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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Formelle und informelle Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung in Infrastrukturplanungs- und Genehmigungsverfahren für Hoch- und Höchstspannungsnetze

Zirke, Daniel 09 November 2021 (has links)
Der europarechtlich vorgeprägte und national stark ausdifferenzierte Bedarfsplanungs- und Genehmigungsablauf für Hoch- und Höchstspannungsleitungsvorhaben ist durch ein umfassendes Beteiligungsregime zu Gunsten der Öffentlichkeit ausgestaltet. Im Rahmen der gegenständlichen Arbeit wurden sowohl die formellen als auch die informellen Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten der Öffentlichkeit analysiert, klassifiziert, kritisch hinterfragt und hinsichtlich der verschiedentlich anwendbaren normativen Vorgaben miteinander verglichen. Hierbei haben unter anderem europarechtlich das Vierte Energiebinnenmarktpaket aus den Jahren 2018 und 2019, national das Gesetz zur Beschleunigung des Energieleitungsausbaus aus dem Jahr 2019 und das Planungssicherstellungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2020 sowie föderal das Umweltverwaltungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2014 besondere Berücksichtigung gefunden. Insgesamt konnte die aktuelle Gesetzeslage, Rechtsprechung und Literatur bis Ende Juni 2020 in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingearbeitet werden.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes / The planning and approval process for high and extra high voltage power line pro- jects, which is predefined by European law and differentiated by German law, is designed in favour of the public through a comprehensive participation regime. In the context of this work, both the formal and the informal opportunities for public participation were analysed, classified, critically questioned and compared with one another in terms of the various normative requirements. Among other things, the Fourth European Internal Energy Market Package from 2018 and 2019, the national law to accelerate the expansion of power lines from 2019, and the law to ensure proper planning and approval procedures from 2020 as well as the federal law to standardise environmental administration law and to strengthen public participation in the environmental field from 2014 have been given special consideration. Overall, the current legal situation, the case law and the literature until the end of June 2020 have been incorporated into the present study.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes
72

Expansion Joints in timber bridges : Mechanical behavior under external loading

Gustafsson, Johan, Myhrberg, Jakob January 2021 (has links)
To design a bridge, different typologies of construction materials can be used. All materials have in common that deformations occur due to different events, such as externalloading, temperature- and moisture variations. To allow these kinds of deformations,Expansion Joints (EJs) are used in the structure. In timber bridges, these joints haveturned out to be a complex construction detail, due to problems related to their strengthand moisture capacity. The purpose of this thesis is to overview design codes and tostudy the mechanical behavior of Nosing EJs in a roadway timber bridge under externalloading. The aim is to identify critical actions and provide an alternative design of thestudied EJ. The aim is also to create a Finite Element (FE) model of the EJs and carryout calculations according to the design codes. To achieve this, literature studies, designcalculations and FE-simulations were performed. It turned out that there were lack ofearlier studies within this field. Therefore, studies which treats EJs in bridges with othermaterial than timber were considered. The results from the simulations indicated thatthe steel components in EJs are the most exposed parts in the detail. It also turned outthat an eventual failure can transferred away from the screws to the parts consideredmore favorable in the EJ.
73

Kolaudace stavebního záměru de lege lata, de lege ferenda / Final inspection approval of construction programme de lege lata, de lege ferenda

Hejduk, Martin January 2021 (has links)
1 Final inspection approval of construction programme de lege lata, de lege ferenda Abstract This master thesis aims on providing a comprehensive overview of an issue regarding the final inspection approval of construction programme and identification of errors associated with the current legal regulation of final inspection approval by Act No. 225/2017 Coll., and providing de lege ferenda proposals and answering question, whether the process is actually being simplified and accelerated, as declared the explanatory memorandum to the amendment to the Building Act No. 225/2017 Coll. compared to the state before. The master's thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one aims on legal sources governing the issue of construction law. The most important legislation concerning the issue is listed. Second chapter determines basic concepts contained in the Building Act associated with final inspection approval, which are necessary for understanding of this master thesis content. These concepts are structure, developer, part of the structure, temporary structure, change of the finished structure, or general conditions for construction. Chapter three contains an analysis of the organization of building offices and selected issues as an authorized inspector and the respective authorities. Fourth chapter, which is...
74

