Abstrakt: De flesta människor kommer någon gång i sitt liv i kontakt med vården och utsätts därmed för risken att möta en bristande patientsäkerhet. I sjuksköterskans roll ingår det att skydda patienter och medarbetare från detta. Tidigare forskning har indikerat att det finns ett samband mellan arbetsbelastning, arbetsmiljö och patientsäkerhet. Den aktuella studien bekräftade detta då författarna fann att då sjuksköterskor upplevde en hög arbetsbelastning och en sämre arbetsmiljö innebar det risker för patientsäkerheten. / Abstract: Most people will at some point in their life come in contact with health care and will thus be exposed to the risk of encountering a lacking patient safety. The role of the nurse is to protect patients and staff from this. Previous research has indicated that there is a correlation between workload, work environment and patient safety. The current study confirmed this when the authors found that when nurses experienced a heavy workload and a poorer work environment the patient safety was at risk.

Upphovet till syftet bakom denna undersökning är bristen på tidigare forskning kring känsla av sammanhang kopplat till konflikter. Studiens syfte är att undersöka relationen mellan en individs upplevda känsla av sammanhang och två perspektiv av konflikter med stress som en medierande variabel. Konflikter kan ses från många perspektiv. Fokus i denna studien är konfliktupplevelse och konflikthantering. Respondenterna (n = 201) består av personal inom vård och omsorg i den offentliga sektorn. Enkäter delades ut för att mäta personalens upplevda känsla av sammanhang, stressnivå, konfliktupplevelse samt konflikthantering. Resultatet av regressionsanalyserna visade på signifikanta (p <.05) positiva samband. En individ som upplever en hög grad av känsla av sammanhang har en positivare upplevelse av konflikter och en bättre konflikthantering. Relationen mellan variablerna analyserades med stiganalyser som visade signifikanta resultat (p  <.05) och att den medierande effekten av stress ligger från 11.4 procent till 25.0 procent. Detta indikerar att stress inte är det största problemet när det kommer till konflikter på arbetsplatser, utan att det är personalens känsla av sammanhang som behöver höjas för att få en bättre arbetsmiljö. / The cause to this study is the lack of previous research on the sense of coherence linked to conflicts. This study aims to examine the positive relationship between individual's perceived sense of coherence and two perspectives of conflict with stress as a mediating variable. Conflicts can be seen from many perspectives. The focus of this study is conflict experience and conflict management. The sample (n = 201) consists of professionals in health care in the public sector. Surveys were distributed to measure their perceived sense of coherence, level of stress, conflict experience and conflict management. The result of regression analysis showed significant (p = <.05) positive relationships. An individual who experiences a high degree of sense of coherence has a more positive experience of conflicts and better conflict management. The relationship between the variables was analyzed by path analyzes that showed significant results (p = <.05) and that the mediating effect of stress ranged from 11.4 percent to 25.0 percent. This indicates that stress isn’t the biggest problem when dealing with conflicts in workplaces, but it´s the staff's sense of coherence that need to be raised to get a better working environment.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka första linjens chefers upplevelse av att arbeta inom svensk äldreomsorg och förutsättningar för ett hållbart arbetsliv. Att orka, kunna och vilja jobba ett helt arbetsliv med tillgång till ett starkt stöd och delaktighet är några aspekter av ett hållbart arbetsliv. Studien bygger på kvalitativt semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex enhetschefer inom kommunal hemvård samt vård- och omsorgsboende. Det empiriska materialet analyseras genom en tematisk analys med utgångspunkt i Theorells modeller om krav-kontroll-stöd och ansträngning-belöning, samt Hochschilds teori om emotionellt lönearbete. Intervjumaterialet visar att enhetscheferna förväntas tillgodose medarbetarnas arbetsmiljö genom systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete och studien påvisar samtidigt brister vad gäller enhetschefernas arbetsmiljö. Resultaten pekar mot att flera chefer riskerar att befinna sig i en kritisk arbetssituation med ett arbetsliv som är ohållbart i längden, med ökad risk för ohälsa. Deltagarnas egen definition av hållbart arbetsliv går inte i linje med hur de framställer hur verkligheten ser ut i dagsläget. Undersökningen synliggör att det fortfarande krävs förändring när det gäller första linjens chefers arbetsmiljö. Sammantaget bidrar studien med kunskap om de förbättringsåtgärder som krävs för att främja ett hållbart arbetsliv / The study aims to investigate first-line managers' experience of working in Swedish elderly care and the conditions for a sustainable working life. Being able and willing to work a full working life with access to strong support and participation are some aspects of a sustainable working life. