Worldwide, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic has proven to be a health care challenge from the perspective of testing and treatment, including how to create sustainable positive prevention, prevention after becoming HIV positive, that is culturally relevant and gender sensitive. South Africa has been severely affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic and the agricultural sector is no exception. This statement is supported by the findings of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) study. According to an IOM study, the HIV prevalence rate among farm workers in the country is about 40%, the highest ever recorded in Southern Africa. A study conducted in Limpopo and Mpumalanga farms revealed that the prevalence of the twenty-three farms was 39, 5% which is twice the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS) national prevalence percentage of 18, 1% in South Africa. The researchers of this study could not pin-point a single factor causing this high rate of HIV infection on these farms. A multitude of factors, such as multiple and concurrent partnerships, transactional sex, irregular condom use, presence of sexually transmitted infections and sexual violence. The research also showed that almost half of the women working on farms around these provinces are HIV positive, compared to only a third of the male workforce. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of culture and gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS among farm workers in South Africa; with the view of developing culture and gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies. descriptive and explorative qualitative approach was adopted. In depth individual semi-structured interviews were used to explore and describe the role of culture and gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS among farm workers. Purposive and convenient sampling methods were used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria in the Tshitwani and Barota farming community in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Religious and cultural beliefs were believed to be fuelling the spread of HIV among farm workers. Multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom usage was common among participants. It was evident that stigma and social isolation leading to non- disclosure had adverse repercussions as some participants stated that they would spread HIV intentionally. Powerlessness and lack of decision-making by female farm workers was common as they were dependent on their male partners to make decisions regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Conclusion: More HIV prevention programmes tailored to dispel fears about stigma and correct myths about HIV-transmission should reach ordinary men and women in order to curb the spread of HIV among farm workers. The researcher believes that the strategies that emanate from this study would be applied in other settings other than the farming community. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The research aims at investigate the production process of the video |Mulheres Mangabeiras| (mangaba pickers women) in order to verify whether and how there was use of participatory methods. This is a qualitative and descriptive research, based on methodological procedures such as literature review and data collection through open interviews. Data analysis layed upon extracts from women speeches, which contains indicators about their involvement in ex tractive production, as well as their perceptions about public visibility and empowerment offered by the video production. The results show that mangabeiras were protagonists in a kind of participatory communication, pointing to the potential of participatory processes in audiovisual production as a reaffirmation of individual and collective identities, which also brings out critical mind, dialogue promotion and a conflict management tool. / A pesquisa tem como objeto a investigação do processo produção do vídeo "Mulheres Mangabeiras", visando verificar se e como houve emprego de métodos participativos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza descritiva, tendo como procedimentos metodológicos a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas abertas. A análise dos dados, realizada a partir de extratos de indicadores nas falas, buscou verificar o tipo de participação dessas extrativistas na produção, bem como suas percepções acerca da visibilidade pública e das ações de empoderamento proporcionadas pelo vídeo. Os resultados demonstram que as mangabeiras foram protagonistas de um tipo de comunicação participativa, apontando para as potencialidades dos processos participativos na produção audiovisual enquanto ferramenta de reafirmação de identidades individuais e coletivas, reflexão crítica, promoção de diálogo e administração de conflitos.

