amb la seva carrera professional. Les típiques pràctiques inclouen horaris flexibles, jornades laborals més breus, un lloc de treball compartit per més d'un treballador, el tele-treball, serveis d'atenció per als fills, i arranjaments especials de permisos de maternitat per poder ajudar als treballadors a satisfer les necessitats familiars i personals. Se sap que aquest tipus de pràctiques eleven el nivell de satisfacció laboral, milloren l'ètica i la motivació en el lloc de treball, redueixen l'absentisme i els índexs d'abandó; augmenten la satisfacció de la compaginació entre treball i família, i disminueixen l'estrès i els conflictes que comporta. No obstant això, diversos estudis també han revelat poca o cap relació entre els beneficis que s'ofereixen als empleats o els que usen i el conflicto família-feina. La disponibilitat formal de pràctiques família-feina per si soles tenien una modesta incidència en els resultats de valor tant en el cas dels individus com per a les organitzacions. Els experts proposen que més aviat són altres factors els quals incideixen més a l'hora de reduir el conflicte o estrès família-feina, com és el cas de rebre suport per part dels companys i dels supervisors; a més que els empleats entenguin que poden utilitzar aquestes polítiques sense témer conseqüències negatives a la seva feina ni a la seva carrera professional. Així que des de la investigació i des de la pràctica s'assenyala la importància d'anar més enllà de la formulació de practiques feina-vida cap a un canvi a la cultura de l'organització. El desenvolupament d'una cultura feina-vida que dóna suport i valora la integració del treball i la vida familiar dels empleats es converteix en una necessitat per a poder reduir la falta de sintonia entre la feina i la família. Les investigacions futures haurien de començar a fixar-se en allò que contribueix a una cultura del suport i allò que restringeix la capacitat d'una organització per a crear una cultura laboralfamiliar per als seus empleats. / Los temas que relacionan la familia con el trabajo están captando cada vez más la atención tanto del sector privado como del público. La Unión Europea promueve asuntos como la bajas motivadas por los hijos, la atención a los menores, el equilibrio entre la vida personal y el trabajo, y flexibilidad horaria. Asimismo promueve cambios en el entorno, la estructura y la organización del lugar de trabajo. En una línea similar, una creciente presión por parte de la población ha despertado el interés de las principales empresas por mejorar el equilibrio entre empleo y vida privada de sus empleados. Hoy en día muchas empresas destacan las preocupaciones por la calidad de vida como un tema de prioridad social.¿Pero dónde se halla el origen de esta mayor concienciación de los gobiernos y las empresas y una mayor voluntad de invertir en la mejora del equilibrio trabajo-vida de los ciudadanos y los empleados? Las causas de esta mayor receptividad son por lo general las consecuencias de cambios sociodemográficos. En las últimas décadas las mujeres han engrosado las filas de los trabajadores a una escala masiva. Motivadas por el movimiento a favor de las mujeres, que consiguió difundir su reclamación por la igualdad de oportunidades tanto en la educación como en el empleo, las mujeres ahora se dedican a todo tipo de actividades fuera del hogar. Las mujeres de toda Europa, por promedio, ocupan el 40% de los empleos a tiempo completo y el 32% de los puestos directivos. La presión económica, en forma de reducción de salarios para los hombres, hizo que un gran número de mujeres salieran a trabajar a tiempo parcial, y obligó a hombres y mujeres por igual a aumentar sus jornadas laborales para poder mantener su nivel de vida. La aportación de dos sueldos se ha convertido en una necesidad económica para un número creciente de familias. Además, cada vez hay más progenitores solteros, parejas en las que ambos tienen una carrera profesional y hombres plenamente dedicados a cuidar de sus hijos. Para estas personas y otras interesadas encompaginar el trabajo con la familia, encontrar un equilibrio entre las dos esferas se ha convertido en una cuestión primordial de su vida. Estrategias adoptadas por las empresas para superar estos problemas aplican políticas y programas dirigidos a aportar a los trabajadores recursos que les ayudan a compaginar la dedicación a la familia con su carrera profesional. Las típicas prácticas incluyen tiempo flexible, jornadas laborales más breves, un puesto de trabajo compartido por más de un trabajador, tele-trabajo, servicios de cuidados para los hijos y arreglos especiales de permisos de maternidad para ayudar a los trabajadores satisfacer necesidades familiares y personales. Se sabe que este tipo de prácticas elevan el nivel de satisfacción laboral, mejoran la ética y la motivación en el lugar de trabajo, reducen el absentismo y los índices de