Foram coletadas amostras de água de piscinas térmicas e não térmicas na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil entre os meses de maio de 2006 e março de 2007, com o objetivo de determinar a presença do gênero Acanthamoeba, bem como realizar a caracterização fenotípica e genotípica dos isolados. Amebas foram isoladas em cultivo monoxênico com Escherichia coli. A identificação dos isolados foi baseada na morfologia dos cistos e trofozoítos e na amplificação por PCR com oligonucleotídeos gênero-específico. O potencial patogênico foi avaliado usando testes de osmotolerância e termotolerância. Das 65 amostras analisadas, 13 (20%) foram positivas para amebas de vida livre e identificados morfologicamente como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba. Destas, 9 possuíam características compatíveis com o grupo morfológico II e 4 com o grupo III. Todos os isolados identificados morfologicamente quando submetidos à Reação de PCR, confirmaram pertencer ao gênero Acanthamoeba e 38% (5/13) dos isolados foram considerados potencialmente patogênicos a partir dos testes de osmotolerância e termotolerância. Neste estudo, o método molecular de RAPD ("Random Amplified Polymorphic-DNA") foi utilizado para investigar a relação genética entre os 13 isolados de piscinas e dois isolados de referência da ATCC. De 10 oligonucleotídeos decaméricos testados, quatro foram selecionados por gerarem produtos de amplificação passíveis de análise. A similaridade entre os isolados foi calculada utilizando-se o coeficiente de Jaccard e o dendrograma construído pelo método da média das distâncias entre grupos ("Average Linkage"). Quatro grupos distintos (G1-G4) de isolados foram formados de acordo com a similaridade genética entre eles. Sugeriu-se que os isolados do G1 por agruparem-se aos isolados de referência de A. castellanii (ATCC 30010 e 50492) possam pertencer a esta espécie. Os dados fenotípicos, tais como, morfologia e testes de tolerância foram relacionados aos dados genotípicos de RAPD e permitiram a caracterização dos isolados. Os resultados deste primeiro estudo de isolamento e caracterização de Acanthamoeba de água de piscinas na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil confirmam a presença de isolados potencialmente patogênicos que podem representar um risco à saúde humana. / Water samples were collected from both heated and unheated swimming pools in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil between May 2006 and March 2007, to determine the presence of Acanthamoeba in the water of swimming pools as well as perform the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolates. Amoebae were isolated in monoxenic culture with Escherichia coli. The identification of the isolates was based on the trophozoites and cysts morphology and on the amplification through PCR with genus-specific oligonucleotides. The potential pathogenic was assessed by osmotolerance and temperature tolerance assays. From the 65 samples analyzed, 13 (20%) were positive for free-living amoebae, and the isolates morphologically identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba. Out of these, 9 presented characteristics compatible with morphological group II, and 4 with group III. All the morphologically identified isolates, when submitted to PCR, were confirmed as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba, and 38% (5/13) of the isolates were considered potentially pathogenic according to osmotolerance and temperature tolerance assays. In this study, the molecular RAPD method (Random Amplified Polymorphic-DNA) was used to investigate the genetic relationship among 13 isolates from swimming pools and two strains from the ATCC reference. From the ten decameric oligonucleotides tested, four were selected for generating products of amplification possible to be analyzed. The similarity between isolates was calculated using the Jaccard coefficient and the dendrogram constructed by using the method of the average distances between groups ("Average Linkage"). Four distinct groups (G1-G4) of isolates were separated according to genetic similarity between them. It was suggested that the isolates from G1 once group up with the reference isolates of A. castellanii may belong to this species. The phenotypic data such as morphology and tolerance tests were related to RAPD genotypic data and led to the characterization of isolates. The results of this study about isolation and characterization of Acanthamoeba in swimming pools water at Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic isolates which can present risks to human health.

