Much concern has been expressed about the ability of the visual display terminal to provide adequate stimuli for accommodation. As a result it has been hypothesized that an observer may have to continually refocus to maintain accommodation on the display and this contributes to the visual fatigue experienced by VDT users. The increased use of multicolor CRTs in the workplace adds yet another factor, chromatic aberration, to affect the observers' accommodation to information presented on the CRT. Two experiments were run to determine the effect of viewing characters of one chromaticity and purity on a background of another chromaticity or purity or chromaticity and purity. The observer's accommodation response was continuously sampled throughout the presentation of each target/background combination. Mean accommodation response and the standard deviation of the mean accommodation response were then calculated to ascertain the effect the target background combination had on the observers' accommodation response. The observers' were also required to perform a visual performance task for each target/background combination. The data collected indicate that chromatic characters when observed on chromatic background do not provide a strong stimulus for accommodation. Mean changes in the observers accommodation response were all within the depth of field except when characters were viewed on blue backgrounds. The variability in the observers accommodation response was not found to be a good predictor of image quality where only color contrast exists between foreground and surround. Task performance was highly correlated with effective contrast between the target and background as quantified by uniform color space modeling. / Ph. D.

Upon my arrival at the Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center (WAAC), I experienced significant challenges in finding suitable accommodation and integrating into the community. Recognizing that many fellow students face similar difficulties, I was inspired to leverage the historical and cultural essence of Old Town Alexandria to create a solution. My thesis explores the potential of adaptive reuse to develop a co-living environment specifically designed for students. This project aims to repurpose existing structures to address the scarcity of student housing while fostering a sense of community. Situated less than eight miles from Washington, DC, WAAC offers a unique professional learning environment for Architecture and Urban Design students, characterized by its interdisciplinary, international, and individual focus. By immersing students in the rich historical and cultural context of Old Town Alexandria, the project enhances their educational experience and well-being through exposure to professional and academic opportunities in both Alexandria and Washington, DC. This adaptive reuse initiative not only revives the essence of Old Town in students' daily lives but also demonstrates how historical preservation and modern functionality can coexist, creating a dynamic and supportive living environment that enriches the student journey. / Master of Architecture / Transitioning into new academic environments often presents significant challenges for students, particularly in securing suitable accommodation and integrating into the local community. This thesis investigates the feasibility and benefits of creating an adaptive reuse co-living program for students at Virginia Tech's Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center (WAAC) in Old Town Alexandria, VA. The project aims to repurpose existing structures to address the scarcity of student housing while fostering a sense of belonging and community. By immersing students in the historical and cultural context of Old Town Alexandria, the adaptive reuse initiative enhances their educational experience and well-being. Students are exposed to the abundant professional and academic opportunities available in both Alexandria and Washington, DC, enriching their overall journey. This thesis highlights the potential of adaptive reuse to preserve historical fabric while meeting contemporary needs, creating a supportive and dynamic living environment for students. The project exemplifies how historical preservation and modern functionality can coexist, providing essential housing and fostering a deeper connection between students and the community. Through this integration, the adaptive reuse project revitalizes the essence of Old Town Alexandria in students' daily lives, contributing to a more enriching and holistic educational experience.