Transportsektorn dras med ett antal problem som är proportionerliga mot antalet bilresor. Kommuner som vill begränsa dessa kan utnyttja markanvändningspolitiken, där kommunen ofta har rådighet över parkeringstalen, d.v.s. kraven på antal bilparkeringsplatser som ska anläggas. Forskningen pekar på att sänkta parkeringstal är effektivt för att minska antalet bilresor, men ju mer effektiv sådan policy är, desto mindre acceptabel anses den ofta vara hos allmänheten. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka vilka faktorer som är betydelsefulla för acceptansgraden och om kommuner kan påverka dessa för att öka acceptansen. Detta görs med en enkätstudie (n=245) bland boende i femtio olika flerbostadshus i Huddinge kommun, där samband mellan enkätsvaren och uppgifter om bostadshusets fysiska miljö samt dess parkeringsplanering undersöks med hjälp av multipel regression. Resultatet visar att individers upplevelse av andra medborgares grad av acceptans, individers uppfattning den befintliga trafikproblematiken samt individens preferenser för sitt eget resande är de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar acceptansgraden. Studien visar vidare att sänkt parkeringstal vid bostaden är korrelerat med lägre acceptans för kommunens parkeringsriktlinjer, och att det därmed är angeläget att hitta sätt att skapa mer av den acceptans som annars riskerar att urholkas när låga parkeringstal tillämpas i allt fler flerbostadshus. De flesta faktorer som kommunen har kontroll över saknar samband med acceptansgraden, men resultatet pekar på att några möjligheter finns inom cykelparkeringsförbättringar och kort gångavstånd till kollektivtrafiken. Vidare skulle kommuner kunna använda sig av placering av parkeringsplatser längre från bostaden i stället för sänkt parkeringstal för att uppnå sina mål, eftersom forskning visar på liknande effekter, samtidigt som denna studie pekar på att avståndet från bostaden inte har något samband med acceptansen. / The transportation sector is affected by multiple issues that are proportional to the number of car trips. Municipalities who wish to mitigate these issues can alter their land use policy, in which it typically has the power to set minimum parking requirements (MPRs) for properties within its boundaries. Previous research shows that lowered MPRs are effective in reducing the number of car trips, but the more effective such policy is, the less acceptable it is typically deemed to be by the public. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to determine which factors affect policy acceptance and how the municipality can influence this. The study is conducted using a self-administered questionnaire (n=245) with participants from fifty different apartment buildings across the Huddinge municipality. Relationships among the questionnaire data, data about the physical environment at the respondent’s house and the land use policy applied during its construction are then examined using multiple regression. The results show that individuals’ perception of acceptance among other citizens, individuals’ perceptions of traffic problems and individuals’ own preferences related to travel behaviour are the most important factors affecting acceptance. Furthermore, the study shows that lower MPRs at the respondent’s residence is correlated with lower acceptance for the municipality’s present parking policy. Therefore, it is important to find ways to engender acceptance, since support for the policy might otherwise be undermined as low MPRs get implemented in a greater share of apartment buildings. Most factors that the municipality can control are not correlated with the degree of acceptance, but the results suggest some possibilities in residential bicycle parking improvements and shorter walking distances to public transport stops. Additionally, the municipality could shift the focus of its land use policy measures toward placement of parking spaces further away from entrances, since previous research show that this may have a similar effect on car trips, and this study shows that it is not correlated with the degree of acceptance.

