The construction industry in Sweden today is a busy market. The demand for new residences is very high and many are recruited to the industry for companies to be able to meet the demand. Generally a construction site needs temporary construction facilities for staff to manage administrative tasks and have conferences, eat, rest, shower etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the temporary construction site facilities can be established to better promote communication, cooperation, flow of people, flow of material, comfort and well-being. To identify problem areas and potential solutions, interviews were conducted with people from different working categories. Through interviews and own observations, the authors chose popular potential solutions and improvement opportunities and tested them on larger amount of people in a survey. By visiting a number of construction sites and their temporary facilities it was found that there are many ways to establish them. General solutions were made for bigger and smaller establishments, for example where to allocate different workspaces or how to use visual management in the best way. Suggestions were made on how to adjust furniture easier by using a system of holding strips and rails. Factors such as a relax rooms, paintings and plants were suggested to would improve comfort and well-being. Finally, conclusions could be made in different areas. More random interaction between working categories would improve communication and promote a nice working environment. An area especially made for these interactions with a strategic placed coffee machine could increase interaction. Offices should be allocated in a way that makes the ones responsible for the blue collar workers easier to reach. The ones who perform more administrative tasks throughout the day, like the site manager, should be allocated far from the entrance, to minimize the risks of disruption. Conference rooms should be placed furthest in the establishment, in that way meetings will not be interrupted. Today there is too little focus on the little things that could improve comfort and well-being. More comfortable chairs, tables that can be adjusted in height, white walls and so on are examples on what could be done differently. / I Sverige råder idag en högkonjunktur i byggbranschen. De flesta städerna har brist på bostäder, vilket leder till långa köer, och pressen att bygga nytt är stor. Allt fler rekryteras till byggbranschen för att möta behovet. Byggarbetsplatser kräver att arbetarna har utrymmen som arbetarna kan nyttja på raster, administrativa arbeten och sköta hygienen i. Vanligen är dessa utrymmen i form av bodetableringar. I denna rapport undersöks hur bodetableringar kan utformas för att främja kommunikation, flöden och trivsel. Syftet är att ta fram konkreta förbättringsförslag gällande nämnda områden. För att få en bild av nuläget och identifiera förbättringsområden har författarna besökt ett antal etableringar, både från uppdragsgivaren Skanska och från andra företag. Personer från olika yrkesgrupper har intervjuats för att ta fram åsikter och förbättringsförslag från alla som har bodarna som sin arbetsplats. Utöver intervjuer och egna observationer gjordes en enkätundersökning för att få mer tyngd i de förbättringsförslag som uppkommit. Under arbetets gång visade det sig att utformning av bodetableringar ser mycket olika ut beroende på hur stort projektet är, vilket företag som har projektet samt hur platschefens preferenser ser ut. Generella lösningar togs fram på hur mindre respektive större etableringar bör utformas för att främja kommunikation. Även vilka visuella tavlor och medel som kan användas. Förslag presenteras på hur material kan anpassas i bodarna på ett lättare sätt och därmed kunna använda samma rum till olika saker. Faktorer gällande hur bodar kan inredas för att öka trivseln tas fram. Slutsatser har kunnat dras inom många olika områden. Bland annat att mer slumpvisa möten inom bodarna skulle förbättra kommunikation och trivsel. En neutral yta, gärna i anslutning till en invändig trappa, gör det lättare för folk att mötas. Kontor och konferensrum bör placeras på ett sätt som gör arbetsledare tillgängliga för yrkesarbetare samtidigt som platschef och konferensrum ska finnas närmare slutet på etableringen då det ska vara mindre spring kring dem. Ett bärlist-system med skenor i bodarna borde införas för att de ska vara lättare att sätta upp tavlor, hyllor och möbler samt göra om ett rum om det behövs. Idag läggs för lite fokus på inredning i bodarna. Många vill se mer växter, tavlor, mattor och liknande för att öka nivån av trivsel.

