An estimated 215,000 children and adolescents younger than 20 years old were diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in 2011. Management of children with Type 2 diabetes requires 24-hour care provided by health care providers, parents, and school nurses. Guided by the health belief model (HBM), the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and describe beliefs, attitudes, and practices of school nurses who manage children with Type 2 diabetes. A pilot study with 2 nurses was conducted to finalize interview guide. Volunteer school nurses were recruited through an e-mail announcement from their school district. Face-to-face, in-depth interviews with 10 female school nurses were conducted. School nurse work experience ranged from 4 to 20 years, selected from 4 school districts, including 8 European, 1 Asian, and 1 Hispanic American. Transcripts from digitally recorded interviews were analyzed using NVivo software version 11. Thematic analysis led to 5 themes of communication, education, management, perceived barriers (multiple schools assigned/student demand), and enablers (school aides). Individually and collectively, themes reflect a synergistic positive attitude in management of children with Type 2 diabetes. HBM constructs elucidated school nurses' behaviors and attitudes regarding severity and susceptibility to illness, benefits students received from preventive care, and barriers they encountered. The positive implications for social change include recommendations for increasing the number of school nurses per district to meet the demand in managing children with chronic diseases, and intensification of positive attitude interventions in diabetes management.

Despite the evidence that colorectal cancer screening is effective in reducing the incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer, racial and ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening persist in the United States. African-born immigrants in the United States have lower colorectal cancer screening rates than native-born Americans. The purpose of this quantitative, retrospective, cross-sectional study was to examine how family income, health insurance status, language of interview, length of stay in the United States, perceived health status, level of education, and having a usual place for medical care affect colorectal cancer screening among African-born immigrants in the United States. The immigrant health services utilization model provided the framework for the study. Secondary data collected in 2010, 2013, and 2015 through the National Health Interview Survey from 349 African-born immigrants age 40 years and above were analyzed using logistic regression and a chi-square test of independence. A stratified multistage sampling procedure was used to select the sample for the study. Results showed a significant association between colorectal cancer screening and health insurance status, length of stay in the United States, perceived health status, and having a usual place for medical care. However, no association was found between colorectal cancer screening and family income, education level, and interview language. Findings may be used to impact positive social change and guide policy decisions on colorectal cancer preventive interventions targeting African-born immigrants living in the United States.

Poverty in the United States has been widely explored, but very seldom does research consider the impacts of poverty among undocumented immigrants. As a result, policymakers are unable to account for or accommodate the unique needs of undocumented immigrants. Using Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty, this case study explored the experiences of undocumented immigrants in Immokalee, Florida to better understand how the current policy landscape impacts their existence and livelihoods. The data were collected through 18 interviews with undocumented immigrants and a review of government data related to poverty among this population from the United States Census Bureau, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Bureau of Labor. All data were inductively coded and subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicate that these undocumented immigrants in South Florida experienced a range of social and economic depravities, including stress, fear, and anxiety as well as inadequate housing and poor health and nutrition, particularly among children, all of which are consistent with Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty. Another key finding reinforces previous research that undocumented workers were subject to inadequate working conditions and were at risk of exploitation by employers, particularly in the agricultural industry. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to policymakers in South Florida to develop policies to alleviate uncertainty for undocumented immigrants, including creating policy to specifically address inadequate working conditions in order to reduce the potential exploitation of socio-economically marginalized workers.

Un « mode de coordination » est un concept qui définit l’interaction entre les rapports sociaux et l’économie. Celle-ci, qui ne peut pas être séparée du politique, se développe grâce au fonctionnement des différentes formes institutionnelles. Plusieurs modes de coordination ont été identifiés par la littérature, à savoir, le « mode de coordination par le marché », le « mode de coordination éthique » et le « mode de coordination bureaucratique ». Vahabi (2010) a introduit un nouveau type de coordination qu’il a nommé : « mode de coordination destructive ». Celui-ci privilège la violence et les moyens coercitifs dans les relations sociales et assure une allocation appropriative des ressources. Vahabi présente la République iranienne comme un exemple-type du « mode de coordination destructive » étant donné son capitalisme rentier et la corruption de son système politique dans la gestion des ressources. Nous nous intéressons, dans ce travail de recherche, à étudier dans quelle mesure le cas du Liban peut être analysé à la lumière de ce mode de coordination destructive. / A « mode of coordination » is a concept that define the interaction between social relations and economy. The latter, which cannot be separated from politics, develops through the functioning of different institutional forms. Several methods of coordination have been identified in the literature, namely, the « market mode of coordination », the « ethics mode of coordination » and the « bureaucratic mode coordination mode ». Vahabi (2010) introduced a new type of coordination that he called it: the "destructive mode of coordination." This mode privilege violence and coercive means in social relations and provides an appropriate allocation of resources. Vahabi present Iranian Republic as a typical example of "destructive mode of coordination" because of the nature of its capitalism and corruption of its political system in the management of resources. We are interested in this research, to examine to what extent the case of Lebanon can be analyzed as a destructive mode of coordination.