Background: After independence education was declared one of the inviolable fundamental human rights of all persons entrenched in the Supreme Law of the country, the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. It is an irrefutable fact proven by a number of research findings and confirmed by educational theorists and decided cases that appropriate and quality early childhood education is a foundation of all levels of education. In Namibia currently, public early childhood development and education is provided by community members in Early Childhood Development Community Centres in both rural and urban areas. It is against this background that the purpose of the study on which this research report is based was to determine, through stakeholder participants’ eyes, how the presumed right to education of the pre- grade one learners in rural early childhood development and education community centres (ECDECCs) in Northern Namibia is adhered to. Research Design and Methodology: The study was based on a qualitative interpretive hybrid case study of four (including pilot study) rural ECDECCs, review of early childhood development and education literature, legal literature, relevant legislation, case law, regulations, policies and International Human Right Instruments conducted before and after conducting research in the field. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured individual (one on one) face to face interviews with various stakeholder participants (such as heads of/teachers at ECDECCs, parents/guardians, community leaders/members, officials from the Ministry of Gender Equality, Ministry of Education and Human Rights Activists. The findings of the study were inter alia that all participants had knowledge of and understood the fact that five to six years old children indeed have the right to education, and most of them also understood the significance of pre- grade one learners’ education. As such, the communities were doing everything in their power to provide early childhood education. However, early childhood development and education community centres were ill-equipped in terms of physical facilities, human resources, and learning-teaching aids. In addition, heads of centres/teachers were not properly trained. There was no tap water, no electricity, and no toilet facilities. Most children did not fully or not at all attend community centres for early childhood education, because of inability on the part of their parents/guardians to pay the prescribed fees. Buildings (structures) in which pre-grade one education was practised were not completed and therefore not suitable for human occupation, as community members who initiated them did not have sufficient funds to finance such undertakings. Literature studies of selected relevant legal literature, Constitutions, legislation, decided cases and international human right instruments confirm the fact that pre-grade one education is indeed a legally enforceable fundamental human right to basic education. To this end, there are legal determinants of the provision of pregrade one learners early childhood development and education. Recommendations were that the State (government) had to take over early childhood education, and that teachers have to be academically and professionally trained and accordingly paid salaries by the Ministry of Education. Because of the above obstacles experienced in rural ECDECCs, pre-grade one learners’ right to education leaves much to be desired. Consequently, it is recommended that the Ministry of Education must, as of necessity, legally take over education of all pre-grade one learners (preprimary learners) in entirety in order to comply with the provisions of International Human Rights Instruments in general, and Article 20 (1) of the Constitution of Namibia in particular. In addition, in order to ensure promotion, advancement, realisation and fulfilment of the pre-grade one learners’ right to education, the current Namibian Education Act needs to be amended like the South African Schools Act, or a new Early Childhood Development and Education Act has to be promulgated altogether, to specifically and particularly cater for the pre-grade one learners’ right to basic education. This is indispensable because, in the words of Smith (2011: 305): “The value and necessity of education is beyond dispute because education is both a human right in itself and a crucial means of realising other human rights.” The study concluded that early childhood education provision and practice in ECDECCs in rural areas in their current nature and status at the time of conducting this study in Northern Namibia leaves much to be desired. As such, it is not the best possible vehicle for the early childhood development and education provision of pregrade one education for the five to six years old children in light of their human right to education. / PhD (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Background: After independence education was declared one of the inviolable fundamental human rights of all persons entrenched in the Supreme Law of the country, the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. It is an irrefutable fact proven by a number of research findings and confirmed by educational theorists and decided cases that appropriate and quality early childhood education is a foundation of all levels of education. In Namibia currently, public early childhood development and education is provided by community members in Early Childhood Development Community Centres in both rural and urban areas. It is against this background that the purpose of the study on which this research report is based was to determine, through stakeholder participants’ eyes, how the presumed right to education of the pre- grade one learners in rural early childhood development and education community centres (ECDECCs) in Northern Namibia is adhered to. Research Design and Methodology: The study was based on a qualitative interpretive hybrid case study of four (including pilot study) rural ECDECCs, review of early childhood development and education literature, legal literature, relevant legislation, case law, regulations, policies and International Human Right Instruments conducted before and after conducting research in the field. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured individual (one on one) face to face interviews with various stakeholder participants (such as heads of/teachers at ECDECCs, parents/guardians, community leaders/members, officials from the Ministry of Gender Equality, Ministry of Education and Human Rights Activists. The findings of the study were inter alia that all participants had knowledge of and understood the fact that five to six years old children indeed have the right to education, and most of them also understood the significance of pre- grade one learners’ education. As such, the communities were doing everything in their power to provide early childhood education. However, early childhood development and education community centres were ill-equipped in terms of physical facilities, human resources, and learning-teaching aids. In addition, heads of centres/teachers were not properly trained. There was no tap water, no electricity, and no toilet facilities. Most children did not fully or not at all attend community centres for early childhood education, because of inability on the part of their parents/guardians to pay the prescribed fees. Buildings (structures) in which pre-grade one education was practised were not completed and therefore not suitable for human occupation, as community members who initiated them did not have sufficient funds to finance such undertakings. Literature studies of selected relevant legal literature, Constitutions, legislation, decided cases and international human right instruments confirm the fact that pre-grade one education is indeed a legally enforceable fundamental human right to basic education. To this end, there are legal determinants of the provision of pregrade one learners early childhood development and education. Recommendations were that the State (government) had to take over early childhood education, and that teachers have to be academically and professionally trained and accordingly paid salaries by the Ministry of Education. Because of the above obstacles experienced in rural ECDECCs, pre-grade one learners’ right to education leaves much to be desired. Consequently, it is recommended that the Ministry of Education must, as of necessity, legally take over education of all pre-grade one learners (preprimary learners) in entirety in order to comply with the provisions of International Human Rights Instruments in general, and Article 20 (1) of the Constitution of Namibia in particular. In addition, in order to ensure promotion, advancement, realisation and fulfilment of the pre-grade one learners’ right to education, the current Namibian Education Act needs to be amended like the South African Schools Act, or a new Early Childhood Development and Education Act has to be promulgated altogether, to specifically and particularly cater for the pre-grade one learners’ right to basic education. This is indispensable because, in the words of Smith (2011: 305): “The value and necessity of education is beyond dispute because education is both a human right in itself and a crucial means of realising other human rights.” The study concluded that early childhood education provision and practice in ECDECCs in rural areas in their current nature and status at the time of conducting this study in Northern Namibia leaves much to be desired. As such, it is not the best possible vehicle for the early childhood development and education provision of pregrade one education for the five to six years old children in light of their human right to education. / PhD (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

From the literature we learn that existing educational frameworks that inform law and policy- making on the education of disabled children deal extensively with the curricular and educational concerns of disabled children. Yet, these frameworks leave out the pivotal issue of children‟s human right to education. The rights-based frameworks address human rights issues in a grand fashion, but give scanty educational guidelines on the actual education of disabled children, rendering hollow the human rights credo they espouse. South Africa has been one of a few countries which made attempts at addressing both the human rights concerns facing learners with disabilities and their curricular and pedagogic needs. The country embarked upon extensive efforts of legislative and policy formulation that are, in some respects, unparalleled in the world. Hence, this country is a potential storehouse of good practices on the education of children with disabilities with the potential to inform the re-formulation of existing African and global frameworks on the right to education of disabled children. Furthermore, the impressive novelty contained in South African education laws and policies notwithstanding, there are a number of issues which should be addressed in the country‟s education environment, including how the laws and policies are implemented. It is to be acknowledged that laws and policies are only as good as their implementation. Mindful of the above situation prevailing at the global level and the national (South African) level, this study offers a framework that marries the right to education of children with disabilities with educational theory on and practice in regard to the education of disabled children. The framework is constructed on the basis of current international literature on both disability and education and related South African law and policy instruments. In terms of its methodology, the study employed a generic or non-categorical qualitative design, also called methodological bricolage. Under this overall design, two principal modes of inquiry were applied, namely the enlightenment mode to policy analysis and critical law and policy discourse analysis. Theoretically, the study is anchored in the human rights variant of the Social Model of Disability, Critical Theory and Post-structural paradigms. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Résumé : Dans le secteur médical, la nanovectorisation ciblée (NVC) est susceptible de lever de nombreux verrous technologiques en matière de traitements médicaux. L’absence d’une démarche axée sur les impacts possibles, l’acceptation et l’acceptabilité de la NVC pourrait toutefois conduire à un manque d’adéquation entre les applications développées et les besoins et valeurs des utilisateurs, freinant ultimement leur déploiement. Sur la base d’un modèle interdisciplinaire d’analyse d’impact et d’acceptabilité, les variables de perception des impacts, d’acceptation d’acceptabilité ont été opérationnalisées et étudiées au regard de la nature du nanovecteur, du contexte d’usage clinique et de la culture disciplinaire et sociale des répondants. L’exploration des impacts perçus, mobilisés et pondérés sur un ensemble d’enjeux éthiques, économiques, environnementaux, légaux et sociaux (E[indice supérieur 3]LS) a permis d’établir un premier portrait de l’acceptabilité de cette application. Une approche descriptive-exploratoire fondée sur un devis mixte avec triangulation séquentielle des données a été employée. Les données ont été collectées en deux phases, d’abord par le biais d’un questionnaire en ligne (n=214), puis par des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées (n=22). Une recension des scientifiques actifs du secteur des technologies émergentes œuvrant en sciences naturelles et ingénierie ainsi qu’en sciences humaines et sociales a permis de former l’échantillon final composé de chercheurs Français et Québécois. L’opérationnalisation du cadre de référence a permis de montrer l’importance de distinguer le dispositif et les usages lors de la formulation du jugement d’acceptabilité, relevant parallèlement une influence du contexte d’usage sur l’acceptabilité des applications de NVC. Des variations disciplinaires et sociales quant aux jugements d’acceptabilité ont aussi été soulevées, soulignant des sensibilités culturelles relativement aux éléments mobilisés dans le jugement d’acceptabilité. Ces distinctions relatives à la manière d’appréhender la NVC invitent à dépasser les approches traditionnelles d’acceptation technologiques et à converger vers une approche d’acceptabilité axée sur les impacts perçus et valorisés relativement à un ensemble d’enjeux E[indice supérieur 3]LS. Les résultats des deux phases de l’étude ont aussi montré que l’opérationnalisation du cadre théorique de référence était adéquate pour arriver à cette fin. Ultimement, afin de prendre en compte et de comprendre l’étendue possible des impacts perçus et valorisés dans le jugement d’acceptabilité de l’ensemble des acteurs concernés par les nouvelles applications nanomédicales, l’élaboration de ces applications bénéficierait à employer une telle approche et à l’intégrer aux processus de développement technologique. / Abstract : In many medical fields, nanocarrier-based targeted drug-delivery (TDD) is likely to remove many technical obstacles regarding treatment. The lack of an approach based on variables such as potential impacts, acceptance, and acceptability could however lead to a mismatch between TDD applications being developed and users’ needs and values; this mismatch could ultimately hold back their deployment. Based on an interdisciplinary approach for the analysis of impact and acceptability of emerging technologies, three main concepts of a new theoretical framework—perceived impacts, acceptance, and acceptability—have been operationalized. This operationalisation has been studied in the light of several variables, namely the nature of the nanocarrier, the clinical context of use, and the disciplinary and social culture of the respondents. An exploration of the impacts perceived, mobilized and weighted, based on a set of ethical, economic, environmental, legal and social (E[superscript 3]LS) issues allowed to establish a first portrait of the acceptability of this application. A descriptive-exploratory approach based on a mixed-methods design with sequential data triangulation was used. The data were collected in two phases, first through an online questionnaire (n = 214), and then through semi-structured individual interviews (n = 22). The final sample was composed of French and French-Canadian researchers involved in themes related to emerging technologies, all from natural sciences and engineering or from humanities and social sciences. The operationalisation of the theoretical framework highlighted the importance of distinguishing the device and the uses when formulating the acceptability judgment, revealing also the influence of the context of use on the acceptability of TDD applications. Disciplinary and social variations related to acceptability judgments were also raised, highlighting possible cultural sensitivities regarding elements mobilized in those acceptability judgments. These distinctions on how are apprehended TDD applications invite to go beyond traditional approaches of technology acceptance and to converge toward approaches of acceptability; those approaches also need to integrate how impacts on E[superscript 3]LS issues are perceived and weighted. The results of both phases of the study also showed that the operationalization of the theoretical framework was adequate to achieve that end. Ultimately, in order to figure and to understand the broad spectrum of possible impacts that may be perceived and valued in the acceptability judgment of stakeholders affected by the development of new nanomedical applications as TDD, the development process of those applications could benefit from integrating this approach.