Bakgrund: Alla människor har rätt till en trygg och hälsosam arbetsmiljö. Hälsan påverkas oundvikligen av olika faktorer i arbetsmiljön som verkar för eller emot hälsan. Att sträva efter att skapa hälsofrämjande arbetsplatser är därför en viktig del av den nationella och globala folkhälsopolitiken. Tidigare forskning, som främst är av kvantitativ karaktär, har visat att det finns frisk- såväl som riskfaktorer i sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö. Det behövs dock fler kvalitativa studier som belyser sjuksköterskornas egna upplevelser av frisk-och riskfaktorer för att kunna identifiera förbättringsfaktorer i arbetsmiljön och utveckla det framtida hälsofrämjande arbetet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelse av frisk-och riskfaktorer i sin arbetsmiljö, med fokus på förbättringsfaktorer. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats användes för att analysera data från de fem sjuksköterskor i Mellansverige, som intervjuats med hjälp av en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom två kategorier: ´Arbetstillfredsställelse`, med tillhörande tre subkategorier: Meningsfulla interaktioner, Ett öppet och jämlikt arbetsklimat, Socialt stöd. Vidare kategorin: ´Bemanning och resurser`, som innehöll följande subkategorier: Personalstyrkan och dess konsekvenser, Kompetensutveckling samt Fysisk miljö. Slutsats: En god och hållbar arbetsmiljö var av stor vikt för sjuksköterskornas hälsa och välbefinnande på arbetet. Vidare beskrevs det finnas en del riskfaktorer i arbetsmiljön som försämrade arbetsglädjen och sjuksköterskornas välbefinnande. Sammantaget framkom det av intervjuerna att det är viktigt att fortsätta arbeta för att stärka sjuksköterskornas arbetsmiljö, eftersom arbetsmiljön också påverkar vårdkvaliteten och patienternas välmående. Något som är av vikt för folkhälsan och en god hälsa på lika villkor. Nyckelord: Arbetsmiljö, Frisk- och riskfaktorer, Hälsofrämjande arbete, Kvalitativ vetenskaplig metod, Sjuksköterskor / Background: All humans have the right to safe and healthy work environments. Health is inevitably affected by different factors in the working environment that work for or against health. Striving to create health-promoting workplaces is therefore an important part of the national and global public health policy. Previous research, mainly of a quantitative nature, has shown that there are healthy as well as risk factors in nurses' work environment. More qualitative research is however needed which highlights nurses' own experiences of healthy and risk factors in the work environment, to be able to identify improvement opportunities in the work environment and develop the future health promotion work. Aim: The purpose of this study was to highlight nurses' experiences of healthy and risk factors in their work environment, with a focus on improvement factors. Method: A qualitative study was conducted and a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse data from the five nurses in Central Sweden, who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. Results: From the analysis, two categories emerged: `Work satisfaction`, with associated three subcategories: Meaningful interactions, An open and equal working climate, Social support. Furthermore, the category: "Staffing and resources", which contained the following subcategories: Lack of personnel and its consequences, Skills development and Physical environment. Conclusion: A good and sustainable work environment was of great importance for the nurses' health and well-being at work. Furthermore, there were some risk factors in the working environment that worsened work satisfaction and the nurses' well-being. Overall, it was important to continue working to strengthen the nurses' work environment, as the working environment also affects the quality of care and the well-being of the patients. Something that is important for public health and good health on equal terms. Keyword: Health promotion work, Healthy- and risk factors, Nurses, Qualitative method, Working environment

In my diploma thesis I deal with the issue of the working environment in the woodworking industry and the diversity of the associated risks, such as noise, dust, vibrations, chemicals, physical load and working position. This issue is current due to the rise of custom joinery. Demand also rises for the quality hard wood and its products, so part of my work deals with this issue as well. I find problematic the variability of the work environment related to measurable environmental parameters. The theoretical part will be based on literature and legislation related to this issue. The areas related to wood-processing operations will be detailed. This issue is handled mainly in relation to the hygiene of work and occupational medicine. Therefore the legislation and terminology, on which the practical part is based, devote a considerable part of the theoretical part. Three companies operating in Southern Bohemia were deliberately selected for research. The practical part is based on the measurement protocols of the individual working environment factors. I obtained the results using secondary analysis of data from measurement protocols of individual factors, professional literature, decrees, government regulations and laws. Two objectives and three research questions have been set for research. Objective 1: The work will identify risk factors for the work of woodworkers. Objective 2: The work will evaluate proposals for employers' precautions to protect the health of workers in individual woodworking plants. V1: Are there significant differences in the occurrence of risk factors in woodworking with regard to the way wood and its products are processed? V2: Are there significant differences in the precautions for the health protection in wood production according to the way of processing of wood and its products? V3: How does hardwood dust affect woodworking technology and health protection precautions? The first objective was chosen for the factual description of the working environment of individual companies, as the individual operations differ significantly from the occurring risk factors and their risk. The second objective was chosen with regard to the importance of properly chosen health protection precautions. Failure to comply with the employer's obligations linked to the protection of workers' health may result in serious and permanent damage to health. The importance of appropriately chosen precautions results from the final part of my work.