Free-living amoebae (AVL), belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in nature, being found in various types of soil and water, in the air, in air conditioning and sewage, and other environments. These amoebae are able to cause severe disease in human beings, highlighting the granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. The amoebic keratitis is an infectious disease that affects the cornea and it can lead to blindness, with symptoms such as blurred vision, intense pain, photophobia and increased eye pressure. Users of contact lenses are more amenable to this type of infection because they may present microtraumatisms in the cornea, which makes the environment favorable action of these amoebae. There is no effective treatment for this disease and most used drugs suffers resistance from the parasite and others such as corticosteroids, they may give an initial improvement, but then the worsening of the disease. The solutions for cleaning contact lenses are also not efficient in eliminating this parasite, since the ISO 14729 and FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA), which regulate the microbiological requirements and test methods for the production of hygiene products for contact lenses do not require that such solutions are tested against Acanthamoeba, which makes users more amenable to this type of lenses infection. In view of this, the objective of this study was to develop a microemulsion with the essential oil of L. gracilis and check its amoebicide potential front of trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii. The formulations were prepared by using the phase diagram, using Tween 80 and propylene glycol as surfactant and co-surfactant of the system. The physico-chemical characterization of the formulations was performed by analysis of polarized light microscopy, rheology, light low angle scattering (SAXS), electrical conductivity, particle size and polydispersity. Amoebicide front activity assays for trophozoite A. castellanii formulation in question and all its separate excipients were performed. The obtained samples had transparent and thermodynamically stable to droplet size and characteristic polydispersity index microemulsion. The formulations presented are isotropic in polarized light microscopy and, through SAXS curves, it was observed that the formulations showed characteristics bicontinuous microemulsion. These formulations showed low electrical conductivity which can be associated with high amount of nonionic surfactant. The rheological properties of the system have shown that they possess newtonian behavior characteristic of microemulsion and that the viscosity increases when the amount of oil decreases and hence the droplet size. In bioassays, the surfactants showed no significant activity against the trophozoites and the essential oil of L. gracilis showed an IC50 of 9,52μg / ml. When the test was conducted with the microemulsion containing the same oil, this IC 50 fell to 2.55 μg / ml and using a formulation with smaller droplet tamnho this value fell to 0.65μg/ml, thus proving the efficacy of nanossistema. / Amebas de vida livre (AVL), pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba, estão amplamente distribuídas na natureza, sendo encontradas em diversos tipos de solo e água, no ar, em ar-condicionado e esgotos, entre outros ambientes. Essas amebas são capazes de ocasionar graves doenças nos seres humanos, destacando a encefalite granulomatosa e a ceratite amebiana. A ceratite amebiana é uma doença infecciosa que acomete a córnea e que pode levar a cegueira, apresentando sintomas como visão borrada, dor intensa, fotofobia e aumento da pressão ocular. Os usuários de lentes de contato são os mais propícios a este tipo de infecção, pois podem apresentar microtraumatismos na córnea, o que torna o ambiente favorável a ação dessas amebas. Ainda não existe um tratamento eficaz para esta doença e a maioria dos medicamentos utilizados sofre resistência por parte do parasito e outros, como os corticosteróides, podem apresentar uma melhora inicial, mas em seguida o agravamento da doença. As soluções para limpeza das lentes de contato também não são tão eficientes em eliminar este parasita, uma vez que a ISO 14729 e a FDA (Food and Drug Administration, Estados Unidos), que regulamentam os requisitos microbiológicos e os métodos de ensaio para a produção de produtos de higiene para lentes de contato, não obrigam que essas soluções sejam testadas contra Acanthamoeba, o que torna os usuários de lentes mais propícios a este tipo de infecção. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar sistemas microemulsonados, contendo o óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis como fase oleosa e analisar sua potencial ação amebicida frente a trofozoítos de Acanthamoeba castellanii. As formulações foram preparadas através do uso do diagrama de fase, utilizando o Tween 80 e o propilenoglicol como tensoativo e cotensoativo, respectivamente, do sistema. A caracterização físico-química das formulações foi realizada por meio de análises de microscopia de luz polarizada, reologia, espalhamento de luz a baixo ângulo (SAXS), condutividade elétrica, tamanho de partícula e índice de polidispersão. Foram realizados ensaios de atividade amebicida frente à trofozoítos de A. castellanii da formulação em questão e de todos os seus excipientes separados. As amostras obtidas apresentaram-se transparentes e termodinamicamente estáveis com tamanho de gotícula e índice de polidispersão característicos de microemulsão. As formulações apresentaram-se isotrópicas na microscopia de luz polarizada e, através das curvas de SAXS, foi possível observar que as formulações apresentaram características de microemulsão bicontínua. Estas formulações mostraram baixa condutividade elétrica a qual pode estar associada a alta quantidade de tensoativo não iônico. As propriedades reológicas do sistema demonstraram que estes possuem comportamento newtoniano característico de microemulsão e que a viscosidade aumenta quando diminui a quantidade de óleo e, consequentemente, o tamanho da gotícula. Nos ensaios biológicos, os tensoativos não apresentaram atividade significativa frente aos trofozoítos e o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou uma IC50 de 9,52μg/ml. Quando o teste foi realizado com a microemulsão contendo o mesmo óleo, essa IC50 caiu para 2,55 μg/ml e, ao utilizar uma formulação com tamanho de gotícula menor, esse valor caiu para 0,65 μg/ml, comprovando, assim, a eficácia do nanossistema. / São Cristóvão, SE

Confocal microscopy demonstrated its value in the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba and fungal keratitis which considered sight-threatening corneal diseases. However, it can be difficult to find and train confocal microscopy graders to accurately detect Acanthamoeba cysts and fungal filaments in the images. Use of an automated system could overcome this problem and help to start the correct treatment more quickly. Also, response to treatment can be difficult to assess in infectious keratitis using clinical examination alone, but there is evidence that the morphology of filaments and cysts may change over time with the use of correct treatment. An automated system to analyse confocal microscopy images for such changes would also assist clinicians in determining whether the ulcer is improving, or whether a change of treatment is needed. This research proposes a fully automated novel system with GUI to detect cysts and hyphae (filaments) and measure useful quantitative parameters for them through many stages; Image enhancement, image segmentation, quantitative analysis for detected cysts and hyphae, and registration and tracking of ordered sequence of images. The performance of the proposed segmentation procedure is evaluated by comparing between the manual and the automated traced images of the dataset that was provided by the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. The positive predictive values rate of cysts for Acanthamoeba images was 76%. For detected hyphae in Fusarium images, many standard measurements were computed. The accuracy of their values was quantified by calculating the percent error rate for each measurement and which ranged from 23% to 49%.

Les virus géants sont un groupe de virus ADN double brin caractérisés par une taille géante du virion et du génome, et un répertoire de gènes qui comprend environ 450 à 2500 gènes prédits. Une proportion importante de ces gènes (jusqu'à 93%) sont des 'ORFans', ou codent pour des protéines de fonction inconnue. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus est le premier virus géant découvert, il y a une décennie, par co-culture sur Acanthamoeba spp. Il est le membre prototype de la famille Mimiviridae. Le génome de Mimivirus code pour environ 1000 protéines, parmi lesquelles ~50% n'ont pas d'homologue connu dans les banques de séquences publiques. La capside de Mimivirus a un diamètre d'environ 500 nm et est couverte par une couche dense de fibres, à l'exception de l'un de ses sommets. Ces fibres sont d'environ 130 nm de longueur et se composent d'une tige souple et d'une tête de forme globulaire.