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser l’évolution d’une province à mini-bassins salifères, en s’appuyant sur l’étude des variations spatiales et temporelles de faciès, d’épaisseurs ainsi que des géométries développées lors du fluage des évaporites. L’exemple naturel investigué est le bassin de Sivas, situé sur le Plateau central Anatolien en Turquie. Ce bassin d’avant-pays enregistre à l’Oligo-Miocène la formation de nombreux mini-bassins secondaires au-dessus d’un niveau d’évaporites allochtones. A partir d’une cartographie et d’une description détaillées des séries sédimentaires accumulées dans les mini-bassins de Sivas, nous avons pu identifier trois ensembles tectono-sédimentaires cohérents :• la formation Karayün (Oligocène moyen à supérieur), constituée de dépôts de playa-lake, fluviatile en tresse et fluvio-lacustre, interprétée comme proche d’un système fluviatile en distributaires ;• la formation Karacaören (Oligocène supérieur, Miocène inférieur), interprétée comme une série alternante entre une rampe mixte deltaïque et carbonatée, et des dépôts de lagune et de plaine côtière ;• la formation de Benlikaya (Miocène), constituée de dépôts de cônes alluviaux, fluviatiles en tresse et playa-lake, interprétée également comme proche d’un système fluviatile en distributaires.Malgré de nombreuses variations de l’épaisseur et de la succession sédimentaire inter- et intra-bassins, des unités stratigraphiques équivalentes ont pu être déterminées à partir de l’identification de lignes isochrones marquant des changements de tendances. Nous avons montré alors que le système sédimentaire de chacun des mini-bassins est contrôlé au premier ordre par trois facteurs interdépendants, à savoir :• l’accommodation par halocinèse, provoquant la surrection des diapirs et des murs périphériques lors de la subsidence du mini-bassin. Ce fluage des évaporites produit des variations intra-basinales de faciès et d’épaisseurs, associées à des déformations syn-sédimentaires en bordure de mini-bassins. À plus grande échelle, ces objets salifères produisent une compartimentation inter-bassins des environnements de dépôts.• le taux d’accumulation sédimentaire, qui influence la faciologie et l’architecture stratigraphique des dépôts.• l’accommodation régionale, lié à la flexure du bassin, à l’origine du dépôt de série isopaques pouvant recouvrir les diapirs et finalement masquer l’influence salifère.À ces paramètres communs aux provinces salifères, nous ajoutons, l’influence des contraintes tectoniques compressives qui modifient les rétroactions entres ces facteurs. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the development of a salt-related mini-basin province, based on spatial and temporal changes in the facies assemblages, stratigraphic architecture and thicknesses, as well as stratal structures related to salt movement. The study area is the Sivas Basin, located in the Central Anatolian Plateau of Turkey, which is a foreland basin that records the formation during the Oligo-Miocene of numerous secondary mini-basins on top of an allochthonous evaporite canopy. Through detailed mapping of the Sivas mini-basin province, we provide a new and comprehensive description of the stratigraphic vertical succession including:• the Karayün Fm (Mid to upper Oligocene), comprising playa-lake, fluvial braided and fluvio-lacustrine deposits, and interpreted as a large distributive fluvial system;• the Karacaören Fm (Up. Oligocene to Low. Miocene), comprising two main sub-environments: mixed deltaic and carbonate ramp, alternating with coastal plain and restricted lagoon;• the Benlikaya Fm (Miocene), comprising alluvial fan, fluvial braided and playa-lake deposits interpreted also as a large distributive fluvial system;Within neighbouring minibasins and despite a similar vertical stratigraphic succession, variations are observed in stratigraphic units of equivalent age within and between minibasins. At the first order, we have defined three factors that dictate the pattern of mini-basin filling:• salt-induced accommodation producing local faciologic and stratigraphic thickness changes, and halokinetic structures along mini-basin borders. At larger scale, salt structures result in a compartmentalization of facies between basins.• The sediment supply rate, which affects facies assemblage and stratigraphic architecture.• Tectonically driven regional accommodation attributed to the foreland flexure, inducing the deposition of relatively isopachous series draping and finally obscuring the salt topography.In addition, these three factors are largely influenced by shortening during the evolution of the Sivas fold-and-thrust-belt.

En tant que nouveau matériau magnétique à mémoire de forme, les alliages basés sur le système Ni-Mn-Sn possèdent de multiples propriétés physiques telles que l'effet de mémoire de forme des alliages polycristallins, l'effet magnétocalorique géant, l'effet de magnétorésistance et l'effet de polarisation d'échange. Jusqu'à présent, la plupart des études ont été axées sur l'amélioration des multifonctionnalités de ces alliages, mais l'information fondamentale qui est fortement associée à ces propriétés n'est toujours pas claire. Ainsi, une étude approfondie sur les structures cristallines de la martensite et de l'austénite, les caractéristiques microstructurales et cristallographiques de la transformation martensitique a été menée dans le cadre du présent travail de doctorat. Il a été confirmé que l'austénite de Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 possède une structure cubique L21 (Fm3 ̅m, No.225). Le paramètre de réseau de l'austénite dans Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 est