abandono; aumentan la satisfacción de la compaginación entre trabajo y familia, y disminuyen el estrés y los conflictos que conlleva. Sin embargo, varios estudios también han revelado poca o ninguna relación entre los beneficios que se ofrecen a los empleados o los que usan y el conflicto familia-trabajo. La disponibilidad formal de prácticas familia-laborales por sí solas tenían una modesta incidencia en los resultados de valor tanto enel caso de los individuos como para las organizaciones. Los expertos proponen que más bien son otros factores los que inciden más a la hora de reducir el conflicto o estrés familia-laboral, como es el caso de recibir apoyo por parte de compañeros y supervisores, además de la percepción por parte de los empleados de que puedan utilizar estas políticas sin temer consecuencias negativas en su trabajo ni en su carrera profesional. Así que desde la investigación y la práctica se señala la importancia de ir más allá de la formulación de prácticas trabajo-vida hacia un cambio en la cultura de la organización. El desarrollo de una cultura trabajo-familia que apoya y valora la integración del trabajo y la vida familiar de los empleados se convierte en una necesidad para poder reducir la falta de sintonía entre trabajo y familia. Las investigaciones futuras deberían empezar a centrarse en lo que contribuye a una cultura del apoyo y lo que restringe la capacidad de una organización para crear una cultura trabajo-familiar para sus empleados. / Work-family issues are attracting increasing attention at both the public and the private level. The European Union promotes matters such as parental leave, childcare, work-life balance, flexible working hours, and encourages changes in the environment, structure and organisation of work. Along similar lines, growing public pressure has led to interest from leading companies to improve the work-life balance of their employees. Nowadays, many companies highlight life concerns as a priority social issue. But what initiated this increased awareness of governments and companies to invest in improving the work-life balance of their citizens and employees? The origins of this augmented responsiveness are mainly consequences of socio-demographic changes. In the last decades females have entered the labour force on a massive scale. Motivated by the women's movement, which successfully expanded females' claim to equality in educational and employment opportunities, females are now engaged in all kinds of activities outside the home. On average, females across Europe hold 40% of full-time jobs and 32% of management positions. Economic pressure, in the form of wage reductions for males, required a large number of females to enter the workplace on a part-time basis, and forced both males and females to increase their overall working hours in order to maintain their living standards. Dual-earning has become an economic necessity for an increasing number of families. In addition, there are a growing number of single parents, dualcareer couples, and fathers heavily involved in parenting. For these individuals and for others interested in both work and family, balancing the two arenas has become a major life issue. Strategies adopted by companies to overcome these problems enact policies and programs aimed at providing employees with resources to help them manage their work-family lives. Typical practices include flexitime, shorter working hours, jobsharing, tele-working, childcare services and special maternity leave arrangements to help workers meet family and personal needs. Practices have been found to raise employee satisfaction; work ethics and motivation; reduce absenteeism and staff turnover rates; elevate satisfaction with the balance between work and family; and diminish related stress and work-family conflict. However, several studies also found either nonexistent or weak relationships between benefits offered or used by employees and work-family conflict. The formal availability of work-family practices alone had modest relationships with outcomes of value to both individuals and organisations. Scholars rather propose that other factors are more important for reducing work-family conflict or stress, such as having supportive colleagues and supervisors, as well as the perception that employees can use these policies without fearing negative job or career consequences. Therefore researchers and practitioners point out the importance of moving beyond the formulation of work-life practices to a change in organisational culture. The development of a work-family culture which supports and values the integration of employees' work and family lives becomes a necessity for reducing work-family mismatch. Future research should begin focussing on what contributes to a supportive culture and what constrains an organisation's ability to create a workfamily culture for its employees.