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à étudier les gènes impliqués dans la formation des fibres de Mimivirus. Dans ce but, nous avons notamment exprimé des gènes candidats dans E. coli, et nous avons mis au point une stratégie qui a utilisé l'interférence ARN afin d'étudier la fonction et la structure des protéines de Mimivirus. Nous avons annoté quatre protéines associées aux fibres. La stratégie utilisant les petits ARN interférant appliquée ici est originale et a été utilisée pour la première fois pour les virus géants qui infectent les amibes. Elle pourrait permettre de décrypter la fonction des gènes des mimivirus et d'annoter potentiellement des centaines de protéines présentes dans les bases de données publiques, et de différencier l'ADN poubelle des gènes réellement utilisés. / Giant viruses are a group of double stranded DNA viruses that are characterized by a giant virion and genome size, and gene repertoires encompassing approximately 450 to 2500 predicted genes. A substantial proportion of these genes (up to 93%) consists in ORFans, or encodes proteins with unknown functions. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus is the first giant virus that was discovered, a decade ago, after co-culturing on Acanthamoeba spp. It is the prototype member of the family Mimiviridae. Mimivirus encodes about 1000 proteins, among which ~50% have no known homolog in public sequence databases. The Mimivirus capsid is about 500 nm in diameter and is covered by a dense layer of fibers, except at one of its vertices. These fibers are about 130 nm in length and consist of a soft shaft and a globular shaped head.In this thesis work, we aimed to study the genes involved in the formation of the Mimivirus fibers. For this purpose, we have expressed candidate genes in E. coli, and implemented a strategy that used RNA interference to study the function and structure of Mimivirus proteins. We then succeeded in annotating four proteins as fiber associated proteins. The short interfering RNA strategy that we applied here is original and has been used for the first time in giant viruses that infect amoeba. It could allow deciphering the function of the mimivirus gene repertoires and help annotating hundreds of proteins without known function found in public databases and differentiate between junk DNA and truly used genes.

Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand die Analyse von Faktoren, die den Zusammenbau des Flagellenapparates von Legionella pneumophila (Lp) regulieren. Mit einem kombinierten Replikations-/ Überlebensversuchs mit Lp Corby oder Lp Paris und ihren zugehörigen Regulationsmutanten wurde eine verminderte Fitness für dfliA und erstmals für drpoN, dfleQ defiziente Stämme nachgewiesen. Zur Validierung von Microarray-Daten aus Lp Paris wurden wachstumsphasenabhängige Transkriptions- und Translationsanalysen mit Lp Corby Wildtyp und drpoN, dfleQ, dfliA und dflaA defizienten Stämmen durchgeführt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die basale Expression von fliA in den späteren Phasen unabhängig von RpoN und FleQ stattfindet. In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmals der Transkriptionsstartpunkt des Hauptregulators FliA bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich eine putative RpoD (S70) Bindungsstelle. Ein Modell zur Regulation der fliA Expression wurde weiterentwickelt. Demnach kommt es in der exponentiellen Phase durch das Zusammenwirken von RpoD und DksA, aber unabhängig von FleQ, zur basalen fliA Promotoraktivität. Durch den Übergang in die transmissive Phase und direkte oder indirekte Interaktion mit FleQ sowie dem Alarmon ppGpp scheint es zu einem Austausch des Sigmafaktors S70 gegen SS und zu einer Aktivierung der fliA Expression zu kommen. Elektronenmikroskopische Studien zeigten, dass drpoN und dfleQ defiziente Mutanten wahrscheinlich aufgrund des fehlenden Basalkörpers nicht flagelliert sind. Mutanten für dfliA, dflaA und dfliD hatten ebenfalls keine Flagelle, zeigten aber eine ungewöhnliche, gerade Hook Struktur, die den Zusammenbau des Basalkörpers demonstriert. Weiterhin wurden durch in silico Studien 15 Legionella Spezies in Bezug auf das Flagellensystem und ein putatives Chemotaxissystem untersucht. So konnte L. oakridgensis als erste Art ohne beide Systeme sequenziert werden. Andererseits konnten mit LLAP12, L. bozemanii, L. gormanii und L. lytica Stämme beschrieben