The research aims at investigate the production process of the video |Mulheres Mangabeiras| (mangaba pickers women) in order to verify whether and how there was use of participatory methods. This is a qualitative and descriptive research, based on methodological procedures such as literature review and data collection through open interviews. Data analysis layed upon extracts from women speeches, which contains indicators about their involvement in ex tractive production, as well as their perceptions about public visibility and empowerment offered by the video production. The results show that mangabeiras were protagonists in a kind of participatory communication, pointing to the potential of participatory processes in audiovisual production as a reaffirmation of individual and collective identities, which also brings out critical mind, dialogue promotion and a conflict management tool. / A pesquisa tem como objeto a investigação do processo produção do vídeo "Mulheres Mangabeiras", visando verificar se e como houve emprego de métodos participativos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza descritiva, tendo como procedimentos metodológicos a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas abertas. A análise dos dados, realizada a partir de extratos de indicadores nas falas, buscou verificar o tipo de participação dessas extrativistas na produção, bem como suas percepções acerca da visibilidade pública e das ações de empoderamento proporcionadas pelo vídeo. Os resultados demonstram que as mangabeiras foram protagonistas de um tipo de comunicação participativa, apontando para as potencialidades dos processos participativos na produção audiovisual enquanto ferramenta de reafirmação de identidades individuais e coletivas, reflexão crítica, promoção de diálogo e administração de conflitos.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Intituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T04:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guanais_JulianaBiondi1985-_M.pdf: 1924997 bytes, checksum: 1e82d201be630117858ee74e6bd332fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Partindo de um estudo de caso, focalizado na Usina Açucareira Ester S.A. (localizada em Cosmópolis, interior de São Paulo), a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo central a análise do Quadra fechada, um sistema alternativo de aferição da quantidade de cana cortada, que foi implantado somente na referida usina, em 1998, após um processo de negociação entre a mesma e o Sindicato dos Empregados Rurais de Cosmópolis. Assim, ao longo da dissertação, são abordadas temáticas relacionadas ao Quadra fechada, tais como: a histórica reivindicação dos trabalhadores assalariados rurais para controlarem sua produção, demanda essa de extrema importância e que está intimamente associada ao pagamento por produção, forma de remuneração que atrela o salário dos trabalhadores rurais à quantidade de cana cortada por eles. A pesquisa teve como base a perspectiva relacional, e buscou analisar as estratégias dos diferentes agentes sociais envolvidos com o Quadra fechada, quais sejam: os representantes da Usina Ester, seus cortadores de cana, e os dirigentes do Sindicato dos Empregados Rurais de Cosmópolis. Juntamente com as entrevistas realizadas, buscou-se observar as práticas e as condutas dos agentes sociais, observações essas que serviram como aporte para todo o trabalho de contextualização dos relatos colhidos / Abstract: Based on a fieldwork case developed at the Ester S.A. sugar cane mills (at Cosmópolis, countryside of São Paulo State, Brazil) the research presented here has as a central goal the analyses of Quadra Fechada (closed court), that is an alternative system to measure the total quantity of cane cut. This measurement system is working solely at Ester S.A. and is the result of a negotiation between the industry and the Rural Workers Union of Cosmópolis in 1998. Therefore, will be part of this thesis subject some kind of discussion and debates related to Quadra Fechada as for example: The historical cane cutters claim for controlling their production, that is an extremely important demand because deals directly with the system that associates the payment amount with production quantity; and also the debate of the system itself that directly relate payment amount with the quantity of cane cut. Besides that the research was built at a relational perspective made clear by the analyses of the different social agents involved with Quadra Fechada strategies as: Ester Mills representatives, its sugar cane cutters, and the Rural Workers Union leaders. The main interest was to observe the practices and conducts/manners of the social agents at the fieldwork. Those observations were of tremendous importance as they served as contribuition to the hole contextualization of the reports collected as interviews or orally / Mestrado / Sociologia Rural / Mestre em Sociologia