Att arbeta inom socialtjänsten som socialsekreterare inom utredningsenheten för barn och unga kan anses vara ett stressigt arbete med hög arbetsbelastning samt att deras arbetsmiljö ofta är omtalad. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som socialsekreterare inom utredningsenheten för barn och unga upplevde kunde påverka deras psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Studien byggde på kvalitativa intervjuer och resultatet analyserades utifrån kravkontroll- och stödmodellen. Resultatet visade att socialt stöd är en viktig komponent för att må bra i rollen som socialsekreterare. De slutsatser som vi kan dra genom denna studie är att det finns obalans mellan de krav som ställs på socialsekreterare och de resurser som finns att tillgå. Förutsättningarna behöver bli bättre för att socialsekreterarna inte ska bli utsatta för stress och ohälsa och på så sätt få en bättre psykosocial arbetsmiljö. / To work as a social worker within investigations at social services specialized in children and young adults is assumed to be stressful with a high workload. Consequently, their working environment is often discussed. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to investigate what factors social workers, working under these circumstances, perceive as affecting their psychosocial working environment. This study was based on qualitative interviews and the result is analyzed with help of the demand- control- and support model. The result indicates that social support is an important component to consider in order for social workers to be healthy in their roles. The circumstances need to improve to prevent social workers from being exposed to stress and unhealthiness, and thereby improving their psychosocial working environment. Our conclusion from this study is that there is an imbalance between the requirements asked from social workers and the resources available.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-04-29T11:50:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Henrique Schuster _.pdf: 1084876 bytes, checksum: 368013c0bcfdf68b6b4cf7b9ae74cfae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T11:50:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Henrique Schuster _.pdf: 1084876 bytes, checksum: 368013c0bcfdf68b6b4cf7b9ae74cfae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho analisa a importância da Previdência Social na gestão do risco (de doenças e acidentes) no meio ambiente do trabalho, por meio do benefício de aposentadoria especial. Para tanto, busca-se, preliminarmente, estabelecer uma relação entre meio ambiente do trabalho, Previdência Social e teoria do risco, tendo as nanotecnologias como recorte descritivo para a análise dos novos riscos (pós-industriais). Na sequência, ganha destaque os obstáculos e contradições no interior do próprio sistema do direito (conflitos intrassistêmicos), como a monetização do risco no ambiente de trabalho e os critérios legais para a caracterização da atividade especial no Direito Previdenciário, está última, com especial atenção para a problemática envolvendo a análise e valoração jurisdicional da prova, comprovação da atividade especial, sobretudo em contextos de certeza científica. Por último, são analisados os elementos probabilidade e magnitude, apresentados como critérios para orientar a caracterização e comprovação das atividades perigosas ou de risco, bem assim legitimar as decisões judiciais que vinculam o futuro, o que marca a possibilidade de o julgador lançar mão dos princípios da prevenção e/ou precaução. A pesquisa demonstra, assim, a necessidade de uma abordagem inter-transdisciplinar para uma melhor interpretação das informações científicas (conclusivas ou não) pelo Direito, na tentativa de compatibilizar a proteção social com o princípio da precaução e, acima de tudo, fazer valer a função preventiva (lato sensu) da Previdência Social, no sentido de antecipar-se ao dano e internalizar os riscos (nano) tecnológicos, o que faz surgir laços de solidariedade diferenciados em matéria previdenciária. / This paper analyzes the importance of Social Security risk management (diseases and accidents) in the working environment, through the special retirement benefit. Therefore, it seeks to preliminarily establish a