aA = 5.9813 Å. La martensite possède une structure orthorhombique (4O) à quatre couches (Pmma, No.51). Les paramètres de réseau de la martensite dans Ni50Mn38Sn12 et Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 sont a4O = 8.6068 Å; b4O = 5.6226 Å and c4O = 4.3728 Å, and a4O = 8.6063 Å, b4O = 5.6425 Å, and c4O = 4.3672Å, respectivement. La martensite 4O Ni-Mn-Sn présente une microstructure hiérarchiquement maclée. La martensite est organisée en larges plaques dans le grain d'austénite d'origine. Les plaques contiennent des colonies à forme irrégulière avec deux modèles caractéristiques de microstructures : le motif lamellaire classique et le motif en arête de poisson. Dans chaque colonie, il existe quatre variantes d'orientation (A, B, C et D) et elles forment trois types de macles (Type I, Type II et macles composées). Les interfaces entre les variantes correspondantes sont en coincidence avec leur plan de maclage K1. Les plans d'interface des paires de macles composées A-D et B-C peuvent avoir une ou deux orientations différentes, ce qui conduit aux deux modèles microstructuraux. Les variantes correspondantes dans les colonies voisines dans une même large plaque (colonies intra-plaques) possèdent des orientations proches et le joint de colonie est courbé, tandis que la limite de colonie inter-plaques est relativement droite. La relation d’orientation de Pitsch (Orientation Relation OR), spécifiée comme {1 0 1} A//{22 ̅1}4O and <1 0 1 ̅> A//<1 ̅2 2>4O, a été exclusivement déterminée à être une OR effective entre l'austénite cubique et la martensite modulée 4O. Sous cette OR, 24 variantes peuvent être générées dans un grain d'austénite. Ces 24 variantes sont organisées en 6 groupes et chaque groupe correspond à une colonie de martensite. La structure de martensite finement maclée (microstructure sandwich) est le composant microstructural de base produit par la transformation martensitique. Une telle structure assure une interface de phase invariante (plan d'habitat) pour la transformation. Au cours de la transformation, les variantes de la martensite sont organisées en clusters en forme de diamant composés de colonies de variantes et avec des structures en forme de coin au front de transformation. Chaque coin est composé de deux structures sandwich séparées par un plan de nervure médiane {1 0 1}A. Les paires de variantes dans chaque coin devraient avoir le même type de macles avec une relation de Type I ou de Type II pour garantir de bonnes compatibilités géométriques des variantes à l'interface de phase et au plan de la nervure centrale. Dans les diamants, les colonies sont séparées par des frontières présentant des marches à faible énergie interfaciale qui évoluent vers les joints des colonies intra-plaques et par des joints droits qui deviennent les joints entre les plaques. Les diamants s'allongent le long de la direction presque parallèle aux plans de la nervure centrale des coins et la forme de la plaque de la martensite est finalement formée. [...] / Being a novel magnetic shape memory material, Ni-Mn-Sn based alloy systems possess multiple physical properties, such as shape memory effect of polycrystalline alloys, giant magnetocaloric effect, large magnetoresistance effect and exchange bias effect. So far, most studies have been focused on the improvement of the multifunctionalities of these alloys, but the fundamental information which is highly associated with these properties is still unclear. Thus, a thorough study on the crystal structures of martensite and austenite, microstructural and crystallographic features of martensitic transformation has been conducted in the present PhD work. The austenite of Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 was confirmed to possess a L21 cubic structure (Fm"3" ̅m, No.225). The lattice parameter of austenite in Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 is aA=5.9813 Å. The martensite possesses a four-layered orthorhombic (4O) structure (Pmma, No.51). The lattice parameters of martensite in Ni50Mn38Sn12 and Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 are a4O = 8.6068 Å; b4O = 5.6226 Å and c4O = 4.3728 Å, and a4O = 8.6063 Å, b4O = 5.6425 Å, and c4O = 4.3672Å, respectively. The 4O Ni-Mn-Sn martensite exhibits a hierarchically twinned microstructure. The martensite is organized into broad plates in the original austenite grain. The plates contain irregularly shaped colonies with two characteristic microstructural patterns: classical lamellar pattern and herring-bone pattern. In each colony, there are four orientation variants (A, B, C and D) and they form three types of twins (Type I, Type II and compound twin). The interfaces between the corresponding variants are in coincidence with their twinning plane K1. The interface planes of the compound twin pairs A-D and B-C can have one or two different orientations, which leads to the two microstructural patterns. The corresponding variants in the neighboring colonies within one broad plate (intra plate colonies) possess close orientations and colony boundary is curved, whereas the inter plate colony boundary is relatively straight. The Pitsch