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with sex first-line managers within municipal home care and care and long-term care homes. The empirical material is analyzed through a thematic analysis based on Theorell's models of demand-control-support and effort-reward, as well as Hochschild's theory of emotional labor. The first-line managers are expected to care for the employees' work environment, but the study shows shortcomings in terms of the first-line managers' work environment. The results point to several managers risking being in a critical work situation with a working life that is unsustainable in the long run with an increased risk of bad health. The participants' own definition of sustainable working life is not in line with how they present what reality looks like today. The study proves that change is required when it comes to the work environment of first-line managers. Summarized this study contributes with knowledge of the improvement measures that are required to promote a sustainable working life

The purpose of this study is to explore Swedish leaders in staffing agencies experiences, thoughts, and insights regarding the implementation of the legislative works around SAM (Systematic Work Environmental Management AFS 2001:1). In the context of SAM, the legislation entails a complex triangular relationship between the staffing agency, their customer, and the consultant. In this relationship the consultant finds themselves with two leaders, who must establish a cooperation across organisational borders to create a sufficient working environment. With an inductive approach to this phenomenon, three themes were derived from the conducted interviews: Risk for complacency, Tear in responsibility and Experiences of Shared Leadership. The findings displayed a risk for complacency for the respondents, as the comfort of long-term contracts and well-established routines diminished the incentive to conduct recurring risk assessments. The respondent’s detachment from the daily activities of the consultants resulted in a sense of deflection of the daily responsibilities on the customer and consultants. Finally, the theoretical notion of shared leadership offered some insight in the dual managerial position that is created in the context of working environment management in the staffing industry. This relation was explored through an inter-organisational perspective.

In South Africa, the expansion of early childhood development was projected in White Paper 5 and Grade R was determined as the reception year. One condition for the achievement of objectives in Grade R is quality education, in which the teacher plays an irreplaceable role. How effective the Grade R teacher is in the performance of her work, however, depends amongst others on how she experiences her work-life and the extent of her security as a professional in the workplace. The paucity in research on the labour law position of the Grade R educator is due to the relative low status of employees in the early childhood development sector. Professional security was approached from a labour law perspective to start filling the knowledge gap in Education Law on the labour law position of the Grade R teacher with this modest contribution. The execution of policy forms an integral part of the Grade R teacher's employment conditions and determines to a great extent her daily task. This research answers the central research question: which roles do law and policy play regarding the professional security of the grade R educator? The research approach was qualitative-interpretivistic in nature and included observation of Grade R teachers' workplaces, as well as semi-structured interviews. A group of Grade R educators in the Matlosana and Tlokwe areas in the North West Province as well as principals and heads of department in the Foundation Phase were also interviewed. Other stakeholders such as parents as members of school governing bodies, members of teachers' unions and university lecturers were also participants in the research. Data generation on a smaller scale took place in Ontario, Canada, where the respective roles of law and policy regarding the Full-Day Early Learning Kindergarten programmes in professional security was investigated. All the data was used to understand and describe professional security of Grade R educators better, and generalisation was not the goal. The conclusion was reached that the theoretical underpinnings of the five legal disciplines that were used in creating a legal framework for professional security, were particularly relevant for the work-life of the Grade R participants in the study. Two psychologically oriented theories have also contributed to a deeper understanding of professional security. Although legislation, in principle, supports professional security, the extent to which participants had knowledge of relevant legislation or could apply legal principles to the workplace affected their professional security. Ignorance amongst policy-makers