20世紀的80至90年代初期，國際形勢發生劇烈動盪與變化，蘇聯於發生解體、東歐局勢劇變，過去美蘇「兩強對峙」之兩極格局所造成40多年的冷戰終告結束，國際體系由「一超多強」，轉變成多極化方向發展。此時中國在綜合國力發展上也有很大的變化，態勢積極的朝大國關係方向調整，除專注內部發展外，更重視與周邊國家的安全關係。中國知到，一個穩定、和睦的周邊環境，才有利於中國持續性發展，在周邊建立安全與穩定的緩衝帶後，可避免與其他大國發生衝突。因為，有安全的環境，才會有安定的社會，才能全面發展經濟，而維繫這種關係的要件，是安全互需和經濟互利與合作。 「上海合作組織」的前身是建立於1996年的「上海五國」機制，是中蘇兩國關於邊境的雙邊談判，蘇聯崩解後改為「上海五國」雙邊談判，再演變成「上海五國」的多邊會談。不但開啟有關邊境軍事安全的會談協商機制，同時亦開啓了穩定區域安全的多邊關係及區域合作模式。烏茲別克加入後，於2001年6月15日，6國元首共同宣布在「上海五國」機制的基礎上成立「上海合作組織」(Shanghai Cooperation Organization)，並發表「上海合作組織成立宣言」。這是中國第一個促成的多邊組織，也是第一個以中國城市命名的政府間組織，成員國包括中國、俄羅斯、哈薩克、吉爾吉斯、塔吉克及烏茲別克等6個國家。 「上海合作組織」創立的首要任務是確保該組織內的和平、安全與穩定，堅決打擊「三股勢力」、毒品及走私等非法交易。並認知當前的國際安全必須建立在各國平等、互信、互利及合作的基礎上，藉由每年定期舉行的元首峰會、總理會議、外交部長會議及不定期舉行的國家協調員會議、各部門領導人會議形成組織運作機制。而位於北京的秘書處及塔什干的地區反恐機構，這兩個常設機構的設立，使上海合作組織朝向更寬廣的方向邁進。本篇論文試圖瞭解冷戰終止及美國「911」恐怖攻擊事件發生後，「上海合作組織」運作與發展方向，直接或間接影響區域經濟及軍事安全的程度為何?另外，就「上海合作組織」與其他大國或國際組織的關係，對全球戰略所產生的影響為何?尤其是中國、美國、日本與俄羅斯的多方戰略關係的發展，非常值得予以持續觀注。 / 1980 to early 1990s, the international system develops from " one superpower and several powers " into a multi-polar direction due to severe turbulences and changes of the international situation, the disintegration of Soviet Union and the drastic changes of Eastern Europe, and the end of the 40-years Cold War which caused by the "a two-confrontation" bipolar situation between U.S.A and the Soviet Union in the past. At this point, there are also great changes in China’s the overall national development, For instance, a positive trend towards big power relations reorientation. Except to focus on internal development, China places more importance on security relations with neighboring countries. China knows that a stable, harmonious surrounding is conducive to China's sustainable development. To establish security and stability buffer zone in the surrounding can avoid conflict with other powers. Since a secure environment is the key to a stable society and a fully develop economic while interdependence and cooperation of security need and economic benefit is the essential element of maintaining this relationship. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" develops from the "Shanghai Five" mechanism which established in 1996. It was the Sino-Soviet bilateral talks about border between the two countries, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became the "Shanghai Five" bilateral negotiations which is followed into the "Shanghai Five State "in multilateral talks. This development not only opened consultation mechanism talks on the border military security, also opened a stable regional security, multilateral relations, and regional cooperation. After Uzbekistan joined in June 15, 2001, six heads of state announced the establishment of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" which based on the "Shanghai Five" mechanism and issued a "Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." This is the first multilateral organization which promoted by China and is the first intergovernmental organization in the name of Chinese city. The member States includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and other six countries. The first and foremost task of "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" is to ensure peace, security and stability of the organization, and resolutely combat the "three forces", drugs, smuggling and other illegal transactions. And to aware that the current international security must be based on national equality, mutual trust, mutual benefit and cooperation. By holding annual heads of states summit meeting, Prime Ministers meeting, Foreign Ministers meeting, and occasional meetings of national coordinators, leaders of various departments to form the operating mechanism of organizations. The establishments of two permanent organizations, the Secretariat in Beijing and the 4 regional anti-terrorism agency in Tashkent, lead the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to move towards a broader direction. This paper attempts to find out the operation and development direction of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" after the end of Cold War and "911" terrorist attacks in the United States, and the degree of how does this directly or indirectly affect the regional economic and military security so far? In addition, what is the impact that the relationships of the"Shanghai Cooperation Organization" between other major countries or international organizations affects on global strategic? Especially the development of multi-strategic relations between China, the United States, Japan and Russia, is very worthwhile continuing being concerned. Keywords：Shanghai Cooperation Organization, economic security, military security, Central Asia, relations among major powers