OR, specified as "{1 0 1}" A//"{2 " "2" ̅" " "1" ̅"}" 4O and "<1 0 " "1" ̅">" A//"<" "1" ̅" " "2" ̅" 2>" 4O, was uniquely determined to be an effective OR between the cubic austenite and 4O modulated martensite. Under this OR, 24 variants can be generated within one austenite grain. Such 24 variants are organized into 6 groups and each group corresponds to a martensite colony. The finely twinned martensite structure (sandwich microstructure) is the basic microstructural constitute produced by martensitic transformation. Such a structure ensures an invariant phase interface (habit plane) for the transformation. During the transformation, martensite variants are organized into diamond shaped clusters composed of variant colonies and with wedge shaped structures at the transformation front. Each wedge is composed of two sandwich structures separating by a midrib plane {1 0 1}A. The variant pairs in each wedge should have the same twin type with either Type I or Type II relation to ensure good geometrical compatibilities of the variants at phase interface and at the midrib plane. Within the diamonds, colonies are separated by step-like boundaries with low interfacial energy that evolve into the intra plate colony boundaries and by straight boundaries that become the inter plate colony boundaries. The diamonds elongates along the direction nearly paralleled to the midrib planes of the wedges and plate shape of martensite is finally formed. Such features of the diamond structure in Ni-Mn-Sn alloys are realized by self-accommodation of transformation strains for energy minimization. The present work provides comprehensive microstructural and crystallographic information on martensite and on martensitic transforamtion of Ni-Mn-Sn alloys and it is useful for understanding their multi functionalities associated with martensitic transformation and helpful on property optimization

The main intention of this thesis is to make a complete documentation of a business plan for the accommodation facility focused on segment of the families with children. The secondary objectives include analysing market conditions in selected area, finding the needs and requirements of potential customers, finding possible support suitable for the accommodation facility and determine whether the proposed accommodation facility is able to succeed on present tourism market. The thesis has two parts. The theoretic part includes literate review focused on tourism, accommodation services, accommodation facilities, families with children, business plan and its parts. The practical part is made up by a proposal for a particular business plan for families with children.

This bachelor project investigates how to design a virtual reality (VR) user experience test to analyze the effect that the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) has on a users ability to judge focus. Furthermore, we want to investigate how the amount of depth cues can affect a user's perception of this conflict in VR. A user experience test has been designed through an iterative process where the prototype has gone through smaller user tests between each iteration. We validate the design through testing a larger number of participants, where we gather subjective data through the use of the “Think Aloud Method” as well as data based on the user's interactions within the test environment. Analyzed results show that the absence of depth cues makes it significantly harder for users to judge depth and focus, and that the presence of an additional reference-object in many cases is enough to assist users with this issue. Furthermore, we notice better user performance at closer distances. The aim of this investigation is to provide more information surrounding the perception of VAC, as it is one of the few issues within the VR industry that prevents us from experiencing depth in virtual worlds in a more realistic way. / Detta kandidatarbete undersöker hur man kan designa ett test i virtuell verklighet (VR) kring användarens upplevelse för att analysera effekten som "Vergence-Accommodation Conflict” (VAC) har på användarens förmåga att bedöma fokus. Vidare vill vi också ta reda på hur mängden ledtrådar för djupseende kan påverka användarens upplevelse av denna konflikt i VR. Ett test för användarens upplevelse har designats genom en iterativ process där prototypen genomgått mindre tester mellan iterationerna. Designen valideras genom ett större användartest där vi samlar subjektiv data genom användning av “Think Aloud Method” samt data baserat på användarens interaktion i testmiljön. Analyserad data visar att frånvaron av ledtrådar för djup har en betydande påverkan på användarens förmåga att bedöma djup och fokus, samt att närvaron av ytterligare ett referensobjekt i många fall är tillräckligt för att hjälpa användaren med detta problem. Vidare har vi kunnat se en bättre prestationsförmåga hos användarna på närmare distanser. Syftet med denna undersökning är att tillföra mer information kring upplevelsen av VAC, då det är ett av de få problem inom VR-industrin som hindrar oss från att uppleva djup i virtuella världar på ett mer realistiskt sätt.