and employers about the nature and purpose of Grade R education leads to the underestimation of the Grade R domain, which negatively affects appointments, remuneration, conditions of service and policy implementation. Ignorance of the law also led to educator misconduct, and issues related to delictual liability emerged. Moreover, participants, due to ignorance, took the law into their own hands to create their own security in the workplace. Professional security emerged as a key issue in both ECD policy implementation and quality teaching. Finally a number of propositions were derived from the conclusions. / PhD (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In South Africa, the expansion of early childhood development was projected in White Paper 5 and Grade R was determined as the reception year. One condition for the achievement of objectives in Grade R is quality education, in which the teacher plays an irreplaceable role. How effective the Grade R teacher is in the performance of her work, however, depends amongst others on how she experiences her work-life and the extent of her security as a professional in the workplace. The paucity in research on the labour law position of the Grade R educator is due to the relative low status of employees in the early childhood development sector. Professional security was approached from a labour law perspective to start filling the knowledge gap in Education Law on the labour law position of the Grade R teacher with this modest contribution. The execution of policy forms an integral part of the Grade R teacher's employment conditions and determines to a great extent her daily task. This research answers the central research question: which roles do law and policy play regarding the professional security of the grade R educator? The research approach was qualitative-interpretivistic in nature and included observation of Grade R teachers' workplaces, as well as semi-structured interviews. A group of Grade R educators in the Matlosana and Tlokwe areas in the North West Province as well as principals and heads of department in the Foundation Phase were also interviewed. Other stakeholders such as parents as members of school governing bodies, members of teachers' unions and university lecturers were also participants in the research. Data generation on a smaller scale took place in Ontario, Canada, where the respective roles of law and policy regarding the Full-Day Early Learning Kindergarten programmes in professional security was investigated. All the data was used to understand and describe professional security of Grade R educators better, and generalisation was not the goal. The conclusion was reached that the theoretical underpinnings of the five legal disciplines that were used in creating a legal framework for professional security, were particularly relevant for the work-life of the Grade R participants in the study. Two psychologically oriented theories have also contributed to a deeper understanding of professional security. Although legislation, in principle, supports professional security, the extent to which participants had knowledge of relevant legislation or could apply legal principles to the workplace affected their professional security. Ignorance amongst policy-makers and employers about the nature and purpose of Grade R education leads to the underestimation of the Grade R domain, which negatively affects appointments, remuneration, conditions of service and policy implementation. Ignorance of the law also led to educator misconduct, and issues related to delictual liability emerged. Moreover, participants, due to ignorance, took the law into their own hands to create their own security in the workplace. Professional security emerged as a key issue in both ECD policy implementation and quality teaching. Finally a number of propositions were derived from the conclusions. / PhD (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Vårt föränderliga samhälle påverkar och utmanar sättet att arbeta samt organisera arbete. Många organisationer förändrar kontorsmiljö och arbetssätt i syfte att skapa en mer stödjande arbetsplats. En växande kontorstrend är det aktivitetsbaserade arbetssättet, hädanefter kallat ABW. Arbetssättet innebär ett papperslöst kontor, utformat i olika zoner anpassade efter de anställdas behov. Medarbetarna har inga egna platser utan uppmanas att välja arbetsstation utifrån arbetsuppgift. Konceptet syftar till att inspirera samt främja samarbete och innovation men också till att öka lönsamheten. Studien, vilken utgår från en kvalitativ ansats, syftar till att undersöka hur medarbetare i organisationen upplever att den fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön påverkas av att arbeta aktivitetsbaserat samt vad i det förändrade arbetssättet som eventuellt leder till förbättrad eller försämrad upplevd hälsa samt arbetstillfredsställelse. Studien  visar  att  den  fysiska  arbetsmiljön  har  stark  positiv  inverkan  på  medarbetarnas upplevda arbetstillfredsställelse men att arbetssättet i sig inte upplevs lika positivt. Medarbetarna nyttjar inte fullt ut arbetssättet så som det är tänkt och de olika zonerna upplevs många  gånger  ofunktionella.  