The right to non-discrimination is a fundamental part of human rights. Sweden has enacted legislation which prohibits employers from discriminating or harassing employees and job seekers. Swedish authorities also receive a substantial amount of complaints concerning ethnic discrimination in the workplace every year and there are volumes of research showing structural injustices related to discrimination. Despite these facts few employers have so far been found guilty of discrimination on ethnic grounds in Swedish courts. This thesis aims to shed lights on and analyse how the Swedish anti-discrimination legislation is utilised in the Swedish Labour Court regarding discrimination and harassment on ethnic grounds. On the basis that very few lawsuits brought on behalf of employees/job seekers have been successful it is hypothesized that there are problems either with the form of the legislation or the assessment of the court. Firstly the shape of statutes, their legislative history and preparatory works are illustrated to create an understanding for the legal pre-conditions, thereafter the judgements of the Labour Court are analysed within the theoretical framework of the thesis – composed of Critical Race Theory and Sociology of Law. The study has shown problems concerning both the legislation and the assessment of the Labour Court. The legislation does not seem to embody the awareness of discriminating structures shown by the works of the preparatory committees. Further the assessments of the Court suggest a lack of understanding of the interaction between different pre-conditions and how these create a disadvantage for people of a minority standing which affects them both in the workplace and in the judgments of the Court.

This study was interested in female bank employees’ perceptions of work life balance at a banking institution in the Durban region. The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model was used as a theoretical framework to consider the demands that these women encounter as well as the support systems that they utilise to help facilitate work-life balance (WLB). Importantly, as a theoretical framework, the JD-R was used to bring to light employee experiences of their WLB in relation to their work demands and the resources that are available to them. A qualitative research design was used. Semi-structured interviews on a purposive sample of eight research participants were conducted within the sales and credit division at a large banking institution in the Durban region. Theory-led thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview transcripts. The findings of the study indicated that these women relied heavily upon domestic helpers in terms of household duties, extended family and their spouses in terms of childcare duties and needs. These employees felt that work dominates their lives more due to the core demands of meeting targets within the sales and credit divisions. These employees perceived that the bank as a whole was not supportive of WLB as they claimed to be and wanted to be involved with the HR Department in the formation of work-life balance policies. This research study offers insight into the needs of female bank employees and suggests the way forward for organisations to appropriately prioritise WLB as a quality strategy in an attempt to retain talented women in their sales and credit divisions. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

This research assessed the effect of religious orientation on experiences of Iranian women in balancing their work and family roles. Based on the proposed relationships among main variables of this study which are religiosity, gender-role ideology, work-family conflict and work-family facilitation, it was also hypothesized that gender-role ideology would mediate the relationships between religiosity and work-family conflict/facilitation. The participants of this study were 221 Iranian female employees working in the Wood and Glue Industry. The results supported some of the developed hypotheses. For instance, they showed that women with stronger religious beliefs felt the extra time spent on work responsibilities would have been better devoted to family roles. Further, the women who indicated that the role of religion is highly significant in their lives experienced less conflict between the behaviors performed at home and those performed at work. The results did not support the hypothesized mediating role of gender-role ideology. / viii, 89 leaves ; 29 cm

Šiame darbe, aptariama šeimos – darbo balanso teorija ir jos taikymo svarba. Išanalizuojamos pagrindinės lanksčios darbo organizavimo formos bei aptariama jų reikšmė šeimų stabilumui, darbuotojui bei darbdaviui . Lanksčios darbo organizavimo formos yra priemonių visuma, leidžianti darbuotojui pasirinkti tinkamiausią būdą atlikti profesines užduotis, suderinti darbinius bei asmeninius įsipareigojimus ir išlikti darbo rinkoje net kritiškiausiais šeimos gyvenimo ciklo momentais, tokiais kaip vaiko gimimas, neįgalių asmenų priežiūra namuose ir kt. Šių priemonių įgyvendinimas priklauso ne tik nuo valstybės valdžios sprendimų palankios šeimai politikos įgyvendinime, tačiau ir nuo pačių darbdavių požiūrio , jų turimos motyvacijos taikyti palankios šeimai politikos priemones. Darbe siekiama atskleisti darbdavių požiūrį į darbuotojų, auginančių vaikus, šeimos ir darbo sferų derinimą. Taip pat palyginti darbdavių nuomon su darbuotojų požiūriu į tas pačias problemas. Remiantis