Die Aktivität des Hippocampus im Tiefschlaf ist geprägt durch sharp wave-ripple Komplexe (SPW-R): kurze (50–100 ms) Phasen mit erhöhter neuronaler Aktivität, moduliert durch eine schnelle “Ripple”-Oszillation (140–220 Hz). SPW-R werden mit Gedächtniskonsolidierung in Verbindung gebracht, aber ihr Ursprung ist unklar. Sowohl exzitatorische als auch inhibitorische Neuronpopulationen könnten die Oszillation generieren. Diese Arbeit analysiert Ripple-Oszillationen in inhibitorischen Netzwerkmodellen auf mikro-, meso- und makroskopischer Ebene und zeigt auf, wie die Ripple-Dynamik von exzitatorischem Input, inhibitorischer Kopplungsstärke und dem Rauschmodell abhängt. Zuerst wird ein stark getriebenes Interneuron-Netzwerk mit starker, verzögerter Kopplung analysiert. Es wird eine Theorie entwickelt, die die Drift-bedingte Feuerdynamik im Mean-field Grenzfall beschreibt. Die Ripple-Frequenz und die Dynamik der Membranpotentiale werden analytisch als Funktion des Inputs und der Netzwerkparameter angenähert. Die Theorie erklärt, warum die Ripple-Frequenz im Verlauf eines SPW-R-Ereignisses sinkt (intra-ripple frequency accommodation, IFA). Weiterhin zeigt eine numerische Analyse, dass ein alternatives Modell, basierend auf einem transienten Störungseffekt in einer schwach gekoppelten Interneuron-Population, unter biologisch plausiblen Annahmen keine IFA erzeugen kann. IFA kann somit zur Modellauswahl beitragen und deutet auf starke, verzögerte inhibitorische Kopplung als plausiblen Mechanismus hin. Schließlich wird die Anwendbarkeit eines kürzlich entwickelten mesoskopischen Ansatzes für die effiziente Simulation von Ripples in endlich großen Netzwerken geprüft. Dabei wird das Rauschen nicht im Input der Neurone beschrieben, sondern als stochastisches Feuern entsprechend einer Hazard-Rate. Es wird untersucht, wie die Wahl des Hazards die dynamische Suszeptibilität einzelner Neurone, und damit die Ripple-Dynamik in rekurrenten Interneuron-Netzwerken beeinflusst. / Hippocampal activity during sleep or rest is characterized by sharp wave-ripples (SPW-Rs): transient (50–100 ms) periods of elevated neuronal activity modulated by a fast oscillation — the ripple (140–220 Hz). SPW-Rs have been linked to memory consolidation, but their generation mechanism remains unclear. Multiple potential mechanisms have been proposed, relying on excitation and/or inhibition as the main pacemaker. This thesis analyzes ripple oscillations in inhibitory network models at micro-, meso-, and macroscopic scales and elucidates how the ripple dynamics depends on the excitatory drive, inhibitory coupling strength, and the noise model. First, an interneuron network under strong drive and strong coupling with delay is analyzed. A theory is developed that captures the drift-mediated spiking dynamics in the mean-field limit. The ripple frequency as well as the underlying dynamics of the membrane potential distribution are approximated analytically as a function of the external drive and network parameters. The theory explains why the ripple frequency decreases over the course of an event (intra-ripple frequency accommodation, IFA). Furthermore, numerical analysis shows that an alternative inhibitory ripple model, based on a transient ringing effect in a weakly coupled interneuron population, cannot account for IFA under biologically realistic assumptions. IFA can thus guide model selection and provides new support for strong, delayed inhibitory coupling as a mechanism for ripple generation. Finally, a recently proposed mesoscopic integration scheme is tested as a potential tool for the efficient numerical simulation of ripple dynamics in networks of finite size. This approach requires a switch of the noise model, from noisy input to stochastic output spiking mediated by a hazard function. It is demonstrated how the choice of a hazard function affects the linear response of single neurons and therefore the ripple dynamics in a recurrent interneuron network.