relationship between working environment, social security and risk theory, with nanotechnology as descriptive cutout for the analysis of new risks (post-industrial). Following, is highlighted obstacles and contradictions within the law system itself (intrassistêmicos conflicts) as the monetization of risk in the workplace and the legal criteria for the characterization of the particular activity in the Social Security Law, is last, with special attention to the problem involving the analysis and jurisdictional valuation of proof, proof of special activity, particularly in scientific certainty contexts. Finally, they analyze the elements probability and magnitude, presented as criteria to guide the characterization and verification of dangerous activities or risk, as well as legitimate judicial decisions that bind the future, which marks the possibility of the judge to make use of the principles prevention and/or care. The study thus demonstrates the need for an inter- disciplinary approach to a better interpretation of scientific information (conclusive or not) by Law in an attempt to reconcile social protection with the precautionary principle and, above all, enforce preventive function (broad sense) of Social Security, in order to anticipate the damage and internalize risks (nano) technology, which gives rise to different bonds of solidarity in social security matters.

Bakgrund: På ECMO-centrum behandlas patienterna med hjälp av hjärt-lungmaskin. De har ofta multiorgansvikt vilket ställer höga krav på sjuksköterskorna då de ansvarar för patienternas totala omvårdnadsbehov. I och med flytten till NKS förändrades vård- och arbetsmiljön då man gått från öppen vårdmiljö till enskilda vårdrum. Syftet med studien är att beskriva ECMO-sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om hur vård- och arbetsmiljö har påverkats efter flytten till NKS. Metod: Arbetet genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod, med induktiv ansats. För att besvara studiens syfte valde författarna att använda sig av fokusgruppsintervjuer med sjuksköterskor anställda vid ECMO-centrum. Två intervjutillfällen genomfördes under november 2017. Intervjuerna transkriberades ordagrant av båda författarna och analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I den nya vård och arbetsmiljön uppfattade sjuksköterskorna att lokalernas utformning utgjorde ett hinder för att bedriva god och säker omvårdnad. Att arbeta i enskilda vårdrum har lett till ökat ensamarbete och möjlighet till rast och kunskapsutbytet har försämrats. En sorg och frustration finns över att inte ha fått ha möjligheten att påverka vård och arbetsmiljö. Slutsats: Vikten av att känna delaktighet och möjligheten att kunna påverka är en förutsättning för att skapa en bra vård- och arbetsmiljö. / Background: At the ECMO Centre patients are treated with a heart-lung machine. Often they suffer from multiple organ failure which places high demands on the nurses as they are responsible for the total nursing care of these patients. With the move to the Nya Karolinska Solna (NKS) the working environment has changed so that all patients are treated in single- patientrooms. The aim of this study is to describe the ECMO nurses perception of how the nursing care and working environment has been affected by the move to NKS. Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative method, with an inductive approach. Focus group interviews were held with nurses employed at the ECMO Centre with the aim of reaching answers in regards to the purpose of the study. Two rounds of interviews were completed in November 2017. The interviews were transcribed word for word by both authors and analysed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: In the new care and working environment, nurses perceived that the design of the premises was a barrier to pursuing good and safe care. Working in single bedrooms has led to increased loneliness and the possibility of taking a break and the exchange of knowledge has deteriorated. There is a sadness and frustration that they didn’t have an opportunity to affect the health and work environment. Conclusion: The importance of feeling participation and the ability to influence is a prerequisite for creating a good health and work environment.