This doctorate thesis aims to analyze the spatial reconfigurations established in the capital territory under the domain of the sugarcane harvest business on the basis of the new work and production relationships in the agrarian market through the sugarcane harvesters in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. With the thesis is that society is not actually facing the loss of work centrality, but the intensification of the extraction of the highest capital value based on the logic of structural unemployment which fails to comply with alterations on the official work legislation and workers. rights, allowing the worker to be subjected to degrading working conditions, analogous to slavery, with no work insurance. This work analysis is based on the historic materialistic method which allows a procedural reading of the internality and externality movements dynamic in the multifaceted connection network among the State, capital and work in local-, national-, world-scale interconnections, changing the content of the capital and work relationships to the oppression and over exploration in the extraction of work time not paid to the sugarcane cutting workers. This reality is faced by sugarcane cutting workers who live in precarious life and work conditions, being susceptible to capital, guarantying the agrarian business to keep its high value extraction rates. The forms of disguising were detached from the migration of workers for the realization of the sugarcane activity in other counties and / or other states, they need to stay in the accommodation companies in the harvest period. Conditions of ethnicity, gender and age present in the cane sugar activity, with marks of a work in which the principal is in ensuring the productivity and profitability of companies. The capital expansion (subjected to the Law of Value), always seeking higher profits, creates, as a result of its contradictory nature, a tendency to a decrease in profit, therefore it tends to a crisis. It.s understood that the liberal policies enable higher profit rates, but on the other hand it has caused a structural crisis. Nowadays, society has been experiencing a structural crisis of universal proportions and consequently the structural unemployment. / O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é analisar as reconfigurações espaciais estabelecidas nos territórios do capital sob o jugo do modelo do agronegócio da cana-de-açúcar a partir das novas relações de trabalho e da produção no espaço agrário sergipano através dos trabalhadores canavieiros. Com a tese que se vivencia não a perda da centralidade do trabalho, mas a intensificação da extração de mais-valor pelo capital a partir da lógica do desemprego estrutural que favorece o não cumprimento e a alteração oficial da legislação e dos direitos trabalhistas, permitindo cada vez mais que o trabalhador seja submetido a trabalho degradante, análogo à escravidão, sem nenhuma seguridade trabalhista. A análise está sustentada no método do materialismo histórico-dialético, que permite a leitura processual da dinâmica dos movimentos da internalidade e externalidade da rede de conexões da relação multifacetada entre Estado, capital e trabalho nas interconexões escalares local/nacional/mundial, alterando o conteúdo das relações capital e trabalho para a opressão e superexploração na extração do tempo de trabalho não pago dos cortadores de cana-de-açúcar. Esta realidade está presente nos trabalhadores do corte da cana que vivem em condições precárias de vida e de trabalho, tornando-se móvel para o capital garantindo ao agronegócio altíssimas taxas de extração de mais valor. As formas de travestimento foram destacadas a partir dos movimentos migratórios dos trabalhadores para a realização da atividade canavieira em outros municípios e/ou outros estados, que necessitam ficar nos alojamentos das empresas no período da safra. Das condições de etnia, de gênero e de idade presentes na atividade da cana-de-açúcar, sendo marcas de um trabalho em que o principal está na garantia da produtividade e lucratividade das empresas. A expansão do capital (submetida à lei do valor), sempre em busca de lucros crescentes, gera, por sua natureza contraditória, uma tendência à queda da taxa de lucro, logo uma tendência à crise. As políticas liberalizantes possibilitaram elevadas taxas de lucratividade, mas, contraditoriamente, provocaram uma crise estrutural. Atualmente vivencia-se uma crise estrutural de caráter universal e, consequentemente, o desemprego estrutural.

