Communitarianism and harmony ideology have their proponents and critics, particularly as viewed through the lens of conciliation-based dispute resolution. Both features being prominent in the Tibetan Diaspora in India, I hypothesized that the strengths and weaknesses of these orientations could be assessed through the rationale behind the norms of social control operative in the community, and the efficiency and effectiveness of those norms in terms of voluntary compliance. I found that the informal Tibetan mechanisms for dispute resolution were effective and efficient in supporting Indian systems of law enforcement, while allowing a ritualistic affirmation of community. Contrary to proponents of legal centralism and court justice, I found that liberalist values underpinning litigative process were disruptive of social expectations, and had the potential to exacerbate rather than relieve social tensions. The harmony norms that predispose pro-social behavior within Tibetan settlements failed to protect the interests of community members, however, when the challenge came from local Indian groups operating on the basis of their own standards of particularistic allegiance. Legal ethnography best describes the methodology used for this research. Fieldwork drew on: 1) Interviews with twelve settlement officers whose mandate specifically includes mediation of disputes; 2) In-depth interviews with two disputants fighting cases before the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission; and 3) Interviews with over 70 informants (including senior and mid-level exile government officials and settlement residents), together with archival material, to situate findings and verify interpretations. This research contributes a unique non-Western body of data in support of Law and Society scholars, such as Amitai Etzioni and Phillip Selznick, who have argued for devolution of law-like responsibilities to local levels where internalized norms are an everyday means of social control. It also argues against the pejorative interpretation of harmony ideology as depicted by legal centralists such as Laura Nader. By reframing harmony as a function of norm rationale, efficiency and effectiveness, the research offers new variables for assessing the costs and benefits of community. Finally, the Tibetan case studies provide an important comparative for cosmopolitan states that are debating how to accommodate diversity and legal pluralism.

Darbe analizuojama Lietuvos katalikiškos pakraipos NVO teisės pažeidimų prevencinė veikla. Atsižvelgiant į katalikiškos pakraipos NVO prevencinės veiklos mažą ištyrimo lygį bei jų veiklos specifiškumą (religinį jų veiklos pobūdį), šiame tyrime buvo pasirinktos dvi pagrindinės kryptys: išanalizuoti Lietuvos katalikiškos pakraipos NVO prevencinės veiklos charakteristiką remiantis kiekybiniais rodikliais bei atskleisti religijos prevencinį poveikį asmenybei. Pirmojoje, teorinėje darbo dalyje, analizuojami užsienio autorių tyrimai apie religijos prevencinį poveikį nusikalstamumui, išskiriant religijos kaip socialinio reiškinio, individualaus religingumo bei kryptingos religinės veiklos prevencinio poveikio nusikalstamam elgesiui formas. Antrojoje ir trečiojoje dalyse remiantis kiekybinio tyrimo (anketinės apklausos) bei jį papildančio, kokybinio interviu, duomenimis, nagrinėjama katalikiškos pakraipos NVO teisės pažeidimų prevencinės veiklos charakteristika: bendrieji prevencinės veiklos bruožai, probleminiai veiklos aspektai (antrojoje dalyje) bei jų atliekamos teisės pažeidimų prevencijos požymiai teorinės nusikaltimų prevencijos sampratos kontekste (trečiojoje dalyje). Ketvirtojoje darbo dalyje, remiantis kokybinio interviu metodu gautais duomenimis, analizuojamas krikščioniškų vertybių vaidmuo Lietuvos KNVO prevencinėje veikloje, jų prevencinis poveikis asmenybei, taip pat paliečiami veiklos efektyvumo bei jo santykio su krikščioniškomis vertybėmis aspektai. Tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work analysis Lithuanian catholical non-government organization (NGO) preventional activities of law violations. Due to the fact of low investigations level of catholical NGO preventional activities and the specific of their activities (religiuos tendency), this investigation has two aims: to make an analysis of characteristics of Lithuanian catholical NGO preventional activities based on quantative indexes; and to reveal a preventional influence of religion to person. In the first, theoretical, part of this work we analyse investigations of foreign authors on religion preventional influence to criminality, paying attention to forms of preventional influence to criminality of religion as a social phenomen, of individual religiosity, and of purposeful religiuos activities. In the second and third parts we analise characteristics of catholical NGO law violation preventional activities: common preventional activities outline, problematic aspects of activities (second part); and indications of their law violation prevention in the context of theoretical crime prevention (third part), based on quantative analysis (questionnaire form) and qualitative interview. The forth part of this paper is dedicated to the analysis of importance of christian values to the Lithuanian catholical NGO preventional activities, their preventional influence to person, based on the data acquired during qualitative interview. The efficiency of the activities and its intercourse with aspects of... [to full text]