werden, die beide Systeme tragen. / This work focused on the analysis of factors contributing to the regulation of the flagellum self-assembly of Legionella pneumophila (Lp). With a combined replication/survival assay with Lp Corby or Lp Paris and their corresponding regulatory mutants a reduced fitness could be verified for dfliA and for the first time for drpoN, dfleQ deficient strains. For validation of microarray-data for Lp Paris with strain Lp Corby a growth phase dependent analysis of transcription and translation rates was done with wild-type and the drpoN, dfleQ, dfliA and dflaA deficient strains. A regulation of basal fliA expression independently from RpoN and FleQ was shown in the later growth phases. Furthermore the transcriptional start site of fliA could be shown for the first time. A RpoD (S70) binding site could be identified. According to a further developed model for the regulation of the fliA expression RpoD and DksA lead to a basal fliA promotor activity, independently from FleQ. Most likely, during transition to stationary phase, direct or indirect interaction with FleQ and the alarmone ppGpp results in the exchange of the sigma factor S70 and the binding of RpoS. This leads to the activation of fliA expression. Electron microscopic studies revealed that drpoN and dfleQ deficient mutants are not flagellated caused by the missing basal body. Mutants of dfliA, dflaA and dfliD were also aflagellated, but there was a uncommon straight hook structure visible which demonstrates a filament-independent assembly of the basal body. Furthermore, in silico analysis was done with 15 Legionella species with regard to the flagellum regulation system and a putative chemotaxis system. Analysis revealed that the strain L. oakridgensis is the first strain lacking both systems. On the other hand the strains LLAP12, L. bozemanii, L. gormanii and L. lytica could be characterized as strains carrying both systems.

Acanthamoeba castellanii est une amibe libre ubiquiste de l'environnement. Elle se nourrit principalement de micro-organismes par phagocytose. Seulement, certains micro-organismes ont développé des mécanismes de résistances qui leur permettent d'échapper à la digestion et même de se multiplier à l'intérieur des amibes. C'est le cas de Legionella pneumophila, bactérie responsable de la légionellose. Legionella pneumophila, à travers son système de sécrétion Dot/Icm, injecte plusieurs effecteurs à l'intérieur de son hôte. Ces effecteurs interagissent avec les protéines de l'hôte, et induisent une modification de la physiologie de son hôte, à son avantage. Durant ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets de Legionella pneumophila, sur la prolifération de son hôte amibien. Nous avons montré que Legionella pneumophila arrête la prolifération d'Acanthamoeba castellanii. Ce phénotype était associé une modification de la forme, à une perte d'adhérence et à une baisse de motilité de l'amibe. Sur le plan moléculaire, Legionella pneumophila induit une baisse dans l'expression du gène cdc2b, qui présente des similarités avec le gène cdk1 (cyclin dépendant kinase), codant pour la CDK essentielle au déroulement du cycle cellulaire chez les mammifères. L'arrêt de la prolifération d'Acanthamoeba castellanii, qui passe par une réduction d'expression de cdc2b, est certainement induit par un ou plusieurs effecteur(s) de Legionella pneumophila, car le mutant ΔdotA de L. pneumophila, défectueux au niveau de l'appareil de sécrétion Dot/Icm, n'induit pas l'arrêt de la prolifération d'Acanthamoeba castellanii. / Acanthamoeba castellanii is an ubiquitous free-living amoeba of the environment. This amoeba feeds mainly on micro-organisms by phagocytosis. However, some micro-organisms have acquired resistances that allow them to escape digestion and even multiply inside amoebae. This is the case of Legionella pneumophila, the bacterium responsible for legionellosis. Legionella pneumophila, through its Dot/Icm secretion system, injects several effectors into its host. These effectors interact with the proteins of the host, and induce a modification of the physiology of its host, to its advantage. During my phD, we were interested in the effects of Legionella pneumophila infection on the proliferation of its amoebic host. We showed that Legionella pneumophila prevents the proliferation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. This phenotype was associated with a modification of the shape, a loss of adhesion and a decrease in motility of the amoeba. On the molecular