Tillstyrkan på vindstyrkan : En studie om det kommunala vetot vidvindkraftsetableringar i Sverige

Wiklund, Johanna January 2023 (has links)
I och med den hållbara omställningen kommer Sveriges elbehov fortsatt att öka, och vindkraften har konstaterats vara en ekologiskt hållbar källa till förnyelsebar energi - som kan användas för att möta detta behov. Men i etableringsprocessen för vindkraft finns många parametrar som ska vägassamman och kommunernas godkännande är en avgörande faktor.Miljöbalken säger nämligen att kommunen har rätt att nyttja ett veto i beslutsfattande gällande vindkraftsetableringar, som alltså ger dem möjligheten att säga nej till vindkraftsetableringar. Avsaknaden av detta godkännande, så kallat kommunala tillstyrkan, har under senaste åren vart den främsta orsaken till att vindkraft inte får tillstånd för etablering. I studien har kommunstyrelsens ordförande i 150 kommuner blivit tillfrågade att svara på om kommunen valt att inte tillstyrka vindkraft eller sagt direkt nej till etablering. Utifrån detta har de främsta anledningarna till varför kommunerna väljer att inte tillstyrka vindkraft kartlagts och många gånger är bedömningen av tillstyrkan baserad på lokal opinion eller frågor om naturvärden och friluftsområden – frågan är om det verkligen är frågor sombör ligga på kommunens bord att bedöma lämpligheten kring och vad kommunerna vinner på att faktiskt tillstyrka vindkraftsetableringar / Along with the sustainable transition, Sweden's need for electricity will continue to increase, and wind power has been found to be an ecologically sustainable source of renewable energy - which can be used to meet this need. But in the establishment process for wind power, there are many parameters that must be weighed together, and the municipalities' approval is a decisive factor. The Environmental law states that the municipality has the right to use a veto in decision-making regarding wind power installations, that gives them the right to stop wind power projects. The lack of this approval, so-called municipal approval, has in recent years been the main reason why wind power does not receive permission for establishment. In the study, the chairman of the municipal board in 150 municipalities was asked to answer whether the municipality chose not to endorse wind power or said outright no to establishment. Based on this, the main reasons why the municipalities choose not to endorse wind power have been mapped and many times the assessment of the support is based on local opinion or questions about natural values and outdoor areas - the question is whether is these are really questions that should be on the municipality's table to assess the suitability of and what the municipalities gain from actually supporting wind power installations. / <p>2023-06-02</p>
75

Three Essays on the Time-Series Analysis of Politics, Capital Flows and Macroeconomic Policymaking

Akcelik, Yasin 28 July 2011 (has links)
No description available.
76

Staten och läromedlen : En studie av den svenska statliga förhandsgranskningen av läromedel 1938-1991 / The State and the Textbook : The State Approval Scheme för Textbooks and Teaching Aids in Sweden 1938-1991