Despite the benefits of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV/AIDS, government responses have varied substantially, from provisions guaranteeing nearly universal access to insufficient provisions providing almost no access. This research seeks to specifically examine primary explanations, such as economic capacity, and emerging explanations, such as the role of electoral accountability and the presence of stigma, and the coordination between the epistemic community and political leadership as potential causes for the variance in the government provision. By controlling for state economic capacity, this research furthers the importance of examining other explanations for state response in light of a public health crisis. While electoral accountability and the role of stigma had marginal impacts, the level of scientific coordination and understanding among the states political leadership had perceptible impacts. This research also tests broader aspects of the political economy such as the role of state capacity and subsequent government crisis response.

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Syftet med denna studie är att förstå den erfarenhet och kunskap om samverkan som deltagarna i Må bra på äldre dar - projektet fått i det hälsofrämjande samverkansprojektet. Studien fokuserar på framgångsfaktorer och hinder för samverkansprocessen, hur projektet påverkat maktförhållandena mellan de ideella och offentliga organisationerna, deltagarnas organisatoriska erfarenheter av samverkan, deras uppfattning av arbetsklimatet och upplevelse av KASAM i projektet. Forskning kring hälsofrämjande samverkan bland äldre är sparsam. En kvalitativ ansats användes med fokusgrupper som datainsamlingsmetod. 11 fokusgrupper genomfördes med 62 deltagare. Intervjuade var representanter för de deltagande organisationerna, äldre och blivande äldre som deltagit. Projektledarens svar på intervjufrågorna redovisades skriftligt. Analys av materialet genomfördes med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Nio teman framkom vid analys av framgångsfaktorerna: 1. Ledare, eldsjälar, mål, varaktighet, att lyssna mm, 2. offentliga organisationer har störst betydelse, men alla är viktiga, 3. människor möttes och skapade en process som gav flow, 4. delaktighet, 5. gränsöverskridande ett nytt sätt att arbeta, 6. människor och organisationer lärde sig av varandra, 7. nätverksbyggandet ökade i samhället, 8.helhet och sammanhang samt 9. positivt arbetsklimat och ingen stress. Nio teman framkom vid analys av de hinder de olika organisationerna upplevt inom projektet (de äldre och blivande äldre omfattades av fem av dem och projektledarens av sju): 1.bristande stöd och legitimitet, 2. bristande resurser och resursutnyttjande, 3. bristande organisatoriska förutsättningar, 4. ojämlik makt och ekonomiska förutsättningar, 5. otillräcklig förankring, 6. revir och konkurrens, 7. bristande delaktighet och tillit, 8. bristfälliga metoder och 9. stressande arbetsklimat. Deltagarna upplevde delaktighet inom projektet. Både offentliga och ideella företrädare upplevde inte att projektet påverkat de offentliga organisationernas arbetssätt. Projektets legitimitet minskade under projekttiden. Deltagare i projektet fick ny kunskap om att arbeta i samverkan, ny kompetens om att arbeta gränsöverskridande, om vikten av att bygga relationer och skapa nätverk. Projektets arbetsklimat uppfattades både som hälsosamt och stressande. Formuläret SOC 13 användes för att mäta deltagarnas KASAM. Resultatet visare en relativt hög känsla av sammanhang i projektet bland deltagarna. Studien visar på svårigheter att bedriva hälsofrämjande arbete bland äldre. Tecken finns att den offentliga sektorn inte är redo för detta paradigmskifte. Det finns dock mycket att vinna på att initiera hälsofrämjande arbete, social gemenskap utvecklas i ett demokratiarbete med empowerment som metod, ytterst för en hållbar utveckling. / The aim of this study is to understand the experience and knowledge of intersectoral collaboration of the participants in the health promotional project “Feel good in the old age”. The study focuses on successful factors and barriers in the collaboration process, how the project have affected the power between the non governmental and the public organisations, the participants organisational experiences of collaboration, their view of the working climate in the project and their experiences of SOC in the project. Research in intersectoral collaboration in health promotion among elderly is sparse. The methodology is a qualitative study with focus groups. 