The Beaverdell silver, gold, lead, zinc, vein camp is located approximately 88 km south of Kelowna, in south-central British Columbia at 49.43° north latitude and 119.06° west longtitude. The camp has been a silver producer since the turn of the century and some gold was produced in the early part of the century. This thesis examines the deposits in the regional area and examines, in detail, zoning in the Lass vein system on Wallace Mountain, and represents the first comprehensive study of zoning and genesis of the veins. Galena-lead isotopes are examined within the regional setting of the deposits. Fluid inclusion, sulphur isotope, mineralographic and major and minor element zonation studies yield definitive information about the genesis of the deposits. Granodiorite of the Westkettle batholith, probably Jurassic, underlies much of the area and has been Intruded by stocks of Tertiary quartz monzonite, such as the Beaverdell stock. Remnants of pendants and/or screens of Wallace Formation metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks, believed to be Permian, are contained in the granodiorite. Silver mineralization occurs in the Beaverdell mines on Wallace Mountain mainly within the West-kettle batholith. Numerous showing and old workings of silver and/or gold mineralization are found throughout the surrounding region. The gold-bearing veins at Carmi contain a different mineral assemblage than the silver-bearing veins on Wallace Mountain. Galena-lead analyses of samples collected throughout the region fall into two distinct clusters on the ²º⁶Pb/ ²º⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁷Pb/ ²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams. The first group is represented by the Carmi gold veins and the second by the Beaverdell silver veins. Models for the generation of lead in these deposits used Permian (0.27 Ga), Jurassic (0.15 Ga) or Tertiary (0.05 Ga) ages of mineralization on the basis of geological and K-Ar data. The model that is believed to be the best approximation of the system that formed these deposits assumes that the two groups of deposits formed at different times, under markedly different geological conditions. The parameters of this model indicate that: 1. the Carmi-type, gold-bearing vein mineralization is probably Jurassic and formed as a result of the intrusion of the Westkettle batholith, with the metamorphosed Wallace Formation as the probable lead source; 2. the Beaverdell-type, Silver-bearing vein mineralization is probably Tertiary and can be linked genetically to intrusions of that age, such as the Beaverdell stock; 3. ore fluid flow direction for the solutions that formed the Beaverdell-type mineralization was outward through the Westkettle batholith, away from the Beaverdell stock. Within the Lass vein system on Wallace Mountain, a distinctive, depth related, east-west zonation pattern in Au, Ag, Pb and Zn can be defined. Many of the other 11 elements analysed (Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ca, Mg, Co, Ni, Hg, As, Sb) also show this pattern. Two zones are defined. The deeper portions of the orebody (at the east end of the vein system) contain high gold values, low silver values, and moderate to high zinc and lead values. High silver values, accompanied by moderate lead and zinc values, are found at a higher elevation in the system, in the western part of the vein system. Veins in the lower section have a greater average thickness than those in the western, upper section, and generally contain less gangue material. Fluid inclusions in sphalerite and quartz samples from the Lass vein system can be divided into three groups based on their homogenization temperatures. These are: Group 1: primary inclusion (with and without CO²), formed between 260°C and 310°C, from solutions with an average of 13 equivalent weight percent NaCl; Group 2: pseudosecondary inclusions formed between 230°C and 260°C, with salinities from 0.6 to 14 equivalent weight percent NaCl; Group 3: pseudosecondary and secondary inclusions formed between 180°C and 220°C, from solutions containing 0.4 to 14 equivalent weight percent NaCl. Arithmetic means of salinities for pseudosecondary, and secondary inclusions are, respectively, 8 and 6 equivalent weight percent NaCl. Sulphur isotope thermometers calculated for sphalerite-galena pairs (268°C to 320°C) are in close agreement with temperatures of homogenization of primary fluid inclusions. Seven stages of mineral paragensis can be recognized in the Lass vein system. Therfirst three stages (pyrite, arsenopyrite and dark sphalerite) are associated with the higher temperature, higher salinity, CO₂-bearing, primary inclusions. Pseudosecondary and secondary inclusions appear to be related to stages 4 to 6, which consist of galena, paler sphalerite, silver minerals and late quartz. Estimated depths of formation, based on a system under hydrostatic pressure, fall into two groupings. The minimum estimated depths of formation for primary, group 1 inclusions average 720 m, while depths calculated for groups 2 and 3 overlap in range, with-averages of 370 m and 175 m. The model-developed to explain the formation of this orebody accounts for the major and minor element zonation in the vein, the decreasing temperature, salinity and pressure (depth), and the loss of CO2 from the ore-forming fluid. The model explains two spatially distinct areas of mineralization represented by: 1. a zone of high temperature, high salinity, .arid" moderate pressure below a throttling point; and 2. a lower temperature, low salinity area caused by ground water mixing on the lower pressure side of the throttling point. CO₂ is present in the system below the throttling point, but is not found in any inclusions in Groups 2 and 3, on the lower temperature side of the throttling point. The association of CO₂ with gold deposition, suggests that gold would be expected in those areas where CO₂ is present in some of the inclusions. The definition of these two zones is critical for exploration. High silver values would not be expected to reappear further at depth to the east of the present workings, because this type of mineralization would only occur above the throttle point. Gold mineralization can be expected to continue for some time at depth if this model holds true. The abrupt change from the gold to the silver zone represents the throttle point in this model, and is highly visible in the major and minor element distribution patterns for the Lass vein system. Several different analytical procedures have been shown to differentiate between the two types of vein mineralization in the Beaverdell area. The use of these methods for exploration and development would allow the determination of key parameters concerning mineralization prior to extensive development of a showing or property. The level within the hydrothermal system, and therefore the type of ore expected can be determined by fluid inclusion studies for the younger, Tertiary veins. The age of vein mineralization, and therefore, the type of mineralization, also can be predicted by the use of galena-lead isotope ratios. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Applications Alice is subtitled Application Elegantly Formating Books automatically. I think this subtitle, where each word begins with the letter of the name Alice (in czech), expresses the function of application quite clearly :) Try it with it too. If you choose to use Alice, everything what you need to know, you will discover during the process itself. Alice is actually a nice assistant who will help to you with everything. Simple advices will lead you to through the process. It guides you through five steps - just enter a few details, upload the text as it is (like Word) and at the end of prosecc you can download the publication formatted and ready to print. Application automatically did everything for you. You do not need any graphic designer or paid any graphic software. It takes you about 30 minutes. Application is running on the web, so it is not necessary any installation.