level, Legionella pneumophila induces a decrease in the expression of the cdc2b gene, which share similarities with the cdk1 (cyclin dependent kinase) gene, coding for the major CDK of the mammalian cells cycle. The arrest of proliferation of Acanthamoeba castellanii, which involves a reduction in expression of cdc2b, is certainly induced by one or more effector(s) of Legionella pneumophila, because the mutant ΔdotA of L. pneumophila, defective in the Dot/Icm secretion apparatus, does not induce proliferation arrest of Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Les amibes appartenant au genre Acanthamoeba sont ubiquitaires et responsables de diverses infections, en particulier de kératite amibienne. Par ailleurs elles sont résistantes à de nombreux traitements de désinfection, aussi bien sous leur forme libre (trophozoite) que sous leur forme enkystée. La plupart des données d’efficacité disponibles ont évalué des biocides utilisés pour la désinfection de l’eau potable et/ou des lentilles de contact, mais peu de données sont disponibles concernant le traitement des surfaces ou des matériels médicaux. Ces amibes sont également capables de servir de réservoir à des bactéries pathogènes, notamment des nouvelles espèces de Chlamydia regroupées sous le terme « Chlamydia-like ». Il s’agit de bactéries découvertes récemment et potentiellement responsables d’infections respiratoires et d’avortements spontanés. Malgré leur importance, peu de données sont disponibles concernant la survie et la résistance aux biocides de ces bactéries. L’objectif de ce travail a été dans un premier temps d’évaluer la résistance des amibes aux traitements de désinfections, aussi bien pour les trophozoites que pour les kystes. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la survie et la résistance des Chlamydia-like à la désinfection, ainsi que leurs interactions avec les amibes et avec différentes lignées cellulaires ; Chlamydia trachomatis a servi de contrôle dans cette deuxième série d’expérimentations. Les méthodes de culture et d’enkystement des trophozoites ainsi que le choix des souches testées se sont avérés critiques pour l’évaluation des biocides. Certains traitements de désinfection généralement réputés efficaces contre la plupart des micro-organismes ont montré une efficacité limitée vis-à-vis des kystes amibiens ainsi que des trophozoites (glutaraldehyde). Les Chlamydia-like se sont avérées capables de survivre dans l’environnement pendant de longues périodes mais sont globalement sensibles aux désinfectants. Certaines de ces bactéries sont également capables de survivre dans les kystes d’amibes, ce qui peut leur conférer une résistance accrue vis-à-vis des biocides. / Acanthamoebae are ubiquitous amoebae responsible for several infections, mostly amoebic keratitis. They are also resistant to numerous disinfection treatments, as well under their free shape (trophozoite ) as under their encysted shape. Most of the available data of efficiency estimated biocides used for the disinfection of the drinking water and\or the contact lenses, but few data are available concerning the treatment of surfaces or medical devices. These amoebae are also capable of serving as reservoir for pathogenic bacteria, in particular for new species of Chlamydia named " Chlamydia-like ". These new bacteria recently discovered are potentially responsible for respiratory infections and miscarriages. Despite their importance, only few data are available concerning the survival and the resistance to biocides. The objective of this work was at first time to evaluate the resistance of amoebae to disinfection treatments, as well for the trophozoites as for the cysts. Secondly, we studied the survival and the resistance of Chlamydia-like to disinfection, as well as their interactions with amoebae and with various cellular lineages; Chlamydia trachomatis served as control in this second series of experiments. The methods of culture and encystement of trophozoites as well as the choice of selected strains turned out critical for the evaluation of biocides. Some treatments generally considered as effective treatments of disinfection against most of the microorganisms showed an efficiency limited towards the amoebic cysts as well as the trophozoites ( glutaraldehyde ). Chlamydia-like turned out capable of surviving in the environment during long periods but are globally sensitive to disinfectants. Some of these bacteria are also capable to surve in amoebal cysts, what can confer them a resistance increased towards biocides.