Les sciences humaines et le progrès social ne peuvent pas se poursuivre sans collaboration. Avec le développement rapide des technologies de l'information et la popularité des appareils intelligents, le travail collaboratif est beaucoup plus simple et plus fréquents que jamais. Les gens peuvent travailler ensemble sans tenir compte de leur emplacement/ location géographique ou de la limitation de temps. Les environnements de travail de collaboration basés sur le Web sont conçus et consacrés à supporter/soutenir le travail individuel et le travail en groupe dans divers domaines: la recherche, les affaires, l'éducation, etc. N'importe quelle activité dans un système d'information produit un ensemble de traces. Dans un contexte de travail collaboratif, de telles traces peuvent être très volumineuses et hétérogènes. Pour un Environnement de Travail Collaboratif (ETC) typique Basé sur le Web, les traces sont principalement produites par des activités collaboratives ou des interactions collaboratives et peuvent être enregistrées. Les traces modélisées ne représentent pas seulement la connaissance, mais aussi l'expérience acquise par les acteurs via leurs interactions mutuelles ou les interactions qu'ils ont avec le système. Avec la complexité croissante de la structure de groupe et les besoins fréquents de collaboration, les interactions existantes deviennent de plus en plus difficiles à saisir et à analyser. Or, pour leurs travaux futurs, les gens ont souvent besoin de récupérer des informations issues de leurs activités de collaboration précédentes. Cette thèse se concentre sur la définition, la modélisation et l'exploitation des différentes traces dans le contexte d'Environnement de Travail Collaboratif et en particulier aux Traces Collaboratives dans l'espace de travail partagé de groupe (ou l'espace de travail collaboratif). Un modèle de traces de collaboration qui peuvent efficacement enrichir l'expérience du groupe et aider à la collaboration de groupe est proposé et détaillé. Nous présentons ensuite et définissons un type de filtre complexe comme un moyen possible d'exploiter ces traces. Plusieurs scénarios de base d'exploitation des traces collaboratives sont présentés. Pour chacun d'entre eux, nous présentons leurs effets et les avantages procurés par ces effets dans l'environnement de travail collaboratif. En effet, un cadre de l'exploitation des traces général est introduit et nous expliquons mis en œuvre dans un ETC. Trois approches collaboratives générant des traces sont discutées à l'aide d'exemples: l'Analyse SWOT, l'intégration de modèle de maturité de la capacité (CMMI) et le Système de Recommandation de Groupe. Une expérimentation de ce modèle a été réalisée dans le cadre de la plate-forme collaborative E-MEMORAe2.0. Cette expérience montre que notre modèle de trace collaborative et le cadre d'exploitation proposé pour l'environnement de travail collaboratif peuvent faciliter à la fois le travail personnel et de groupe. Notre approche peut être appliquée comme un moyen générique pour traiter différents sujets et problèmes, qu'il s'agisse de collaboration ou de l'exploitation des traces laissées dans un ECT. / Human science and social progress cannot continue without collaboration. With the rapid development of information technologies and the popularity of smart devices, collaborative work is much simpler and more common than ever. People can work together irrespective of their geographical location or time limitation. In recently years, Web-based Collaborative Working Environments (CWE) are designed and devoted to support both individual and group work to a greater extent in various areas: research, business, learning and etc. Any activity in an information system produces a set of traces. In a collaborative working context, such traces may be very voluminous and heterogeneous. For a typical Webbased Collaborative Working Environment, traces are mainly produced by collaborative activities or interactions and can be recorded. The modeled traces not only represent knowledge but also experience concerning the interactive actions among the actors or between actors and the system. With the increasing complexity of group structure and frequent collaboration needs, the existing interactions become more difficult to grasp and to analyze. And for the future work, people often need to retrieve more information from their previous collaborative activities. This thesis focuses on defining, modeling and exploiting the various traces in the context of CWE, in particular, Collaborative Traces (CTs) in the group shared/collaborativeworkspace. A model of collaborative traces that can efficiently enrich group experience and assist group collaboration is proposed and detailed. In addition, we introduce and define a type of complex filter as a possible means to exploit the traces. Several basic scenarios of collaborative traces exploitation are presented describing their effects and advantages in CWE. Furthermore, a general traces exploitation framework is introduced and implemented in CWE. Three possible traces based collaborative approaches are discussed with comprehensive examples: SWOT Analysis, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) and Group Recommendation System. As a practical experience we tested our model in the context of the E-MEMORAe2.0 collaborative platform. Practical cases show that our proposed CT model and the exploitation framework for CWE can facilitate both personal and group work. This approach can be applied as a generic way for addressing different types of collaboration and trace issues/problems in CWE.