Spaces with high occupancy density like classrooms are challenging to ventilate and use a lot of energy to maintain comfort. Usually, a compromise is made between low energy use and good Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), of which poor IEQ has consequences for occupants’ health, productivity and comfort. Alternative strategies that incorporate elevated air speeds can reduce cooling energy demand and provide occupant’s comfort and productivity at higher operative temperatures. A ventilation strategy, Intermittent Air Jet Strategy (IAJS), which optimizes controlled intermittent airflow and creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions, critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures, is proposed herein. The primary aim of the work was to investigate the potential of IAJS as a ventilation system in high occupancy spaces. Ventilation parameters such as air distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are evaluated and the system is compared with a traditional system, specifically, mixing ventilation (MV). A 3-part research process was used: (1) Technical (objective) evaluation of IAJS in-comparison to MV and displacement ventilation (DV) systems. (2) An occupant response study to IAJS. (3) Estimation of the cooling effect under IAJS and its implications on energy use. All studies were conducted in controlled chambers. The results show that while MV and DV creates steady airflow conditions, IAJS has  cyclic airflow profiles which results in a sinusoidal temperature profile around occupants. Air distribution capability of IAJS is similar to MV, both having a generic local air quality index in the occupied zone. On the other hand, the systems overall air change rate was higher than a MV. Thermal comfort results suggest that IAJS generates comfortable thermal climate at higher operative temperatures compared to MV. Occupant responses to IAJS show an improved thermal sensation, air quality perception and acceptability of indoor environment at higher temperatures as compared to MV. A comparative study to estimate the cooling effect of IAJS shows that upper HVAC setpoint can be increased from 2.3 – 4.5 oC for a neutral thermal sensation compared to a MV. This implies a substantial energy saving potential on the ventilation system. In general, IAJS showed a potential for use as a ventilation system in classrooms while promising energy savings. / Lokaler där många människor vistas, som t.ex. klassrum, är ofta svåra att ventilera. Att upprätthålla en bra termisk komfort kräver en hög energianvändning. Vanligtvis blir det en kompromiss mellan låg energianvändning och bra kvalitet på inomhusmiljön (IEQ). Dålig IEQ får konsekvenser för människors hälsa, produktivitet och komfort. Alternativa ventilationsstrategier, som använder förhöjda lufthastigheter, kan minska kylbehovet och därmed energianvändningen. I denna avhandling utvärderas en ny ventilationsstrategi, Intermittenta luftstrålar (IAJS), där korta perioder med hög lufthastighet genererar en svalkande effekt, när rummets temperatur upplevs som för hög. Det primära syftet med arbetet var att undersöka potentialen hos IAJS som ett ventilationssystem för klassrum, där den termiska lasten ofta är hög. Strategin jämförs mot traditionella ventilationsprinciper som omblandande ventilation (MV) och deplacerande ventilation (DV). Parametrar som luftdistributionsindex, termisk komfort, luftkvalitet och energibesparing har utvärderats. Alla studier utfördes i klimatkammare. Resultaten visar att medan MV och DV skapar konstanta luftflödesförhållanden genererar IAJS cykliska hastighetsprofiler samt en sinusformad temperaturvariation i vistelsezonen. IAJS klarar att bibehålla ett bra termiskt klimat vid högre operativa temperaturer jämfört med MV. I en jämförelse med ett traditionellt HVAC-system visar beräkningar  att dess börvärde kan höjas från 2.3 till 4.5 °C med bibehållen termisk komfort. Detta indikerar en avsevärd energibesparingspotential vid användande av IAJS.