The education of the children of migrant farmworkers is difficult to manage because of their mobile lifestyle. The dropout rate of these children is extremely high and remains the highest of any group in the United States. This project offers an historical overview of the creation and development of the migrant education programs of today. After examining sample distance learning programs and their important components, this project features a model distance-learning program for migrants. The goal is to create distance learning programs that will allow migrant children to continue school as they travel, guide them to graduation, and lead them toward higher education.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die Landelike Stigting poog om deur die proses van gemeenskapsontwikkeling die lewenstandaard en ontwikkelingspeil van die plaaswerkergemeenskap te verhoog. Binne hierdie proses word volwasse onderwys as belangrike instrument aangewend. Vervolgens is die probleem wat nagevors is die toepassing van volwasse onderwys deur die Landelike Stigting binne landelike ontwikkeling. Eerstens is ondersoek ingestel na die doelstellings en filosofiese orientasies van volwasse onderwys. Binne hierdie kognitiewe raamwerk het hierdie studie tweedens die bepaling van die Landelike Stigting se filosofie en doelstellings behels. Die Landelike Stigting se volwasse onderwysprogram toon duidelike ooreenkomste met radikale volwasse onderwysdenke. Die teoretiese onderbou van die program is vereenselwigbaar met kontemporere ontwikkelingsdenke wat mensgesentreerde, deelnemende en handhawingsontwikkeling beklemtoon en fokus op ontwikkeling as 'n leerproses. Met hul teoretiese uitgangspunte slaag die Landelike Stigting daarin om 'n volwasse onderwysprogram daar te stel wat nie-rassige, nieseksistiese en demokratiese leerbeginsels ondersteun. Hierdie uitgangspunte manifesteer egter tans nie in die praktyk nie. / The Rural Foundation strives to promote the living standard and level of development of the farm worker community through the process of community development. Adult education is an important instrument within this process. Consequently the problem researched is the application of adult education in rural development. Firstly, the objectives and philosophical orientations of adult education were explored. Following from this cognitive framework this study secondly determined the objectives and philosophy of the Rural Foundation. The adult education programme of the Rural Foundation closely corresponds to radical adult education thinking. The theoret i ca 1 substructure of the programme is comp at i b 1 e with contemporary deve 1 opment thought which emphasises people-centred, participatory and sustainable development and focuses on development as a learning process. With their theoretical premises, the Rural Foundation succeeds in establishing an adult education programme which supports non-racial, non-sexist and democratic learning principles. However, these premises do not manifest in practice. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Administration)

No description available.

Purpose This research project was an attempt to determine situational aspects of HIV and AIDS among the designated farming communities in the Vhembe and Mopani districts of Limpopo Province. Questions arising from the pilot project were premised on the capacity of farmers in these areas to adequately address the daunting reality and prevalence of HIV and AIDS in their communities. Research Design and Methodology The research was designed to facilitate the integration of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample of 228 respondents was involved in a triangulated participatory action research method. To the extent that the data collection techniques were triangulated in both nature and focus, HIV/AIDS-related data and information within the designated farming communities was attained with a maximum degree of validity. The data collection techniques used in this regard were: questionnaires, which were distributed to 228 respondents; participant observation; exploratory investigation; unstructured interviews; naturalistic observation; focus group interviews and discussion; and review of documents. The reviewed documents include (primary) sources on HIV/AIDS by the Department of Health and (secondary) sources of literature by various authors presenting a range of perspectives on HIV/AIDS in farming areas. Findings The results of the study revealed the absence of a coordinated policy on HIV/AIDS in particular, and health in general; and a vacuous prevalence of basic HIV/AIDS-related information. For instance, knowledge on condom usage as a prevention strategy was ostensibly scant. Currently, primary healthcare services in the area are not available. The sampled farm workers themselves unanimously corroborated that there was no HIV/AIDS policy on the SAFM farms. Conclusion Based on the main findings established above, it has become indispensable that comprehensive and multidisciplinary HIV/AIDS policy interventions be initiated by all the relevant stakeholders. Local and provincial healthcare authorities need to provide policy guidelines for the development of such policy, taking the particular needs and circumstances of farm workers. The pervasive degree of insufficient HIV/AIDS knowledge among this group necessitates that such a policy should integrate both a labour perspective and healthcare orientation, rather than perpetuating a separation of the two paradigms. This form of integration ensures that the observance of a human rights dimension becomes a sacrosanct component of the prevention of HIV/AIDS among farm workers, as well as their education concerning their healthcare-related rights as farm employees. Furthermore, the prevalence of a national HIV and AIDS policy is mainly aimed at facilitating broad guidelines, not addressing the specific contexts of every