A.Maslauskaitės teorija (2004 m), jog rinkos ūkis kuria šeimai nedraugišką aplinką, o darbo rinkoje sėkm pasiekia tik tie individai, kurie nėra saistomi asmeninių įsipareigojimų, atliktas anketinis lyginamasis dviejų oponuojančių grupių nuomonių tyrimas. Autorės atlikto tyrimo rezultatai rodo, jog žymiai daugiau darbdavių, nei darbuotojų link manyti, kad darbuotojai turi pakankamai laiko asmeniniam gyvenimui, savo šeimoms, kad užimtumas darbe nebūtinai riboja individų tarpusavio santykius. / This thesis is a comprehensive analysis of work-family balance theory and the implications of its implementation. The thesis investigates major forms of flexible work organization as well as examines their impact for employer, employee and stability in the family of employee. Forms of flexible work organization aggregate to a set of measures which enable the employee to choose the most suitable way to perform entitled tasks, coordinate professional and personal obligations and remain in the labour market during critical periods of the family life cycle such as birth of a child, homecare of people with disabilities, etc. The successful implementation of these measures depends not only on the decisions of governmental institutions but also on the approach of employers and their motivation to implement flexible measures for favourable family policy conditions. The thesis is aimed to reveal employer‘s approach to employees who seek to combine family and work. Also, analyse and compare the opinions of employers and employees to the same problems. The research part consists of a comparative opinion survey between two opposing groups. It has been carried out on the basis of A. Maslauskaitė theory (2004) which suggests that existing rules of labour market create unfavourable conditions for family while successful career is available only for those who are not bounded by personal obligations. The results of the research indicate that there are many more employers than employees who... [to full text]

Personalomsättningen inom revisionsbranschen är ett viktigt ämne eftersom revisionsbyråerna behöver hålla kvar kvalificerad personal med hög kompetens för att kunna upprätthålla god revisionskvalitet. Eftersom revisorsprofessionen anses vara ett prestigefyllt yrke med höga inträdesbarriärer är det viktigt att ifrågasätta varför någon som väl kommit in väljer att lämna. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara vad som påverkar karriärbyten bland revisorsassistenter. Detta kan bidra till en bättre förståelse kring varför revisorsassistenter väljer att sluta innan avlagd revisorsexamen. Med hjälp av en kombination av teorier från bland annat socialpsykologi, motivationsteori och tidigare forskning har en modell utvecklats som illustrerar de olika faktorer som kan antas påverka revisorsassistenters karriärbyten. För att testa modellen har en enkätundersökning om nuvarande och före detta revisorsassistenters uppfattningar och motivationsfaktorer gjorts. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att karriärbyten bland revisorsassistenter kan bero på flera olika faktorer, och indikerar att vissa faktorer som identifierats genom tidigare litteratur kan ifrågasättas. Vår slutsats är att de tre främsta anledningarna till varför revisorsassistenter väljer att sluta är på grund av att de erbjuds externa karriärmöjligheter, har låga uppfattningar om revisorsprofessionen eller upplever en obalans mellan privatliv och arbetsliv. Med en bättre förståelse kring revisorsassistenters karriärbyten kan revisionsbyråerna teoretiskt sett minska de höga kostnader som är förknippade med rekrytering, anställning och utbildning av ny personal. Vår undersökning antyder även att det skulle kunna finnas ännu en modererande variabel, nämligen säsong. Detta är något som framtida forskning skulle kunna undersöka genom att utföra en liknande studie under en annan tid på året. / The audit profession needs to retain qualified staff with extensive expertise in order to maintain good audit quality. It is crucial that employee turnover in audit firms is considered an important aspect and hence thoroughly researched. An important question to ask is why auditors choose to leave their position. Entry barriers are high and it is considered a prestigious profession, yet many junior auditors leave after only a few years of working and choose not to become senior auditors. To develop a better understanding of what it is that makes junior auditors choose to leave before completing their auditor exam, we have combined theories and literature from turnover, job satisfaction and motivation.  Through our research we have developed a model that illustrates the different factors likely to affect junior auditors in their decision to leave the field early. To test the model, a survey of perceptions and motivational factors was given to present and former junior auditors. Although our findings show that the three main reasons for junior auditors leaving are external job opportunities, low perceptions of the audit profession and work-life balance issues, turnover may be due to several different factors. We have come to the conclusion that some factors identified from previous literature can therefore be questioned and that more extensive research is necessary to further understand the reasons behind this gap in the field. The results also indicate a different moderating variable, namely season. Therefore we suggest that further research focuses on this by carrying out a similar study during a different time of the year. With a better understanding of junior auditor turnover, audit firms could reduce the high costs that are associated with recruiting and training junior auditors.