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck and shoulders is common among workers performing visually demanding near work, e.g., on a computer screen, and sustained low-level muscle activity during such work can lead to work-related pain. The relationships between visual demands and muscle activity and discomfort in the neck/shoulder region are at present unclear. Aim: The aims of this thesis were to determine whether neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increases during visually demanding experimental near work, and to investigate whether eye-lens accommodation is a mediating mechanism behind increased trapezius muscle activity. Methods: The four papers included are based on two experiments with different visually demanding near work tasks (duration 5 and 7 min). Trial lenses of different diopters were used to manipulate the visual demands (i.e., induce more or less accommodation) and thereby create different viewing conditions. Monocular viewing, which does not require active convergence, was used to examine the isolated effect of accommodation. Eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity were measured continuously during the visual tasks, and in one experiment the participants rated their eye and neck/shoulder discomfort at baseline and after each visual task. Results: Neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increased during the visually demanding near work and participants experiencing a greater increase in eye discomfort (compared with baseline) also developed more neck/shoulder discomfort with time. There were no significant differences in muscle activity among the viewing conditions, and no effect of isolated accommodation response within the monocular viewing conditions. Conclusion: These findings indicate that accommodation per se is unlikely to mediate trapezius muscle activity. Instead, the increase in trapezius muscle activity observed here may be due to a combination of high visual attention and enhanced requirement for eye-neck (head) stabilisation. Since these results suggest that neck/shoulder discomfort may aggravate with time when the visual demands are high, it is important to provide good visual conditions in connection with visually demanding occupations. / Introduktion: Muskelrelaterade besvär i nack- och skulderområdet är vanligt förekommande, framförallt hos individer som utför synkrävande datorarbete. En orsak till sådana besvär anses vara långvarig lågintensiv aktivitet i dessa muskler. Det är i dagsläget oklart om de belastningar som synsystemet utsätts för vid synkrävande arbete bidrar till ökad muskelaktivitet i nack/skulderregionen. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka om experimentellt synkrävande närarbete påverkar muskelaktivitet och besvär i nack/skulderregionen, och att undersöka om aktivitet i trapezius muskeln (kappmuskeln) påverkas av ögats ackommodation, d.v.s. när linsens brytkraft förändras för att se skarpt på nära håll. Metod: De fyra delstudierna baseras på två laborativa experiment där försökspersoner (66 respektive 26 stycken) genomförde olika synkrävande uppgifter (fem och sju minuter långa). För att göra synuppgifterna mer eller mindre ansträngande för synsystemet användes linser med olika grad av brytkraft (dioptrier). Dessutom, eftersom monokulärt seende inte kräver aktiv konvergens, genomfördes tre av de fyra synuppgifterna i ena experimentet med ett öga för att undersöka den enskilda effekten av ackommodation. En autorefraktor mätte ögats ackommodation under synuppgifterna och aktiviteten i trapeziusmuskeln registreades kontinuerligt med elektromyografi (EMG). I samband med det ena experimentet skattade deltagarna sina upplevda ögon- och nack/skulderbesvär, både före experimentet (baslinje) och efter varje synuppgift. Resultat: Det synkrävande arbetet ökade både de självskattade nack/skulderbesvären och muskelaktiviteten i trapezius. De personer som upplevde en högre ökning av ögonbesvär (i förhållande till baslinjen), rapporterade också mer nack/skulderbesvär över tid. Det var varken någon signifikant skillnad i grad av muskelaktivitet mellan synuppgifterna, eller något signifikant samband mellan monokulär ackommodation och muskelaktivitet. Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar att ögats ackommodation, i sig, inte påverkar muskelaktiviteten i trapezius. Ökad muskelaktivitet i nack/skulderregionen i anslutning till synkrävande arbete kan istället bero på en kombination av höga krav på visuell uppmärksamhet och ett ökat behov av att stabilisera ögonen (huvudet) i förhållande till objektet i fokus (t.ex. texten på en bildskärm). Eftersom resultaten tyder på att synkrävande närarbete leder till ökade besvär i nack/skuldraregionen över tid, är det viktigt att utforma arbetsplatser och synkrävande arbetsuppgifter (t.ex. vid datorn) på ett sätt som främjar visuell hälsa.