public, corporate and rural employment sector (DoH, 2007: 11-12; Muhlemann, et al., 1992: 479). In order that the education, prevention and treatment initiatives in the Vhembe and Mopani farming communities are achieved, the most important parameters of the policy should indicate: ,,X The systematic institutionalisation of local, provincial, and national HIV and AIDS programmes, notwithstanding the provision of healthcare facilities such as clinics; ,,X The promotion of basic healthcare education in general, and HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention among farm workers in particular; ,,X The development of HIV/AIDS work place policy by SAFM as employer; ,,X The systematic involvement and formation of partnerships between policy makers, local and international funders, HIV/AIDS healthcare workers and practitioners, NGOs and SAFM. As a critical factor and unit of analysis in the study, SAFM is expected to fulfil a developmental function among its employees, their families, and the local communities. This function could be enhanced further with the collaboration between SAFM and other farmers in the distribution of basic information regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases at the workplace, as well as extensive healthcare education and training for their farming personnel. Trained personnel, especially managers, are a salient factor in the implementation of organisational health and safety requirements (DoH, 2007: 6, 8; Muhlemann, et al., 1992: 478-479). / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Purpose This research project was an attempt to determine situational aspects of HIV and AIDS among the designated farming communities in the Vhembe and Mopani districts of Limpopo Province. Questions arising from the pilot project were premised on the capacity of farmers in these areas to adequately address the daunting reality and prevalence of HIV and AIDS in their communities. Research Design and Methodology The research was designed to facilitate the integration of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample of 228 respondents was involved in a triangulated participatory action research method. To the extent that the data collection techniques were triangulated in both nature and focus, HIV/AIDS-related data and information within the designated farming communities was attained with a maximum degree of validity. The data collection techniques used in this regard were: questionnaires, which were distributed to 228 respondents; participant observation; exploratory investigation; unstructured interviews; naturalistic observation; focus group interviews and discussion; and review of documents. The reviewed documents include (primary) sources on HIV/AIDS by the Department of Health and (secondary) sources of literature by various authors presenting a range of perspectives on HIV/AIDS in farming areas. Findings The results of the study revealed the absence of a coordinated policy on HIV/AIDS in particular, and health in general; and a vacuous prevalence of basic HIV/AIDS-related information. For instance, knowledge on condom usage as a prevention strategy was ostensibly scant. Currently, primary healthcare services in the area are not available. The sampled farm workers themselves unanimously corroborated that there was no HIV/AIDS policy on the SAFM farms. Conclusion Based on the main findings established above, it has become indispensable that comprehensive and multidisciplinary HIV/AIDS policy interventions be initiated by all the relevant stakeholders. Local and provincial healthcare authorities need to provide policy guidelines for the development of such policy, taking the particular needs and circumstances of farm workers. The pervasive degree of insufficient HIV/AIDS knowledge among this group necessitates that such a policy should integrate both a labour perspective and healthcare orientation, rather than perpetuating a separation of the two paradigms. This form of integration ensures that the observance of a human rights dimension becomes a sacrosanct component of the prevention of HIV/AIDS among farm workers, as well as their education concerning their healthcare-related rights as farm employees. Furthermore, the prevalence of a national HIV and AIDS policy is mainly aimed at facilitating broad guidelines, not addressing the specific contexts of every public, corporate and rural employment sector (DoH, 2007: 11-12; Muhlemann, et al., 1992: 479). In order that the education, prevention and treatment initiatives in the Vhembe and Mopani farming communities are achieved, the most important parameters of the policy should indicate: ,,X The systematic institutionalisation of local, provincial, and national HIV and AIDS programmes, notwithstanding the provision of healthcare facilities such as clinics; ,,X The promotion of basic healthcare education in general, and HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention among farm workers in particular; ,,X The development of HIV/AIDS work place policy by SAFM as employer; ,,X The systematic involvement and formation of partnerships between policy makers, local and international funders, HIV/AIDS healthcare workers and practitioners, NGOs and SAFM. As a critical factor and unit of analysis in the study, SAFM is expected to fulfil a developmental function among its employees, their families, and the local communities. This function could be enhanced further with the collaboration between SAFM and other farmers in the distribution of basic information regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases at the workplace, as well as extensive healthcare education and training for their farming personnel. Trained personnel, especially managers, are a salient factor in the implementation of organisational health and safety requirements (DoH, 2007: 6, 8; Muhlemann, et al., 1992: 478-479). / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)