The South African hospitality industry, and more specifically the accommodation sector, is a booming industry within South African Tourism. Annually thousands of tourists, nationally and internationally, come to stay in accommodation establishments which offer a variety of services to guests (South Africa, 2009:499). What differentiates one accommodation establishment from another is the type and quality of service offered to guests. This service offered to guests can only be generated by manual labour, namely by employees. Front Office Employees in particular have direct and continual interaction with guests; Front Office Employees deliver the services required by guests and ultimately determine the satisfaction experienced by guests. A well–known saying goes "Happy workers make happy customers". The core of this saying is therefore that Front Office Employees, who experience a Quality of Work Life, will ultimately deliver exceptional service and lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive and more profitable. Quality of Work Life comprises a variety of life domains which need to be satisfied and fulfilled to result in an employer being happy. These life domains include Health and safety, Economic and family issues, Social issues, Esteem issues, Actualisation issues, Knowledge issues, Creativity and aesthetic issues, Feelings about the establishment, Management and Leisure issues. Satisfaction with these various life domains will therefore lead to a good Quality of Work Life and overall good Quality of Life being experienced. However, few studies have been conducted on the Quality of Work Life experienced within accommodation establishments and more specifically that of Front Office Employees. When employees experience a good Quality of Work Life, the accommodation establishment can expect various long–term advantages, such as higher employee productivity, lower turnover and absenteeism, increased loyalty and commitment towards the establishment and increased overall profitability. Hence in order to ensure accommodation establishments deliver excellent quality service to their guests and fulfil their needs entirely, it is essential to better understand the Front Office Employees who directly deal with the guests. This understanding can be gained by obtaining a clearer understanding of how Front Office Employees experience Quality of Work Life and the various life domains they are not satisfied with. By developing an in–depth knowledge of the Front Office Employee and how satisfied they are with their Quality of Work Life, greater satisfaction can be ensured, which will ultimately lead to the accommodation establishment being more productive and more profitable. The main goal of this study was to determine whether Front Office Employees are satisfied with their overall Quality of Work Life. In order to achieve this goal, the study comprises two articles. The research underpinning both of the articles was conducted at a specific South African resort group in June 2009 and a specific hotel group of South Africa in March 2010. A self–administrated questionnaire was distributed to the various units, according to an availability sampling method which focuses on respondents available and willing to fill in the questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ninety two (292) questionnaires were completed during the survey. From these questionnaires, data were obtained and results analysed. The first article was titled "Quality of Work Life: a comparative study of a resort group and hotel group Front Office Employees". The main purpose of this article was to determine whether Front Office Employees in the hotel group experience the same degree of Quality of Work Life as the resort group Front Office Employees. This article highlighted the importance of Front Office Employees, since they are the first and continual contact guests have with an accommodation establishment. These Front Office Employees therefore determine the type of service experienced by guests and the satisfaction they derive from it. In order for Front Office Employees to deliver quality service, the Front Office Employees should experience a Quality of Work Life. To achieve the objectives of this article, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was first done to confirm the various life domains of Quality of Work Life as well as the various mean readings for each life domain. In addition to this, an independent t–test was performed to compare the Front Office Employees of the hotel group, with the resort group Front Office Employees with regard to how they experience their Quality of Work Life. The practical significance of the various life domains was determined in practice, by looking at the Cohen d–value. By means of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis it was determined that each life domain consisted of certain factors, ultimately leading to the concept of Quality of Work Life. With the comparison drawn between the hotel group Front Office Employees and the resort group Front Office Employees can it be accepted that the hotel group Front Office Employees are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the resort group Front Office Employees. The life domains identified