La conservation de la nature est de nos jours une préoccupation planétaire. Pour la concrétiser, la création d'aires protégées est encouragée depuis le sommet de la Terre de Rio de 1992, surtout dans les pays des bassins forestiers. Avec Rio, le développement durable devient fondamental. Afin d'apporter sa contribution pour cette cause internationale, et par la même occasion diversifier son économie, le Gabon, pays du bassin forestier du Congo, crée treize parcs nationaux en 2002. À travers ces aires protégées, c'est 11 % de son territoire qu'il consacre à la conservation de la biodiversité. Notre étude est une analyse de de la conservation de la nature, précisément à travers le parc national de Loango, dans un pays qui fonde son développement économique sur l'exploitation des ressources naturelles. Elle aborde l'application de la gestion participative entre des acteurs qui ne perçoivent pas la ressource naturelle de la même façon. Elle examine l'impact social, économique et culturel d'un objet géré selon des normes internationales avec peu de considération des réalités locales. Nous soulignons aussi la difficulté du Gabon à choisir entre développement économique national et conservation. Cette difficulté est souvent engendrée par la demande internationale. L'étude soulève également la question de l'acceptabilité sociale, manifestée par des conflits entre acteurs. / Since nature conservation has become an issue of global concern, efforts have been made to encourage the creation of protected areas since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, especially in forest basins countries. After Rio, sustainable development has become crucial. In order to make its contribution to this international cause and at the same time diversify its economy, Gabon, country of the Congo Basin forest, created thirteen national parks in 2002. Altogether, the 13 protected sites represent 11 % of the national territory classified for the conservation of Gabon's rich biodiversity. Our study is based on the analysis of this challenge, more precisely in the Loango National Park and in a country whose economic development is fully dependant on its natural resources. It deals with the application of the participative management between the different actors concerned who have different perceptions of natural resources. It examines the social, economic and cultural impact of something which is managed according to international standards and with very little consideration for local realities. We also underline the difficulty Gabon faces in choosing between its national economic development and conservation. This difficulty is often caused by international demands. The study also raises the question of social acceptability expressed by conflicts between actors.

Les politiques de développement durable ont fait émerger de nombreux outils qui visent à concilier les enjeux de développement économique et ceux de préservation des intérêts sociaux et environnementaux. Parmi eux, la compensation territoriale se matérialise par l’attribution, à un territoire subissant les impacts négatifs d’un aménagement déclaré d’utilité publique, d’un ensemble de mesures visant à maintenir à niveau acceptable le bien-être des individus et l’état écologique du milieu. Elle permet ainsi de rétablir un équilibre entre la dimension globale du projet, qui ne considère que ses effets positifs, et la dimension locale, dans laquelle les externalités positives et négatives du projet rentrent en jeu. Initié par un questionnement sur la mise en oeuvre d’un tel outil de politique publique au sein de territoires spécifiques, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser la demande de compensation par les acteurs du territoire au regard des impacts perçus dans un contexte de projet d’aménagement. Ce travail explore les perceptions des acteurs du territoire de la baie de Saint-Brieuc directement concernés par un projet de parc éolien en mer vis-à-vis de ce principe de compensation. Pour ce faire, des approches qualitatives et quantitatives ont été utilisées de manière complémentaire et font appel à des outils spécifiques tels que la cartographie cognitive floue et la méthode des choix expérimentaux. Cette démarche nous a permis de produire de nombreux éléments de compréhension quant à la manière dont ces acteurs perçoivent les impacts d’un tel projet d’aménagement, acceptent ou non le principe de compensation comme outil de réponse aux impacts négatifs du projet et envisagent la mise en oeuvre de la compensation à travers leurs préférences vis-à-vis de différentes types d’actions – indemnisations financières, investissements dans des biens communs, restauration écologique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les perceptions, très hétérogènes au sein des acteurs du territoire, s’expliquent en grande partie à travers le concept de Communautés de Pratiques. Finalement, lorsque le principe de compensation est accepté par les acteurs du territoire, la logique d’équivalence qui conditionne la demande de compensation peut s’expliquer de trois manières différentes : une équivalence territoriale dans laquelle les bénéfices issus de la compensation doivent profiter à l’ensemble de la population du territoire impacté ; une équivalence écologique dans laquelle le niveau de fonctions écologiques et de services écosystémiques est maintenu constant, une équivalence basée sur des valeurs économiques pour pallier le manque à gagner de certaines activités professionnelles. / In the context of a territory suffering from the negative impacts of an infrastructure declared of public utility, territorial compensation consists of a set of measure that aims to help maintaining the level of well-being of each and every individual as well as a desirable ecological state. This way, territorial compensation allows to balance between the global scale of the project, in which only the positive impacts are taken into account, and the local scale where both positive and negative externalities of the project are running. Initiated by a questioning on how such a public policy tool can be deployed at the heart of specific territories, the main objective of this PhD work is to characterize the expectation of local stakeholders towards the perceived impacts awaited from the instatement of a development project. More specifically, this work relies on an analytical approach centered on the study of the perception of the stakeholders of the Bay of St-Brieuc territory (Western Brittany, France), who are directly concerned by an offshore wind farm project. To reach suchaims, complementary qualitative and quantitative methods are used such as fuzzy cognitive mapping and choice experiment method. Using this kind of approaches allowed us to better define several keys for understanding how local stakeholders perceive the impacts of such a project and agree or not with compensation being an appropriate answer regarding the negative impacts of the project and consider the implementation of compensation in reference to their preferences towards different types of action – monetary incentives, public goods investments, ecological restoration. Our results show very heterogeneous perceptions in between the different stakeholders that can in a large part beexplained using the concept of Communities of Practice. Finally, when the principle of compensation is accepted by allthe stakeholders of a territory, the equivalency logical that determines the compensation expectations can be of three types: a territorial equivalency, in which the benefits of compensation must be shared by all inhabitants of the impacted territory; an ecological equivalency, in which the level of ecological functions or ecosystem services is maintained constant; and an equivalency based on economic values that must balance the loss of benefits underwent by some professional activities.