In a two-part study, dating sexual expectations will be evaluated and the sexual social exchange theory will be investigated in a date rape trial. In Part 1, participants (N = 100) will be presented with one of two fictional date scenarios that will differ only on the cost of the date (i.e., $30 or $175). Participants will then indicate what behaviors (sexual and not sexual) are appropriate at the end of a first date and then a fifth date. It is predicted that all participants will expect sexual intercourse more on the fifth date than the first, and that participants in the expensive date scenario will expect sexual intercourse more than participants in the inexpensive date condition. Part II will use the information gathered in Part I to investigate how sexual expectations in a dating scenario may manifest themselves as feelings of reciprocity in the sexual social exchange theory. In Part II participants (N = 160) will be presented with one of four trial summaries that differ depending on the cost of the date (i.e., $30 or $175) and the date number (i.e., first or fifth). Participants will render a verdict and then rate the defendant and alleged victim on various rating factors (e.g., credibility), in addition to completing the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale, short form. It is predicted that there will be fewer guilty verdicts and lower pro-victim judgments for both men and women when the cost of the date was high and when the couple was on their fifth date. It is also predicted that men will render fewer guilty verdicts and report lower pro-victim attitudes than women. Juror rating subscales (e.g., victim credibility) and rape myth acceptance scores are predicted to mediate the effects of the cost of date and date number on verdict. The results will be discussed in terms of how the sexual social exchange theory can explain juror perceptions in a date rape trial.

This paper focuses on exploring how housing discrimination and the war on drugs affect the way communities are shaped and viewed. The area of focus is Harlem, but the paper explores these tensions in a general way as well. The paper draws on popular academic theories about racialization.

Structural changes in society have often been related to social problems such as crime, alcoholism and social elimination. In this analysis of the development of social elimination in Sweden during the period 1860-1975, which is mainly based on official data, it is demonstrated that there is not always a causal relationship between structural change and such social problems. If structural changes lead to social problems or not depend on whether the structural changes occur according to a "Budding" or an "Ex­pansion" model. The historical period in which a rapid structural change followed the "Budding" model closely was the time right before and after the turn of the century in which the final leap into the industrial society occured. This was a period characterized by an increasing number of industries, communities and organizations. During this period the structural changes increased the legal economic opportunities, strengthened the social and cultural integration as well as the informal social control within the working class. This period was also a period with decreasing human malad­justment symptoms and social elimination. After World War II a new period of rapid structural changes occured. But now the development followed closely to the "Expansion" model. This was a period when different subsystems in society became larger, more centra­lized specialized and difficult to survey. The consequences were not only more individual freedom and higher standards of living but also many individuals experienced a great deal of social stress together with a decreasing social and cultural integration. Increasing opportunities for crime and drugs to­gether with a decreasing social control increased the risks for social mal­adjustment for many people. This latter period can also be described as a period of rapidly increasing human maladjustment symptoms and increasing social elimination of the socially maladjusted. / digitalisering@umu

Communitarianism and harmony ideology have their proponents and critics, particularly as viewed through the lens of conciliation-based dispute resolution. Both features being prominent in the Tibetan Diaspora in India, I hypothesized that the strengths and weaknesses of these orientations could be assessed through the rationale behind the norms of social control operative in the community, and the efficiency and effectiveness of those norms in terms of voluntary compliance. I found that the informal Tibetan mechanisms for dispute resolution were effective and efficient in supporting Indian systems of law enforcement, while allowing a ritualistic affirmation of community. Contrary to proponents of legal centralism and court justice, I found that liberalist values underpinning litigative process were disruptive of social expectations, and had the potential to exacerbate rather than relieve social tensions. The harmony norms that predispose pro-social behavior within Tibetan settlements failed to protect the interests of community members, however, when the challenge came from local Indian groups operating on the basis of their own standards of particularistic allegiance. Legal ethnography best describes the methodology used for this research. Fieldwork drew on: 1) Interviews with twelve settlement officers whose mandate specifically includes mediation of disputes; 2) In-depth interviews with two disputants fighting cases before the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission; and 3) Interviews with over 70 informants (including senior and mid-level exile government officials and settlement residents), together with archival material, to situate findings and verify interpretations. This research contributes a unique non-Western body of data in support of Law and Society scholars, such as Amitai Etzioni and Phillip Selznick, who have argued for devolution of law-like responsibilities to local levels where internalized norms are an everyday means of social control. It also argues against the pejorative interpretation of harmony ideology as depicted by legal centralists such as Laura Nader. By reframing harmony as a function of norm rationale, efficiency and effectiveness, the research offers new variables for assessing the costs and benefits of community. Finally, the Tibetan case studies provide an important comparative for cosmopolitan states that are debating how to accommodate diversity and legal pluralism.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Charlotte Bronte's novels, the importance accorded to female homosocial relationships - such as friendship and the mother-daughter relationship - challenges the conventional structure of the Victorian realist novel, in which the focus of the female protagonist's development is almost exclusively on the eventual achievement of heterosexual marriage Structurally. heterosexual marriage at closure re-establishes the status quo that has been threatened or destabilised during the unfolding of the plot. Yet what Bronte's novels reveal, is that the status quo thus re-established also confirms patriarchy as a system in which the bonds between men are consolidated to maintain social, political and economic power as a male prerogative By contrast, the ideology that promotes marriage as the sine qua non of women's existence positions women as rivals and the representation of female homosocial relationships in the nineteenth-century novel is either relegated to the margins of the text or erased entirely. In Bronte's novels, the structural relationship between this conventional displacement of female homosocial relationships and the silencing and containment of female desire in heterosexual marriage at closure is consistently explored and subverted. In an increasingly complex process of rewriting the Victorian novel from a female perspective, Bronte's novels construct alternative plots that privilege the representation of female homosocial relationships even as they imitate conventional plot structure In so doing. the gendering of narrative voice as female lays claim to a female discourse of desire. which is rooted in female homosociality and inclusive of lesbian desire. Compulsory (female) heterosexuality which is exclusively domestic and maternal. IS therefore challenged by an alternative representation of female desire as defiant of the ngid categories Imposed by heterosexuality. because it is fiurd and multiple in Its expression This thesis explores the process of recuperation through which Bronte both places the representation of female hornosocial relationships at the centre of her novels and reveals patriarchal structures of control at work / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die romans van Charlotte Bronte konfronteer the sentraliteit van vroulike homososiale verhoudings - soos vriendskap en die moeder-dogter verhouding - die konvensionele struktuur van die Victoriaanse realistiese roman. Volgens hierdie konvensionele struktuur is die fokus van die vroulike protagonis se ontwikkeling bykans uitsluitlik gerig op haar uiteindelike toetrede tot 'n heteroseksuele huwelik. Struktureel gesproke herstel die heteroseksuele huwelik by die sluiting van die roman die status quo wat bedreig of gedestabiliseer is gedurende die ontplooing van die roman. Wat Bronte se romans egter aan die lig bring, is dat die status quo wat so herstel word, ook die patriargale sisteem bevestig - waarbinne die bande tussen mans gekonsolideer word ten einde sosiale politieke en ekonomiese mag as 'n manlike prerogatief te waarborg Die ideologie wat die huwelik voorhou as die sine qua non van die vrou se bestaan posisioneer vroue as mededingers, en hierdeur word die uitbeelding van vroulike homososiale verhoudings in die negentiende-eeuse roman verskuif na die buitewyke van die teks, of word dit algeheel uitgewis. In Bronte se romans word die strukturele verwantskap tussen hierdie konvensionele verplasing van vroulike homososiale verhoudings en die demping of beheer van vroulike begeerte in die heteroseksuele huwelik voortdurend in die roman se sluiting ondersoek en ondermyn In 'n proses wat 'n toenemend ingewikkelde herskrywing van die Victonaanse roman vanuit 'n vroulike qesiqspunt inhou. stel Bronte se romans alternatiewc verwikkelinqsplanne saam wat voorrang gee aan die uitbeelding van vroulike hornososiale verhoudings terwyl hierdie storieplanne konvensionele struktuurplanne naboots. Ole manier waarop die verteller se stem so vervroulik word gee uiting aan 'n vroulike diskoers van begeerte wat gewortel IS In vroulike hornososialiteit en wat lesbiese begeerte insluit Verpliqte (vroullke) heteroseksualiteit. wat uitsluitlik huislik en moederlik IS, word dus gekonfronteer deur 'n alternatiewe uitbeeldinq van vroulike begeerte wat die rigiede kateqoriee opqele deur heteroseksualiteit verwerp en meer vloeibare en veelsoortiqe vorme van ultdrukklng daarstel Hierdie tests ondersoek die herstellinqsprcses waardeur Bronte die uitbeeldinq van vroulike hornososiale verhoudinqs sentraal plaas In haar romans, terwyl sy terselfdertyd die werkswyses van patriargale beheerstrukture aan die lig bring.