as having a practical visible difference effect in practice were determined. These results can therefore be utilized by human resource managers in accommodation establishments as areas on which to focus in order to improve the Quality of Work Life offered to Front Office Employees and thus the quality of service rendered to guests, which would then inevitably have an impact on the profitability of the establishment. The second article was titled "The effect of leisure life of hotel group Front Office Employees on their Quality of Work Life." The main purpose of this article was to determine the overall effect of leisure life, which is classified as one of the life domains of Quality of Work Life, on the various other life domains of Quality of Work Life. The life domain Leisure life had two factors which were identified by a confirmatory factor analysis. Once the factors had been confirmed, the relationship between Leisure life and the various other life domains were determined. The results of this research revealed that there is a relationship between leisure life and the other various life domains constituting Quality of Work Life. Hence the results are imperative for human resource managers of accommodation establishments, as the importance of leisure in Front Office Employees' lives as well as the various other life domains on which it has an impact have been indicated. Overall, the research revealed that Front Office Employees of the hotel group are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the Front Office Employees of the resort group. Furthermore, the importance of Front Office Employees' leisure life was indicated by the relationship it has with the various other life domains, ultimately leading to a Quality of Work Life. This newly obtained knowledge of Front Office Employees of accommodation establishments can be applied by human resource managers in an effort to ensure that these employees experience a good Quality of Work Life which will lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive, efficient and profitable due to happier employees. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The South African hospitality industry, and more specifically the accommodation sector, is a booming industry within South African Tourism. Annually thousands of tourists, nationally and internationally, come to stay in accommodation establishments which offer a variety of services to guests (South Africa, 2009:499). What differentiates one accommodation establishment from another is the type and quality of service offered to guests. This service offered to guests can only be generated by manual labour, namely by employees. Front Office Employees in particular have direct and continual interaction with guests; Front Office Employees deliver the services required by guests and ultimately determine the satisfaction experienced by guests. A well–known saying goes "Happy workers make happy customers". The core of this saying is therefore that Front Office Employees, who experience a Quality of Work Life, will ultimately deliver exceptional service and lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive and more profitable. Quality of Work Life comprises a variety of life domains which need to be satisfied and fulfilled to result in an employer being happy. These life domains include Health and safety, Economic and family issues, Social issues, Esteem issues, Actualisation issues, Knowledge issues, Creativity and aesthetic issues, Feelings about the establishment, Management and Leisure issues. Satisfaction with these various life domains will therefore lead to a good Quality of Work Life and overall good Quality of Life being experienced. However, few studies have been conducted on the Quality of Work Life experienced within accommodation establishments and more specifically that of Front Office Employees. When employees experience a good Quality of Work Life, the accommodation establishment can expect various long–term advantages, such as higher employee productivity, lower turnover and absenteeism, increased loyalty and commitment towards the establishment and increased overall profitability. Hence in order to ensure accommodation establishments deliver excellent quality service to their guests and fulfil their needs entirely, it is essential to better understand the Front Office Employees who directly deal with the guests. This understanding can be gained by obtaining a clearer understanding of how Front Office Employees experience Quality of Work Life and the various life domains they are not satisfied with. By developing an in–depth knowledge of the Front Office Employee and how satisfied they are with their Quality of Work Life, greater satisfaction can be ensured, which will ultimately lead to the accommodation establishment being more productive and more profitable. The main goal of this study was to determine whether Front Office Employees are satisfied with their overall Quality of Work Life. In order to achieve this goal, the study comprises two articles. The research underpinning both of the articles was conducted at a specific South African resort group in June 2009 and a specific hotel group of South Africa in March 2010. A self–administrated questionnaire was distributed to the various units, according to an availability sampling method which focuses on respondents available and willing to fill in the questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ninety two (292) questionnaires were completed during the survey. From these questionnaires, data were obtained and results analysed. The first article was titled "Quality of Work Life: a comparative study of a resort group and hotel group Front Office Employees". The main purpose of this article was to determine whether Front Office Employees in the hotel group experience the same degree of Quality of Work Life as the resort group Front Office Employees. This article highlighted the importance of Front Office Employees, since they are the first and continual contact guests have with an accommodation establishment. These Front Office Employees therefore determine the type of service experienced by guests and the satisfaction they derive from it. In order for Front Office Employees to deliver quality service, the Front Office Employees should experience a Quality of Work Life. To achieve the objectives of this article, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was first done to confirm the various life domains of Quality of Work Life as well as the various mean readings for each life domain. In addition to this, an independent t–test was performed to compare the Front Office Employees of the hotel group, with the resort group Front Office Employees with regard to how they experience their Quality of Work Life. The practical significance of the various life domains was determined in practice, by looking at the Cohen d–value. By means of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis it was determined that each life domain consisted of certain factors, ultimately leading to the concept of Quality of Work Life. With the comparison drawn between the hotel group Front Office Employees and the resort group Front Office Employees can it be accepted that the hotel group Front Office Employees are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the resort group Front Office Employees. The life domains identified as having a practical visible difference effect in practice were determined. These results can therefore be utilized by human resource managers in accommodation establishments as areas on which to focus in order to improve the Quality of Work Life offered to Front Office Employees and thus the quality of service rendered to guests, which would then inevitably have an impact on the profitability of the establishment. The second article was titled "The effect of leisure life of hotel group Front Office Employees on their Quality of Work Life." The main purpose of this article was to determine the overall effect of leisure life, which is classified as one of the life domains of Quality of Work Life, on the various other life domains of Quality of Work Life. The life domain Leisure life had two factors which were identified by a confirmatory factor analysis. Once the factors had been confirmed, the relationship between Leisure life and the various other life domains were determined. The results of this research revealed that there is a relationship between leisure life and the other various life domains constituting Quality of Work Life. Hence the results are imperative for human resource managers of accommodation establishments, as the importance of leisure in Front Office Employees' lives as well as the various other life domains on which it has an impact have been indicated. Overall, the research revealed that Front Office Employees of the hotel group are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the Front Office Employees of the resort group. Furthermore, the importance of Front Office Employees' leisure life was indicated by the relationship it has with the various other life domains, ultimately leading to a Quality of Work Life. This newly obtained knowledge of Front Office Employees of accommodation establishments can be applied by human resource managers in an effort to ensure that these employees experience a good Quality of Work Life which will lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive, efficient and profitable due to happier employees. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Eleven male and 10 female freelance production workers were interviewed about their experiences of life within the New Zealand film industry. Respondents’ accounts contrast sharply with glamorous images of the industry portrayed in the media. Respondents enjoyed the creative challenges, camaraderie, excitement, and intensity of their working lives and identified strongly with their work. However, they also experienced continual financial insecurity, unpredictable and demoralising periods of unemployment, and recurrent problems maintaining a reasonable work-life balance. Many of the older respondents cited these factors as their main reason for attempting to find work outside the industry. Female production workers appeared to pay a particularly high price for their involvement in the industry and often sacrificed other areas of their lives for their careers. Women frequently compensated for this imbalance by becoming even more career focussed, thus compounding the problems in non-work areas of their lives. Respondents’ accounts are interpreted in relation to current structural conditions, working practices, and power imbalances within the New Zealand film industry. It is argued that freelance production workers’ complex psychological relationship with their work is simultaneously a product of their work environment and helps to perpetuate industry conditions which disadvantage the workforce.