This thesis attempts to broaden what is known about bacterial symbionts within amoebae by the use of a number of different molecular methods. Initially a number of different amoeba strains were screened for bacterial symbionts by 16S rRNA gene PCR, then the symbionts were identified by comparative sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis. The amoeba strains containing bacterial symbionts were characterised by cell morphology, 18S rRNA gene sequencing, internal transcribed spacer sequencing and allozyme electrophoresis. Amoebae belonging to the genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Ripidomyxa and Saccamoeba were identified as containing symbionts that belonged to a wide range of different bacterial genera. Relationships between bacterial symbionts and their host amoebae were analysed by the use of transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridisation using symbiont specific probes. Also described are attempts that were made to isolate and grow the bacterial symbionts outside of their host amoebae as well as experiments to try to transfer bacterial symbionts from one amoeba strain to another. Lastly the results from this study are discussed as a whole to put into perspective how they contribute to the body of knowledge of symbionts within protozoa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5518.pdf: 1765927 bytes, checksum: 354bfee295ad1873956c15264ad51854 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The photodynamic inactivation (PDI), used for biological control of microorganisms, involves the action of a photosensitizer (PS), activated by visible light, in order to oxidize organic substrates, resulting in cytotoxic effect. The control of free-living amoebae is important both for its pathogenicity and its microorganisms harboring. Additionally, some species may develop serious infections in humans. The present study evaluated the in vitro effectiveness of PDI in Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Salt of curcuminoids, curcumin, methylene blue and Photogem® were used as FS. Besides, this study intended to observe morphological changes caused by the salt of curcuminoids in the microorganism. The samples were grown at 37 ºC in PYG medium for a period of 48 to 72 hours. Curcumin was solubilized in 1 mL DMSO and further diluted in distilled water to obtain final concentrations. The other PS s were directly solubilized in distilled water. The irradiation light-emitting diodes were used at wavelengths 460 and 630 nm at doses of 30 and 50 J/cm2. After treatments, resazurin was added to evaluate the respiratory activity of A. polyphaga and the samples were incubated at 37 °C for 4 hours. The fluorescence intensity was measured in a fluorescence spectrophotometer. In PDI with salt of curcuminoids at concentrations 500, 1000 and 1500 µg/mL, there was a reduction of 27.7%, 61.4% and 82.5% at 30 J/cm2 and 75.2%, 85.0% and 95.9% at 50 J/cm2, respectively. In PDI with curcumin at concentrations 35, 70 and 140 µg/mL, there was a reduction of 16.2%, 24.0% and 25.7% at 30 J/cm2, and 25.4%, 28.3 % and 30.5% at 50 J/cm2, respectively. In PDI with methylene blue at concentrations 24 and 32 µg/mL, there was a reduction of 14.1% and 28.3% at 30 J/cm2, with no reduction in the concentration of 16 µg/mL and 18.7%, 36.9% and 23.9% at 50 J/cm2, respectively. Finally, in PDI with Photogem® at concentrations 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL, there was a reduction of 20.1%, 37.6% and 53.5% at 30 J/cm2, and 17.1%, 38.9% and 57.3% at 50 J/cm2, respectively. The removal of the PS before irradiation showed that the salt of curcuminoids probably didn t stay inside of amoebas, because the reduction obtained previously was not observed in this condition. The PS was toxic to the amoebae in the absence of light, at the concentrations tested, and the isolated use of light showed no phototoxic effect, except the dose of 50 J/cm2 at 460 nm wavelength. The phototoxicity by doses of light together the PS contributed to the death of the amoebae, being more efficient with salt of curcuminoids. The analysis of confocal microscopy images showed that the salt of curcuminoids caused damage in amoebae, confirming its toxicity in the dark. Therefore, it is concluded