De  främsta  orsakerna  till  upplevelsen  av  en  försämrad arbetsmiljö är dels att medarbetarna inte har sin fasta plats, dels svårigheterna att samla hela gruppen. Slutsatsen är att god hälsa och arbetstillfredsställelse lättare uppnås genom att beakta medarbetarnas individuella förutsättningar samt förmåga och vilja att hantera förändringarna som arbetssättet innebär. Vi anser studien vara av värde då kunskapen kring ABWs för- och nackdelar samt påverkan på medarbetarnas fysiska och psykiska hälsa samt arbetstillfredsställelse  är  begränsad.  Genom  ökad  kunskap  och  förståelse  ökar förutsättningarna för ett mer hållbart arbetsliv. / Our   changing   society influence   and   challenge the   way   of   working and   organizing work. Many organizations change the office environment and the work concept in order to create a  more  supporting  workplace. A  growing  office trend  is the  concept  activity based working, henceforth called ABW. The work concept means a paperless office, designed in different  zones customized  to  suit the needs of employees. The employees  have no  fixed seats,  instead  they are  encouraged  to  choose  workstation  based  on  the  assignment.  The concept aims  to inspire and  promote collaboration  and  innovation,  but  also to  increase profitability.   The study,  which  is  based  on a qualitative approach,  aims  to  explore how employees in the organization perceive that the physical and psychosocial work environment is affected by working activity based and which factors in the changed way of working that leads to increased or decreased perceived health and job satisfaction. The study shows that the physical environment has a strong positive impact on employees' perceived job satisfaction but  that  the  activity  based  working  in  itself  not  always  is  perceived  as  positive.  The employees did not fully utilize the activity based working concept as it is supposed and the different office zones are often perceived as non-functional. The main reasons for why the physical and psychosocial work environment is perceived as impaired are partly that the employees do not have their own seats, partly the reduced possibilities to gather the whole group. The conclusion is that good health and job satisfaction is more easily achieved if considering the employees individual conditions as well as ability and willingness to handle the changes that the new way of working means. Since the knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of the concept, as well as it’s impact on employees' physical and psychological health is limited, we believe our study to be of value. Through improved knowledge  and  understanding the  opportunities  to  create  a  more  sustainable  worklife increases.

Vårt intresse för äldreomsorgen och psykisk ohälsa i samhället grundar idén till denna uppsats. Uppsatsen riktar sig till sjukfrånvaron och vilka faktorer som är hälsofrämjande på en arbetsplats inom äldreomsorgen. För att få fram ett rikt resultat valde vi etnografi och semistrukturerade intervjuer som forskningsmetoder. Urvalet gjordes efter att statistik jämfördes på olika enheter inom äldreomsorgen i den aktuella kommunen. Vi genomförde observationer, enligt etnografisk metod, samt intervjuer på den valda enheten. Vi har valt att använda nya begrepp, osjuk och ofrisk eftersom de förklarar gråzonen mellan att vara sjuk och frisk och begreppen kan vara en del i att öka förståelsen för sjukfrånvaron inom äldreomsorgen. Studien visar att den mest betydande friskfaktorn på vår valda arbetsplats är trivsel i arbetsgruppen, samhörighet, teamkänsla samt de nya rutiner som införts angående sjukanmälan. Ledarskap som tidigare forskning visar är en stor bidragande del till sjukfrånvaro på en arbetsplats, visade sig inte vara lika betydelsefull som vi först trodde efter vår analys av vår studies resultat. / The idea for this bachelor thesis was founded by our interest in elderly care and psychiatric illness in the community. This paper addresses absenteeism and the factors that are health promoting in the workplace in elderly care. To obtain representative results, ethnography and semi-structured interviews were selected as research methods. The selection was made after we compered the statistics from different units within elderly care in the municipality. We made observations based on ethnographic methods and semi-structured interviews within the selected unit. We have chosen to introduce two new terms, ”unsick” and ”unhealthy”, because they both explain the grey area between being sick and being healthy and can be used for increasing the understanding of absenteeism in elderly care. The study shows that the most significant health determinants was appreciation of the work group, solidarity, team spirit along with new routines regarding reported sickness. Leadership, that previous research shows is a major contributing part of absenteeism in the workplace, proved in this study, not to be as significant as above mentioned factors.