Telework is a method of work that lets employees work from other places than the central office. With the world becoming more digitized, technology is becoming mobile and people become accessible wherever they are located. There are many benefits with Telework, but also many challenges that need to be taken into consideration. The digital era has led to that employees have changed their perception of how often they need to be at the central office, wishing to be more flexible and attain a better work-life balance. However, the adoption of Telework strategies has not grown as fast as first predicted by the originator, Jack Nilles, which some researchers after him have explained to be due to managerial resistance and lack of technology. This master thesis aims to investigate Telework as a phenomenon and explore how modern organizations can evolve to meet the demands of employees seeking more flexibility, but at the same time deal with challenges that may affect the organization negatively. Through a systematic literature review, we explore the concept of Telework and use previous publications in order to find common themes in research in order to find what may have impacted the decision-making process when organizations decide to implement Telework or not. A complementary literature study has also been used to investigate these themes further, which was followed by conducting empirical data collection through one semi-structured interview and two qualitative surveys. From our findings it can be found that common themes that act as drivers for Telework to be implemented are related to: an employee’s eligibility to reduce their commute, availability of digital infrastructure and ICT based tools and the organization’s possibility to cut cost related to office space. In our findings we have identified factors that organizations discuss before making a decision with regard to the implementation of Telework. Lastly, we see that how well an organization has adapted to a digital working environment does have impact on the adoption of Telework, given that there are many ICT solutions that can cope with the challenges Telework brings. / Distansarbete (Telework) är en arbetsmetod som låter anställda arbeta på annan plats än det centrala kontoret. Eftersom digitaliseringen i världen ständigt utvecklas och teknologier utvecklas mot att bli mer mobila så blir människan ständigt nåbar var de än befinner sig. Det finns många fördelar med distansarbete, men också många nackdelar. Den digitala eran har bidragit till att många anställda har förändrat sin syn på hur ofta de behöver befinna sig på det centrala kontoret, vilket har lett till att efterfrågan på flexibilitet och bättre balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv har ökat. Införandet av distansarbete har dock inte ökat med den fart som upphovsmannen, Jack Nilles, förutspått, vilket forskare efter honom har förklarat med att det funnits ett motstånd från ledargrupper och brist på teknologiska lösningar. Den här masteruppsatsens mål är att undersöka distansarbete som fenomen och utforska hur moderna organisationer kan utvecklas för att möta efterfrågan på ökad flexibilitet från anställda, och samtidigt hantera de utmaningar som en organisation ställs inför. Genom en systematisk litteraturgranskning utforskar vi distansarbete som koncept. Där använder vi tidigare forskning för att försöka hitta teman i vad som påverkat beslutsfattandeprocessen när organisationer diskuterar distansarbete. En kompletterande litteraturstudie har sedan hjälp till att vidare undersöka de funna temana, vilket följdes av insamling av empiriska data genom två kvalitativa enkäter och en semi-strukturerad intervju. I våra fynd har vi hittat att teman som kan ses som drivande i frågan att införa distansarbete: möjligheten för anställda att minska pendlingstid, tillgänglighet av digital infrastruktur och ICT-baserade verktyg, samt organisationens möjlighet att minska kostnader kopplat till minskad kontorsyta. Våra fynd innehåller vilka faktorer som beslutsfattare tar i beaktning när implementation av distansarbete diskuteras inom organisationer. Vi ser också att hur väl en organisation har implementerat ICT-relaterade lösningar påverkar införandet av distansarbete.