Nos locais de trabalho, a qualidade do ar pode interferir na performance dos trabalhadores e no risco de doenças. Sabe-se que a qualidade do ar interior pode ser afetada pelos poluentes gerados no ambiente exterior. Nos hospitais, estes temas têm sido insuficientemente analisados e nas unidades de terapia intensiva eles ainda não foram investigados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a correlação entre os níveis de poluentes medidos dentro e fora das unidades de terapia intensiva e investigar a associação entre a qualidade do ar nas unidades e a saúde dos trabalhadores. Oito unidades de terapia intensiva localizadas em quatro hospitais diferentes foram incluídas neste estudo. Níveis de poluentes, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram medidos dentro e fora das unidades, simultaneamente, durante períodos de sete dias específicos para cada unidade. Monitores automáticos foram usados para o monitoramento do MP2,5, enquanto monitores passivos foram usados para as medidas de NO2 e O3. Um questionário de sintomas foi aplicado a cada trabalhador das unidades de terapia intensiva que concordou em participar do estudo. Para testar diferenças nos poluentes e nas variáveis meteorológicas em cada unidade (dentro e fora) adotamos o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para testar diferenças entre a unidades nós adotamos o teste de análise de variância para amostras independentes (ANOVA) e o teste HSD-Tukey, quando necessário. Adotamos os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman para avaliar correlações entre as medidas interiores e exteriores em cada unidade. Para as associações entre os sintomas e o local de trabalho nós adotamos o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher. A unidade 1 apresentou a maior média interior de MP2,5 (33,9 g/m3; Desvio Padrão - DP = 44,2), estatisticamente diferente das demais unidades (p < 0,05). Além disso, este valor foi quase 16 vezes maior do que a média de MP2,5 observada na unidade 6 (2,1 g/m3; DP = 3,4), a menos poluída. Em cinco unidades, as medidas interiores e exteriores de MP2,5 apresentaram correlações estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Tanto para o NO2 quanto para o O3, os valores exteriores foram maiores do que os interiores e não ouve correlação entre eles. Entre os 18 sintomas investigados, dores nas costas, ombros e pescoço (65%), cefaléia (65%), cansaço e fadiga (62%), tensão e irritabilidade (58%), coriza (51%), espirros (45%), vista cansada (44%), olhos secos (42%), dor de garganta (38%), dificuldade de concentração (35%) e tosse (27%) foram os mais relatados. As freqüências de sintomas foram semelhantes em todas as unidades. Não foram observadas associações entre a qualidade do ar interior e os sintomas relatados. Estes resultados mostraram que o isolamento entre os ambientes internos e externos através dos sistemas de ar condicionado pode variar permitindo altas concentrações de partículas finas interiormente. Além disso, a falta de correlações entre os gases dentro e fora das unidades indica a presença de fontes interiores para os dois poluentes. Potenciais associações entre a qualidade do ar nas unidades e sintomas de doenças requerem investigações adicionais / In work facilities, air quality can interfere in workers performance and in diseases´ risk. It is well known that indoor air quality can be affected by pollutants generated outdoor. In hospitals these topics have been insufficiently investigated and in intensive care units they have not been explored yet. The aims of this study were to analyze the correlation between indoor and outdoor levels of air pollutants in intensive care units and investigating the association between indoor air quality and workers health. Eight intensive care units located in four different hospitals were included in this study. Indoor and outdoor levels of air pollutants, temperature and relative humidity were measured simultaneously in each unit along unit-specific seven-day periods. Automatic monitors were used to measure PM2.5 while passive samplers were adopted to measure both NO2 and O3. A questionnaire of symptom was applied to each intensive care unit worker that agreed in participating of the study. In order to test differences in pollutants and weather variables measurements