Ting, Sum Pok. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-185). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURE --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- STANDARDISATION OF ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Standardisation of English --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- World Englishes --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Non-standard English as a kind of deficiency --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- B. KACHRU'S AND SCHNEIDER'S DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF N EW VARIETIES OF ENGLISH --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- B. Kachru's three-stage developmental model of English --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Schneider's five-stage dynamic model of post-colonial Englishes --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- DEBATE OF H K E AS A N EW VARIETY --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The non-readiness of HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FEATURES AND ERRORS --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- """Innovation"" and ""selection.""" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- "“Mistakes,´ح ""errors,"" ""deviations,"" and “features.´ح" --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Bamgbose's five factors in determining the status of language features --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTABILITY OF NON-NATIVE FEATURES --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Intelligibility --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Social prestige and stigma --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Past experience and somatic markers --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- STUDIES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS LOCAL VARIETIES IN ASIA AND HONG KONG --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Studies in the Asian context --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Studies in the Hong Kong context --- p.37 / Chapter 2.7 --- GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF HKJE --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Grammatical features identified in previous studies --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- The targeted grammatical features in the present study --- p.42 / Chapter 2.8 --- SUMMARY --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- TARGET PARTICIPANTS --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Selection criteria --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Respondents of the acceptability survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interviewees of the semi-structured interview. --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Acceptability surveys --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Rationale for employing acceptability surveys --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Design of the acceptability surveys --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Semi-structured interviews --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Rationale for employing semi-structured interviews --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Design of the semi-structured interviews --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5 --- Two PHASES OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Quantitative phase --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Data collection --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Data analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Qualitative phase --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Case selection --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Interview protocol. --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Data collection --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6 --- ETHICS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.7 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.71 / Chapter 3.8 --- SUMMARY --- p.72 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION - FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF HKE --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES AN OVERVIEW --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Intelligibility of the expression --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Perceived completeness of meaning. --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Perceived complexity of the sentence structure and the idea expressed --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Past experience of learning English in school --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Negative feelings towards the feature --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Perceived level of difficulty of the feature --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Everyday exposure to English --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Prevalence of the grammar item --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Perceived familiarity with the feature --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Perceived distinctiveness of the feature as “Hong Kong style. ´ح --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Contexts in which the features appear. --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- "Computer-mediated communication in MSN, SMS, and Facebook." --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Daily face-to-face conversation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Perceived competence and status of the users of the feature --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Perceived competence of the users of the feature --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Perceived social status of the users of the feature --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3 --- IMPLICATIONS FROM THE INTERVIEWS --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4 --- SUMMARY --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION - PERCEIVED STATUS OF HKE --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1 --- AWARENESS OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2 --- INTERVIEWEES' PREFERRED VARIETY OF ENGLISH --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preference for standard native varieties of English --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Perceived international intelligibility of the targeted grammatical features --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Perceived public image of the varieties of English and their users --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Low preference for standard native varieties of English --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Limited