that contact with only the PS is already able to induce morphological changes in A. polyphaga, leading some of them to death. / A inativação fotodinâmica (IFD), utilizada no controle biológico de microrganismos, envolve a ação de um fotossensibilizador (FS), ativado por luz visível, no intuito de oxidar substratos biológicos, resultando em efeito citotóxico. O controle de amebas de vida livre é importante, tanto pela sua patogenicidade quanto pelo fato de abrigarem microrganismos. Além disso, algumas espécies podem desenvolver sérias infecções em humanos. O presente estudo propôs analisar a efetividade in vitro da IFD em Acanthamoeba polyphaga utilizando sal de curcuminóides, curcumina, azul de metileno e Photogem® como FS, além de observar alterações morfológicas causadas pelo sal de curcuminóides neste microrganismo. As amostras foram cultivadas em meio PYG, incubadas a 37°C por 48 a 72 horas. A curcumina foi solubilizada em 1 mL de DMSO e posteriormente diluída em água destilada para obtenção das concentrações finais. Os demais FS foram solubilizados diretamente em água destilada. Para a irradiação, diodos emissores de luz foram utilizados nos comprimentos de onda 460 e 630 nm, nas doses de 30 e 50 J/cm2. Após os tratamentos, resazurina foi adicionada para avaliar a viabilidade de A. polyphaga, sendo as amostras incubadas a 37°C por 4 horas. A intensidade de fluorescência foi medida em espectrofotômetro de fluorescência. Na IFD com sal de curcuminóides nas concentrações 500, 1000 e 1500 µg/mL, houve redução de 27,7%, 61,4% e 82,5% com 30 J/cm2, e de 75,2%, 85,0% e 95,9% com 50 J/cm2, respectivamente. Já na IFD com curcumina nas concentrações 35, 70 e 140 µg/mL, houve redução de 16,2%, 24,0% e 25,7% com 30 J/cm2, e de 25,4%, 28,3% e 30,5% com 50 J/cm2, respectivamente. Na IFD com azul de metileno nas concentrações 24 e 32µg/mL, houve redução de 14,1% e 28,3% com 30 J/cm2, não havendo redução na concentração de 16 µg/mL e de 18,7%, 36,9% e 23,9% com 50 J/cm2, respectivamente. Por fim, na IFD com Photogem® nas concentrações 50, 100 e 200 µg/mL, houve redução de 20,1%, 37,6% e 53,5% com 30 J/cm2, e de 17,1%, 38,9% e 57,3% com 50 J/cm2, respectivamente. A retirada do FS antes da irradiação mostrou que o sal de curcuminóides provavelmente não permaneceu no interior das amebas, pois a redução obtida anteriormente não foi observada nesta condição. Os FS apresentaram toxicidade para as amebas, na ausência de luz, nas concentrações testadas e o uso isolado da luz não apresentou efeito fototóxico, exceto a dose 50 J/cm2 no comprimento de onda 460 nm. A fototoxicidade proporcionada pelas doses de luz junto aos FS utilizados contribuiu para o efeito de morte das amebas, sendo a IFD eficiente com o sal de curcuminóides. A análise das imagens obtidas pela microscopia confocal mostrou que o sal de curcuminóides causou danos em amebas, confirmando a toxicidade apresentada no escuro. Portanto, conclui-se que apenas o contato com o FS já é capaz de induzir mudanças morfológicas em A. polyphaga, levando algumas células à morte.

The aim of this work is to enhance the detection and classification pipelines of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision support system (DSS) for diagnosing acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a vision-threatening disease. The images used are taken with the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) technique, a complementary tool for clinical assessment of the cornea that requires manual human analysis to support diagnosis. The DSS facilitates automated image analysis and currently aids in diagnosing AK. However, the accuracy of AK detection needs improvements in order to use it in clinical practice. To address this challenge, we utilize image brightness processing through multiscale retinex (MSR), and develop a custom-built image processing pipeline with deep learning model and rule-based strategies. The proposed pipeline replaces two deep learning models in original DSS, resulting in an overall accuracy improvement of 10.23% on average. Additionally, our improved pipeline not only enhances the original system’s ability to aid AK diagnosis, but also provides a versatile set of functions that can be used to create pipelines for detecting similar keratitis diseases.