Different prerequisites for war exists and varies due to the terrain. Cities, mountains and covered terrain all creates their special conditions for the battle. The biggest difference in methods is found between the urban warfare and all the other ways of fighting in war. Combined arms constitutes the fundamentals of fighting a war, and organizing armed forces. But if the environment of the war is changing, the different prerequisites of combined arms need to change. The purpose of this study is to survey the distinguishing differences and prerequisites between the two kinds of environments, described in the invasion and fight in Rumaila oil field (2003) and Operation Phantom Fury (2004). By analyzing these cases, the purpose of this theory consuming case study is to explore and examine the use of combined arms in different environments during the Iraqi war in between 2003 and 2004. The analytical results reveal that the prerequisites before Operation Phantom Fury that made the operation successful was premonition to all the civilians in the city of Fallujah, the aggressive and massive use of indirect fire support, the reorganization of the divisions backbone, infantry, and finally the knowledge from earlier operations in Fallujah.

Learning the syntax, semantics, and concepts behind software engineering can be a challenging task for many individuals. This paper examines the Alice 3 software, a three-dimensional visual environment for teaching programming concepts, to determine if it is an effective tool for improving student achievement, raising self-efficacy, and engaging students. This study compares the similarities and differences between a Fundamentals of Programming course with and without Alice integrated into the curriculum. Both the treatment and control Groups are using the same Java materials, assignments, and exams. The treatment group also completes Alice activities for each programming concept throughout the course; as well as two Alice assignments.

The world is rapidly becoming more urbanised and with key infrastructure being located inside or close to cities the probability of urban warfare in the next major conflict is very high. This thesis examines how the use of Alice Hills theory can explain success in urban warfare on the tactical level of war. The purpose of the thesis is to test the validity of Hills theory. To examine to what extent Hills’s theory can explain the success of the coalition forces during Operation Phantom Fury and the failure of Operation Vigilant Resolve, a theory testing case study is applied. The two cases have similar background variables, which allows for a structured comparison of the two cases. The analysis is based on Hills’s success factors in urban warfare. The results of the analysis reveal that Hills theory can explain the success of the coalition during Operation Phantom Fury and the failure of Operation Vigilant Resolve, thereby strengthening the validity of Hills theory. The results highlight the need to control the civilian population during urban combat. However, due to the difficulties of measuring success factors such as leadership and morale with the chosen method, the external validity of the results is negatively affected.

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