capability of the people in Hong Kong. --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Communicative effectiveness of the standard native varieties --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3 --- PERCEIVED STATUS OF HKE AS AN AUTONOMOUS VARIETY --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The perceived current status of HKE --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- The lack of intention for the adoption of the non-standard features --- p.138 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The lack of a unifying set offeatures --- p.140 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The perceived future status of HKE --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Inevitability of becoming an autonomous variety. --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Perceived limited usage of English in Hong Kong --- p.143 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The prospect of HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Negative influence on English learning. --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- The lack of ownership of English --- p.145 / Chapter 5.4 --- RECOGNITION OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES AS FEATURES OF HKE --- p.147 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- One standard for using English --- p.147 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Non-standard features as identity marker. --- p.150 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Ownership of English --- p.151 / Chapter 5.5 --- THE STATUS OF HKE IN BECOMING AN AUTONOMOUS VARIETY --- p.152 / Chapter 5.6 --- SUMMARY --- p.155 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.157 / Chapter 6.1 --- ADDRESSING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.157 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Addressing research question 1: Acceptability of the targeted features --- p.157 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Addressing research question 2: Factors affecting acceptability --- p.159 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Addressing research question 3: Features or errors? --- p.162 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Addressing research question 4: Perceived status of HKE --- p.164 / Chapter 6.2 --- IMPLICATIONS --- p.165 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Exposure to varieties of English --- p.166 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The teaching of grammar in school --- p.168 / Chapter 6.3 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.172 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- English proficiency of the participants --- p.172 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The modes and styles of English under investigation --- p.172 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- The methodological design --- p.173 / Chapter 6.4 --- DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES --- p.175 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Computer-mediated communication (CMC) and HKE --- p.175 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Linguistic identity of local Hong Kong people --- p.176 / REFERENCE --- p.178 / Chapter APPENDIX I - --- SAMPLE OF ACCEPTABILITY SURVEY --- p.186 / Chapter APPENDIX II - --- INTERVIEW PROTOCOL --- p.191

Intact sagebrush communities in the Great Basin are rapidly disappearing due to invasion of non-native plants, large wildfires, and encroachment of pinyon pine and juniper woodlands. Land management options include the use of prescribed fire, grazing, herbicides and mechanical treatments to reduce the potential for wildfire and restore plant communities. Land managers in the region face a complex and interrelated set of ecological, economic, and social challenges to the implementation of these management practices. Effective restoration strategies require consideration of citizens in the region and their acceptance of management practices, as well as their trust in the agencies that implement them. This longitudinal panel study (2006-2010) examines the social acceptability of management options for rangeland restoration and public trust in agencies to carry out these options in three urban and three rural regions of the Great Basin. Most similar studies in this region have been largely place-based and cross-sectional, focusing on communities at one point in time. Results from this study can be used to evaluate the success of management programs, predict support for different treatments, determine the impact of agency outreach efforts, and identify important factors for building trust between communities and agencies across the region. The study uses data from a mail-back questionnaire sent to residents in 2006 and again in 2010. Overall, 698 respondents comprise the panel of interest. Results suggest landscape scale events such as wildfire, as well as agency management and outreach programs, had little influence on respondents' perceptions of agencies or management options over the study period. Several key findings have persisted throughout the study: (1) acceptance is high for the use of prescribed fire, grazing, felling, and mowing, but low for chaining and herbicide use, though there are (2) low levels of public trust and confidence in agencies to implement these management options, and (3) there are salient differences between the region's rural and urban residents with important implications for agency communication strategies. Most changes in response over the study period were subtle, though the direction and strength of these changes highlight noteworthy trends: (1) Great Basin residents are becoming more aware of key threats facing rangelands, (2) they seem more interested in having a role in making management decisions, and (3) they are slightly more positive about their interactions with agency personnel. Finally, findings suggest many residents have had little experience with agency outreach programs. Trust and confidence in management agencies are key factors in garnering support for restoration activities. While knowledge of management activities and confidence in managers' ability to competently implement them certainly play a role, findings strongly suggest sincerity factors (e.g., good communication or the perception that agencies share citizens' goals, thoughts, or values) have the greatest influence on acceptance of management practices in the Great Basin. Results suggest it would be beneficial for agencies to take a more active role in building trust with residents across the region. Differing levels of knowledge and interest, as well as different concerns, found among rural and urban residents highlight the need to tailor outreach strategies for use in specific communities. / Graduation date: 2012