11 focus groups was made with 62 participants from the different organisations – non governmental and public- and old and people becoming elderly. The project leader wrote the answers before the focus groups were made. Content analysis was used. As successful factors nine themes appeared: 1. leaders, energizers, duration, listen, 2. the public organisations are the most important but all are valuable, 3.people met and created a process with flow, 4. participation, 5. working over boundaries is a new way of working, 6. people and organisations learned from each other, 7. building of networks increased in the society, 8. sense of coherence and 9. positive working climate and no stress. Nine themes appeared in the analysis of barriers (elderly and becoming elderly was grasping five of them and the project leader seven): 1. insufficient support and legitimacy, 2. insufficient resources and use of available resources, 3. insufficient organisational conditions, 4. unequal power and economical conditions, 5. insufficient anchoring, 6. preservations and competition, 7. insufficient participation and trust, 8. insufficient methods and 9. the work in the project was under stress. The participants experienced participation in the project. Both public and nongovernmental representatives did not think the project had influenced the public organisations. The legitimacy of the project decreased during the run. The participants got new knowledge in how to work in collaboration, new competence of how to work over the boundaries and of the importance of building relationships and networks. The working climate was seen as healthy and as with stress. The SOC 13 formula was used to measure the participant’s sense of coherence in the project. The score was relatively high. The study shows difficulties in intersectoral collaboration. There are some signs that the public sector is not yet ready to change the paradigm. There are though a lot to win to initiate health promotion. A social fellowship develops in a democracy process with empowerment as the method, farthest out to reach a sustainable development / <p>ISBN 91-7997-145-8</p>

Bakgrund: Inom politik och media beskrivs unga arbetslösa som oengagerade, lågutbildade och socialt inkompetenta. Denna uppfattning förstärks när allt fler unga inte lyckats komma in på arbetsmarknaden och blir långvarigt arbetslösa. För att åtgärda problemet att ta sig in på arbetsmarknad, sätts de in på arbetsmarknadsåtgärder. Stämmer medias bild över verkligheten? Hur ser åtgärderna egentligen ut och hur påverkas de unga vuxna över tid som arbetslös? Ligger ansvaret för arbetslösheten på personerna själva eller finns det andra bakomliggande faktorer? Hur kan systemet eventuellt förbättras? Metod: För att ta reda på svaren har vi gjort en systematisk litteraturstudie där vi använt oss av 29 artiklar. Resultat: Ju längre arbetslöshet, desto svårare förutsättningar att komma ut på arbetsmarknaden. I takt med tiden försämras dessutom den fysiska, psykiska och sociala hälsan hos individen, vilket medför dubbla negativa konsekvenser. Om man är utan fullständigt gymnasiebetyg eller körkort, är chanserna för jobb bland de minsta. Dagens satsningar ligger framför allt på aktiveringsinsatser. Trots detta avslutar 25 procent gymnasiet utan fullständigt betyg. Slutsats: Arbetslöshet måste åtgärdas så tidigt som möjligt. Ett av de bästa alternativen för både individ och samhälle, är satsningar på kompletta gymnasiebetyg och billigare körkortskostnader. Detta skulle medföra att fler får grundförutsättningar och kvalifikationer för de flesta arbeten som saknar krav på eftergymnasial utbildning.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:11610015 研究代表者:神塚 淑子 研究期間:1999-2000年度