This thesis is a re-evaluation of a movement founded to provide what Samuel Smiles called “the road to learning” for workers in the nineteenth century. Mechanics’ institutes emerged during the 1820s to both criticism and acclaim, becoming part of the physical and intellectual fabric of the age and inspiring a nationwide building programme funded entirely by public subscription. Beginning with a handful of examples in major British cities, they eventually spread across the Anglophone world. They were at the forefront of public engagement with arts, science and technology. This thesis is a history of the mechanics’ institute movement in the British Isles from the 1820s through to the late 1860s, when State involvement in areas previously dominated by private enterprises such as mechanics’ institutes, for example library provision and elementary schooling, became more pronounced. The existing historiography on mechanics’ institutes is primarily regional in scope and this thesis breaks new ground by synthesising a national perspective on their wider social, political and cultural histories. It contributes to these broader themes, as well as areas as diverse as educational history, the history of public exhibition and public spaces, visual culture, print culture, popular literacy and literature (including literature generated by the Institutes themselves, such as poetry and prose composed by members), financial services, education in cultural and aesthetic judgement, Institutes as sources of protest by means of Parliamentary petitions, economic history, and the nature, theory and practice of the popular dissemination of ideas. These advances free the thesis from ongoing debate around the success or failure of mechanics’ institutes, allowing the emphasis to be on the experiential history of the “living” Institute. The diverse source base for the thesis includes art, sculpture, poetry and memoir alongside such things as economic data, library loan statistics, membership numbers and profit / loss accounts from institute reports. The methodology therefore incorporates qualitative (for example, tracing the evolution of attitudes towards Institutes in contemporary culture by analysing the language used to describe them over time) and quantitative (for example, exploring Institutes as providers of financial services to working people) techniques. For the first time, mechanics’ institutes are studied in relation to political corruption, debates concerning the morality of literature and literacy during the nineteenth century, and the legislative processes of the period.