Based on the human ecological pyramid described by Robert Ezra Park, the founder of Human Ecology at Chicago School of Sociology around 1920 (Park 1952; visualized by Teherani-Krönner 1992), Duncan developed his model for comprehensive research on changes in human societies. He believed that scientific analysis had to include the interplay and interaction of the following components: population (P), organization (O), environment (E) and technology (T). This research frame – POET - became known as the Ecological Complex visualized as a rhombus (Duncan 1959; Teherani-Krönner 1992; Teherani-Krönner 2014). Such an approach needs inter- and transdisciplinary research methodologies. Combining this human ecological model with theoretical and conceptual approaches in gender studies (Boserup 1970, Teherani-Krönner 2014) will open a new perspective to gender sensitive environmental researches. As the UNDP has stated: “human development if not engendered, is endangered”. This simple but far-reaching message of Human Development Report (UNDP 1995) should be taken more seriously into account in theoretical and practical work (gender mainstreaming and gender budgeting). The gender gap (FAO 2011) will be a roadblock to sustainable environmental development (Jacobson 1992) under climate change conditions. Therefore the POET model needs to be engendered. The paper will present a new concept and a methodological framework to discover natural and cultural resources with regard to climate change accommodation. / Trên cơ sở tháp sinh thái nhân văn có lồng ghép giới được xây dựng bởi Robert Ezra Park, nhà sáng lập ngành học về sinh thái nhân văn tại trường Khoa học xã hội Chicago vào khoảng năm 1920 (Park 1952; do Teherani-Krönner thể hiện năm 1992), Duncan đã phát triển một mô hình nghiên cứu toàn diện về sự thay đổi trong xã hội loài người. Ông cho rằng các phân tích khoa học cần phải bao gồm sự tương tác qua lại giữa các thành tố sau: dân số (P), tổ chức (O), môi trường (E), và công nghệ (T). Khung nghiên cứu này được gọi tắt là POET, được biết tới với tên gọi tổ hợp sinh thái, và được thể hiện bằng hình ảnh của một hình thoi (Duncan 1959; Teherani-Krönner 1992; Teherani-Krönner 2014). Cách tiếp cận này cần phải sử dụng các phương pháp nghiên cứu liên ngành và đa ngành. Kết hợp mô hình sinh thái nhân văn với các cách tiếp cận về lý thuyết và định nghĩa trong các nghiên cứu về giới (Boserup 1970, Teherani-Krönner 2014) sẽ mở ra một hướng nghiên cứu mới đối với các nghiên cứu về môi trường có liên quan tới nhạy cảm giới. Tổ chức Phát triển LHQ (UNDP) đã nêu rõ: “Nếu sự phát triển của con người không tính đến vấn đề giới, sự phát triển đó sẽ gặp trở ngại”. Thông điệp đơn giản nhưng hàm chứa này được nêu trong báo cáo: Phát triển con người của UNDP (1995) cần được xem xét một cách nghiêm túc hơn trong lý thuyết và thực tiễn (lồng ghép giới và lập ngân sách có tính đến vấn đề giới). Khoảng cách về giới (FAO 2011) sẽ là một cản trở trên con đường phát triển môi trường bền vững (Jacobson 1992) trong các điều kiện biến đổi khí hậu hiện tại. Do đó, mô hình POET cần được xem xét cả từ góc độ giới. Bài viết đưa ra một khái niệm mới và một khung phương pháp logic nhằm phát hiện các nguồn lực tự nhiên và văn hóa trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu.

越南與中國山海毗連，古來交通頻繁，華人或為謀生或為避禍，流寓至斯者不可勝數。如與其他華人移民社會相比，越南華人社會源遠流長，堪稱最為悠久的海外華人社群，是故越南華人研究於華僑華人研究、東南亞史、中外交通史，以及族群關係等領域皆有一定之學術價值。 越南華人的華語能力何以普遍低落？社會地位何以長期不振？凡此越南華人生活之樣貌，泰半歸因於早先越南政府其華人政策執行之結果。越南歷經君主、殖民、威權、共產政權的統治，在不同的歷史階段裡，華人扮演著不同的角色，他們或為當局開疆拓土的能臣、或為外交攻防的棋子、或為國家發展的障礙、或為繁榮經濟的夥伴，各政權與華人之關係固有良窳，其華人政策自有異同。 筆者擬視第二次世界大戰後越南之華人政策為一「(從屬)族裔政策」(policies vis-a-vis ethnic subordinates)，藉由二戰後越南華人政策編年史之重建，期解析歷任越南政府(法國越南殖民政府、越南民主共和國、越南共和國，乃至於越南社會主義共和國)華人政策之特質與導因，俾闡明越南華人政策自「強制性同化(Compulsory Assimilation)」趨向「包容(Accommodation)」之歷程。 就華人政策之特質而言，「政策意識形態」的內涵自然是一項重點(筆者將「(強制性)同化」或「包容」等主義皆視為一「政策意識形態」)，但如何對「政策意識形態」進行系統化分析，乃是關鍵所在。吾人將以「族裔互動指標」(亦即Gordon(1964)之「同化變項」)推論幾種不同「意識形態」取向的「政策原型」，進而以「政策原型」作為判斷實際「政策意識形態」之準據。 經由各章討論，本研究乃有以下發現：(一)第二次世界大戰以來，越南之華人政策體現了華人在族裔結構中之被動與羸弱，其從屬情境已然僵固；(二)就「政策意識形態」而言，第二次世界大戰後越南之華人政策原係以「同化」為主，迄1980年中期轉趨「包容」，惟無論同化抑或包容，乃至於在越南共和國時代對華人採取的「去特權化」，旨皆在造成越南華人之「在地化」；(三)二戰後歷任越南政府之華人政策側重於改造華人之社會結構與族裔意識；(四)二戰後歷任越南政府其「政體意識形態」與「華人政策意識形態」之相關性並不顯著：(五)綜觀二戰後歷任越南政府之華人政策，其導因主要包括「越南政府與中國政府之雙邊關係(越南對中國之依賴程度)」、「越南政府對華人之基本態度」，以及「越南政府之經濟戰略」三項。 (本論文榮獲2005年中研院亞太區域研究專題中心碩士論文獎助) / From the ancient time, ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese have been in contact with each other persistently since China and Vietnam are linked by mountains and rivers. Thousands of ethnic Chinese have flowed into and resided in Vietnam to earn a living and to run away from calamities in the past. Comparing with other overseas ethnic Chinese communities around the world, those in Vietnam have had a distant source and a long stream. Hence the study of ethnic Chinese in Vietnam has a number of academic benefits from understanding of overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese, to the study of Southeast Asia history, to the study of the communication between China and abroad, and to the study of interaction among ethnic groups. How does the ethnic Chinese in Vietnam lose their Mandarin ability? Why do they have an inferior social status? All of these features of ethnic Chinese in Vietnam could be a result of the implementation of Vietnam's policy toward ethnic Chinese. In Vietnam's history, there were assorted political stages, including monarchy, colonialism, authoritarianism, and communism, to name a few. Vietnam's ethnic Chinese have been participating in varied roles during these political times, including a pioneer in exploring barren lands, a chess-man in the diplomatic board game, an obstruction to the national development, and a business partner. Because of this complicated relationship with ethnic Chinese, every authority in Vietnam has established different policies toward ethnic Chinese as well. In this thesis, the author assumes that Vietnam's policies toward ethnic Chinese equate to policies vis-à-vis ethnic subordinates. Through the process of reconstructing the chronicle of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese policies after World War Two, this author is going to analyze the characteristics and the factors of these various policies from each Vietnamese authority (i.e., the so- called Vietnamese authorities including the French authority in Vietnam(1945-1954), Republic of Vietnam(1955-1975), Democratic Republic of Vietnam(1954-1975), and Socialist Republic of Vietnam(1975-2003))in order to enucleate the ideology of these policies that have been transformed from “Compulsory Assimilation” to “Accommodation.” As to the characteristics of ethnic Chinese policy of each authority, several questions are examined: “what is the ideology of each authority's ethnic Chinese policy?” is supposed to be a focus (The author is going to take “Compulsory Assimilation” or “Accommodation” as a sort of “ideology of policy”). Moreover, “how to analyze the ideology of ethnic Chinese policy that belongs to each authority?” is definitely a weight-bearing point. The author will use a so-called “index of interaction among ethnic groups (which was evolved from Gordon's (1964) variables of assimilation)”to theorize several “policy prototypes” dependent on each “ideology of policy”. According to these “policy prototypes”, we may analyze each authority's ideology of ethnic Chinese policy in detail. This research has five conclusions: 1. Vietnam's policy toward ethnic Chinese after WWⅡ embodies the passive and emaciated position in the Vietnam's ethnic structure; the subordinate status of ethnic Chinese has been enforced by the Vietnamese authority. 2. Speaking of the ideology of each authority's ethnic Chinese policy after WWⅡ, the main purpose of the policy had been “Compulsory Assimilation” in the very beginning; then it moved downwards to “Accommodation” in the middle of the 1980s; however, whether it was “Compulsory Assimilation” or “Accommodation”, these two ideologies of ethnic policy both caused Vietnamese ethnic Chinese's localization. 3. Vietnam's policy toward ethnic Chinese after WWⅡ specifically emphasized on reforming the social framework of ethnic Chinese and their ethnic awareness. 4. The extent of the interrelation between “the ideology of the authority” and “the ideology of the authority's ethnic Chinese policy” is low and unclear. 5. To make a comprehensive survey, this author has summed up three factors for Vietnam's policy toward ethnic Chinese after WWⅡ, and these factors are “the bilateral relationship between the Vietnamese and the Chinese governments (the extent of Vietnam's dependence upon China),”“the basic attitude of the Vietnamese authority toward ethnic Chinese,” and “the Vietnamese authority's economical strategy.” (This thesis has been rewarded a prize for MA Student Research Grants in 2005 by Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies (CAPAS), Academia Sinica, Republic of China(Taiwan).)