The thesis deals with contemporary issues of beginning nursery teacher support. Especially it deals with their preparation for the profession and the actual process of adaptation to the working environment. The theoretical part is focused on the issue of support for beginning teachers in the Czech Republic from studies and defining the competencies of graduates to entry into the profession and adaptation as part of the school management. The aim is to create a draft of a new teacher's adaptation plan in a nursery based on theoretical knowledge and the results of the investigation into the needs and expectations of nursery directors and trainee teachers themselves. Theoretical basis is followed by empirical part - quantitative research survey consisting of questionnaires and interviews, which aims to determine whether the adaptation of beginning teachers is part of the school management and how experienced teachers are involved into the process, to determine agreement, expectations and requirements during the entry of beginning teachers into practice. Comparison of the results of research studies leads to recommendations for management education. Based on theoretical knowledge and the results of the investigation the conclusion is designed the adaptation plan for beginning nursery teachers. KEYWORDS...

Titel: Vi vill men orkar inte: Sjuksköterskors beskrivningar av varför de slutar på akutmottagning – en kvalitativ studie Bakgrund: På akutmottagningen utförs avancerad akutsjukvård som ställer höga krav på sjuksköterskans kompetens. Under de senaste åren har dock många sjuksköterskor valt att lämna akutsjukvården för att påbörja arbete på annan arbetsplats inom vården. Detta leder till att kompetensen hos kvarvarande personalgrupp sjunker och arbetsbelastningen på akutmottagningarna ökar relaterat till personalbristen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa arbetsmiljörelaterade anledningar som leder till att sjuksköterskor på akuten slutar sin anställning. Metod: Studien utfördes genom kvalitativ design där tio sjuksköterskor beskrev sina erfarenheter genom semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer. Deltagarna var alla kvinnor verksamma vid olika akutmottagningar i södra halvan av Sverige. Analys av data genomfördes med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat pekade tydligt på att sjuksköterskorna upplevde arbetet på akutmottagningen som givande samtidigt som det fanns allt för många negativa aspekter i form av exempelvis bristande stöd från ledningen, känslan av maktlöshet och upplevelse av påverkad hälsa på grund av arbetsmiljörelaterade faktorer. Resultatet presenteras i tre kategorier: Stimulerande, Frustrerande och Motiverande, där den sista kategorien behandlar sjuksköterskornas egna förbättringsförslag för att orka stanna kvar på akutmottagningen. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att sjuksköterskorna tyckte om arbetet på akutmottagning men att arbetsmiljörelaterade faktorer som stress, påverkan på den egna hälsan och bristande stöd från arbetsledningen påverkade deras vilja att stanna på arbetsplatsen. Arbetsmiljön på akutmottagningen måste således förbättras och till största delen är det arbetsledningen som behöver utveckla sitt ledarskap för att få sjuksköterskorna att känna sig uppskattade, delaktiga och sist men inte minst respekterade. / Title: We want to, but do not have the strength: Nurses descriptions of why they quit their jobs in the emergency department – a qualitative study Background: In the emergency department advanced emergency care is performed which place high demands on nurses’ skills. In recent years, however, many nurses have chosen to leave the emergency medical care to begin work at another workplace in health care. This leads to the a decrease in the skills of remaining staff and the workload on emergency departments increases related to staff shortages. Aim: The aim of the study was to highlight working environment related reasons that makes nurses in the emergency department want to terminate their employment. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative design with ten nurses that described their experiences through semi-structured individual interviews. The participants were all women active in different emergency departments in the southern half of Sweden. To analyze the data a qualitative content analysis was carried out. Results: Our results clearly indicated that nurses experienced the work in the emergency department as rewarding, whilst there were too many negative aspects in the form of, for example, lack of management support, the feeling of powerlessness and experience of affected health due to working environment related factors. The results are presented in three categories: Stimulating, Frustrating and Motivating, where the last category covers nurses own suggestions for improvement to help them have the strength to remain at work in the emergency department Conclusion: This study demonstrates that nurses enjoy working in the emergency department but working environmental factors affected their ability to remain in the workplace like stress, impact on their own health and the lack of support from the management affected their willingness to stay in the workplace. The work in the emergency department must be improved, for the most part it is the workplace management that need to develop their leadership to help the nurses achieve the feeling of being valued, involved and last but not least respected.