Les violences sexuelles perpétrées sur les enfants conduisent de plus en plus d’hommes en prison. Les interventions institutionnelles sur ces questions rappellent fortement l’indignité qui frappe ces individus-là : lourdeur des peines prononcées, surveillance et rétention de sûreté, par exemple. À partir de données issues d’une recherche empirique, j’analyse comment s’organise la société contemporaine par rapport à ce type de comportement. Le travail de terrain se déroule principalement par entretiens. D’abord avec des détenus condamnés pour ces faits. Puis avec des agents de détention (psychologues, psychiatres, conseillers d’insertion et de probation, surveillants, et juge de l’application des peines). Enfin avec des agents chargés de la prévention et de la répression : des gendarmes spécialisés sur les auditions de mineurs victimes (brigade de prévention) et des gendarmes enquêteurs spécialisés sur la traque de « pédophiles » sur Internet (brigade territoriale et de recherche). L’analyse des discours recueillis permet d’identifier les processus qui co-construisent la pluralité des points de vue. Et de comprendre comment les rapports de force se constituent autour de la question des comportements de violence sexuelle sur les enfants aujourd’hui. Aux résultats, il apparaît une lutte des représentations entre les différents agents rencontrés et les condamnés autour de la figure du « pédophile ». Les analyses de ces représentations croisées permettent d’expliquer, notamment, dans quelle mesure la force des dispositifs de prise en charge des condamnés affecte leurs capacités d’agir et déclenche, chez eux, une aspiration profonde à entrer dans l’espace du légitime et du « normal ». / Sexual violence on children lead more and more men in prison. Institutional responses to these questions are strongly reminiscent of the indignity that affects those people: heaviness of the sentences, surveillance and preventive detention for example. Based on data from an empirical research, I wish to understand how modern society is organized in relation to such behavior. The field work mainly takes place through interviews. First with prisoners convicted for those facts.And then with detention officers (psychologists, psychiatrists, councilors of rehabilitation and probation, supervisors, judge of the sanctions application). Finally with agents responsible of repression: specialized Gendarmes on the hearings of juvenile victims (prevention squad) and specialized investigators Gendarmes on the hunt of "pedophiles" on the Internet (Territorial and Research Brigade).The analysis of obtained speeches allows to identify the processes that co-construct the plurality of viewpoints. And to understand how power relations are constituted around the question of sexual violence behaviors on children today. To the results, it appears a struggle between different representations of agents met and the convicted around the profile of "pedophile".The analyzes of these mutual perceptions permits to explain, in particular, how the strength of the devices support of the condemned affects their ability to act and initiates in them, a deep desire to enter the space of legitimate and the "normal".

Submitted by Gustavo Gomes (gustavolascasas@gmail.com) on 2013-08-23T14:24:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Uma an??lise da usabilidade do portal do Tribunal de Contas do Estado.pdf: 3801976 bytes, checksum: adc8d2a934435e1b3eb2cb79471e36a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2013-08-23T16:00:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Uma an??lise da usabilidade do portal do Tribunal de Contas do Estado.pdf: 3801976 bytes, checksum: adc8d2a934435e1b3eb2cb79471e36a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-23T16:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Uma an??lise da usabilidade do portal do Tribunal de Contas do Estado.pdf: 3801976 bytes, checksum: adc8d2a934435e1b3eb2cb79471e36a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro / E not??vel o desenvolvimento do controle social na gest??o publica brasileira, que toma-se poss??vel mediante a disponibiliza????o de informa????o acerca dos atos governamentais pelo pr??prio governo. Com o desenvolvimento das tecnologias de informa????o e a cria????o de portais de governo o exerc??cio do controle por parte do cidad??o vem tomando-se tarefa menos ??rdua. Observado este contexto, o presente trabalho prop??e uma an??lise da usabilidade do portal do Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Minas Gerais, no que se refere aos aspectos formais de disponibiliza????o da informa????o, com vistas a proporcionar reflex??es acerca do estabelecimento de um canal de comunica????o efetivo entre o governo e os cidad??os para o controle social. A pesquisa apontou evidencias de a????es voltadas para melhorar a usabilidade dos portais de governo e verificou que a Administra????o Publica tem trabalhado na disponibiliza????o de informa????es e servi??os a sociedade atrav??s do uso da tecnologia da informa????o e comunica????o. Contudo, conclui-se que o controle social atrav??s do uso dessa tecnologia requer ainda um esfor??o conjunto do governo e da pr??pria sociedade, al??m de um maior respaldo legal que garanta a efetiva implanta????o de procedimentos e a????es neste sentido. / It's remarkable the social control development at the Brazilian public management system,made possible through information about governamental acts by the government itself. With the evolution of infonnation technology and the creation of govern web portals, the control by the citizens becomes an easier task. Based in this context, this work proposes an analysis of the usability of the portal of the Court of Accounts of the State of Minas Gerais, with regard to the formal aspects of making the information available, with a view to providing ideas about the establishment of an effective channel of communication between the government and citizens for social control. The research showed evidence of actions geared to improve the usability of government portals and found that the Government has worked in the provision of information and services to society through the use of infonnation technology and communication. However, it appears that social control through the use of this technology still requires a joint effort of government and of society itself, as well as a greater legal support to ensure the effective implementation of procedures and actions in this direction. / Governo e Pol??tica