intra-units (inside and outside) we adopted the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. To test differences inter-units we adopted one-way analysis of variance for independent samples (ANOVA) and the Tukeys Honestly Significantly Different post-hoc test when necessary. We adopted Pearson correlation coefficients or Spearman correlation coefficients to investigate correlations between indoor and outdoor measures. For associations between symptoms and place of work we adopted qui-square test or Fishers exact test. Unit 1 presented the highest indoor PM2.5 mean (33.9 g/m3; Standard Deviation-SD = 44.2) and it was statistically different from all other indoor measures (p < 0.05). Also, it was almost sixteen fold higher than indoor PM2.5 mean in unit 6 (2.1 g/m3; SD = 3.4), the cleanest one. In five units, indoor and outdoor levels of PM2,5 presented statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05). For both NO2 and O3, outside values were higher than those measured inside and there were no correlations between indoor and outdoor measures. From 18 investigated symptoms, pain in back, shoulders or neck (65%), headache (65%), tiredness or fatigue (62%), tension and irritability (58%), runny nose (51%), sneezing (45%), eyestrain (44%), dry eyes (42%), sore and dry throat (38%), difficult of concentrating (35%) and cough (27%) were the most reported. Frequency of symptoms were similar in all units. There were not associations between indoor air quality and reported symptoms. These results showed that isolation between indoor and outdoor environments through air conditioning systems may vary allowing high indoor concentrations of fine particles. Moreover, the lack of correlation between indoor and outdoor gaseous pollutants indicates the presence of indoor sources of both pollutants. Potential associations between indoor air quality and disease symptoms require additional investigation

Nos locais de trabalho, a qualidade do ar pode interferir na performance dos trabalhadores e no risco de doenças. Sabe-se que a qualidade do ar interior pode ser afetada pelos poluentes gerados no ambiente exterior. Nos hospitais, estes temas têm sido insuficientemente analisados e nas unidades de terapia intensiva eles ainda não foram investigados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a correlação entre os níveis de poluentes medidos dentro e fora das unidades de terapia intensiva e investigar a associação entre a qualidade do ar nas unidades e a saúde dos trabalhadores. Oito unidades de terapia intensiva localizadas em quatro hospitais diferentes foram incluídas neste estudo. Níveis de poluentes, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram medidos dentro e fora das unidades, simultaneamente, durante períodos de sete dias específicos para cada unidade. Monitores automáticos foram usados para o monitoramento do MP2,5, enquanto monitores passivos foram usados para as medidas de NO2 e O3. Um questionário de sintomas foi aplicado a cada trabalhador das unidades de terapia intensiva que concordou em participar do estudo. Para testar diferenças nos poluentes e nas variáveis meteorológicas em cada unidade (dentro e fora) adotamos o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para testar diferenças entre a unidades nós adotamos o teste de análise de variância para amostras independentes (ANOVA) e o teste HSD-Tukey, quando necessário. Adotamos os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman para avaliar correlações entre as medidas interiores e exteriores em cada unidade. Para as associações entre os sintomas e o local de trabalho nós adotamos o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher. A unidade 1 apresentou a maior média interior de MP2,5 (33,9 g/m3; Desvio Padrão - DP = 44,2), estatisticamente diferente das demais unidades (p < 0,05). Além disso, este valor foi quase 16 vezes maior do que a média de MP2,5 observada na unidade 6 (2,1 g/m3; DP = 3,4), a menos poluída. Em cinco unidades, as medidas interiores e exteriores de MP2,5 apresentaram correlações estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Tanto para o NO2 quanto para o O3, os valores exteriores foram maiores do que os interiores e não ouve correlação entre eles. Entre os 18 sintomas investigados, dores nas costas, ombros e pescoço (65%), cefaléia (65%), cansaço e fadiga (62%), tensão e irritabilidade (58%), coriza (51%), espirros (45%), vista cansada (44%), olhos secos (42%), dor de garganta (38%), dificuldade de concentração (35%) e tosse (27%) foram os mais relatados. As freqüências de sintomas foram semelhantes em todas as unidades. Não foram observadas associações entre a qualidade do ar interior e os sintomas relatados. Estes resultados mostraram que o isolamento entre os ambientes internos e externos através dos sistemas de ar condicionado pode variar permitindo altas concentrações de partículas finas interiormente. Além disso, a falta de correlações entre os gases dentro e fora das unidades indica a presença de fontes interiores para os dois poluentes. Potenciais associações entre a qualidade do ar nas unidades e sintomas de doenças requerem investigações adicionais / In work facilities, air quality can interfere in workers performance and in diseases´ risk. It is well known that indoor air quality can be affected by pollutants generated outdoor. In hospitals these topics have been insufficiently investigated and in intensive care units they have not been explored yet. The aims of this study were to analyze the correlation between indoor and outdoor levels of air pollutants in intensive care units and investigating the association between indoor air quality and workers health. Eight intensive care units located in four different hospitals were included in this study. Indoor and outdoor levels of air pollutants, temperature and relative humidity were measured simultaneously in each unit along unit-specific seven-day periods. Automatic monitors were used to measure PM2.5 while passive samplers were adopted to measure both NO2 and O3. A questionnaire of symptom was applied to each intensive care unit worker that agreed in participating of the study. In order to test differences in pollutants and weather variables measurements intra-units (inside and outside) we adopted the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. To test differences inter-units we adopted one-way analysis of variance for independent samples (ANOVA) and the Tukeys Honestly Significantly Different post-hoc test when necessary. We adopted Pearson correlation coefficients or Spearman correlation coefficients to investigate correlations between indoor and outdoor measures. For associations between symptoms and place of work we adopted qui-square test or Fishers exact test. Unit 1 presented the highest indoor PM2.5 mean (33.9 g/m3; Standard Deviation-SD = 44.2) and it was statistically different from all other indoor measures (p < 0.05). Also, it was almost sixteen fold higher than indoor PM2.5 mean in unit 6 (2.1 g/m3; SD = 3.4), the cleanest one. In five units, indoor and outdoor levels of PM2,5 presented statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05). For both NO2 and O3, outside values were higher than those measured inside and there were no correlations between indoor and outdoor measures. From 18 investigated symptoms, pain in back, shoulders or neck (65%), headache (65%), tiredness or fatigue (62%), tension and irritability (58%), runny nose (51%), sneezing (45%), eyestrain (44%), dry eyes (42%), sore and dry throat (38%), difficult of concentrating (35%) and cough (27%) were the most reported. Frequency of symptoms were similar in all units. There were not associations between indoor air quality and reported symptoms. These results showed that isolation between indoor and outdoor environments through air conditioning systems may vary allowing high indoor concentrations of fine particles. Moreover, the lack of correlation between indoor and outdoor gaseous pollutants indicates the presence of indoor sources of both pollutants. Potential associations between indoor air quality and disease symptoms require additional investigation

This thesis deals with suggestions of appropriate changes in a concept of incentive system in the particular company. Changes will be suggested based on the theoretical background and the current state in the company. The proposed solutions will be used as a concept for increasing the satisfaction and loyalty of workers, to reduce the sickness and fluctuation and on the basis of these sub-goals to improve performance throughout the organization.