Johnsson Harrie, Anna January 2009 (has links)
Studien handlar om statlig påverkan på skolans läromedel. Här studeras såväl de politiska besluten om, som det konkreta genomförandet av, den svenska statliga förhandsgranskningen av läromedel, från starten 1938 till avskaffandet 1991. De politiska besluten och genomförandet sker på skilda arenor. Med hjälp av teoretiska begrepp från såväl läroplansteori som statsvetenskaplig implemen-teringsteori synliggörs och analyseras de olika arenorna samt relationerna mellan dem. Den politiska debatten studeras genom det offentliga trycket. Studien visar att granskningen infördes i politisk enighet och avskaffades helt utan politisk debatt. De politiska argumenten för granskning har varit att hålla priserna på läroböcker nere samt säkra läromedlens kvalitet. Vad som avsågs med kvalitet har dock varierat mellan olika aktörer och över tid. När det gäller genomförandet av granskningen studeras både Läroboks-/Läromedelsnämndens instruktioner till granskarna, och granskarnas utlåtanden om läromedel i samhällskunskap för gymnasieskolan. Den reella granskningen hade ofta fokus på att söka sakfel i läromedlen. Under 1970-talet fick objektivitetsfrågor genomslag i granskningen. Läroplanen, som betonades på den politiska arenan, användes dock i mindre utsträckning i det reella genomförandet av granskningen. Styrningsresultatet var beroende av aktörerna på realiseringsarenan och deras förståelse, vilja och kunnande. Styrningen kunde dock, i vissa fall, nå ända fram och påverka lärobokstexten. I dessa fall fanns en fungerande styrning från politisk debatt, via lagtext och granskning till en förändrad läromedelstext. / This thesis focuses on the state's influence on Swedish textbooks. From 1938 to 1991 the Swedish state had an official approval scheme for examining books before they could be used as textbooks in Swedish schools. The aim of this thesis is to examine both the political discussion about, and the actual implementation of, the approval scheme in Sweden between 1938-1991. The political decision making and the implementation of the reforms took place in different contexts. With the help of curriculum theory, in combination with concepts of implementation from political science, these two different contexts and the relation between them are analyzed. The study shows that, in the 1930s, there was a political consensus to have an official approval scheme. In the 1990s the approval scheme was repealed without any political debate. When it comes to the implementation of the approval scheme the approval committee's guidelines and the examiners' statements about civic textbooks for upper secondary school are studied. It is found that the reviews often focused on finding factual faults. During the 1970s a focus on objectivity became common in the reviewers' statements. The national curriculum, a product of a political compromise often referred to by the politicians, was, however, less used in the implementation of the approval. The study shows that the implementation of the approval scheme was dependent on the actors understanding, willingness and ability to implement. But the study also shows that in certain cases the approval scheme could result in major changes in the textbooks.
77

Bem-estar subjetivo: influência de variáveis pessoais e situacionais em auto-relato de afetos positivos e negativos / Subjective well-being: the influence of personal and environmental factors in reports of positive and negative affects

Fiquer, Juliana Teixeira 31 July 2006 (has links)
O objetivo do Estudo 1 foi comparar auto-relatos de afetos positivos e negativos de homens e mulheres de diferentes grupos etários (jovens, adultos, meia-idade e idosos), habitantes de quatro cidades brasileiras. Aplicou-se a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) a uma amostra composta por habitantes de São Paulo/capital (N = 84), de Socorro-SP (N = 85), de João Pessoa-PB (N = 80) e de Salvador-BA (N = 82). Os resultados foram analisados através de ANOVA. Encontrou-se efeito principal significativo de cidade e idade para afetos positivos e negativos. Habitantes de São Paulo apresentaram escores mais baixos de afetos positivos em comparação com habitantes das demais cidades e escores mais elevados de afetos negativos em comparação com habitantes de Socorro. Os idosos apresentaram escores mais elevados de afetos positivos e mais baixos de afetos negativos que os adultos e os jovens. Finalmente, foi encontrado efeito de interação sexo x idade. Mulheres adultas relataram mais afetos negativos que homens adultos, enquanto na velhice as mulheres ultrapassaram os homens quanto aos escores de afetos positivos. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com as previsões feitas pela teoria da seletividade socioemocional, segundo a qual o bem-estar aumenta com a idade em função de uma melhor regulação de emoções. A presente pesquisa mostra que relatos de afetos positivos e negativos podem ser modulados por gênero em faixas etárias específicas. O conflito maternidade x emprego é um grande fator de estresse e pode contribuir para os resultados obtidos. O objetivo do Estudo 2 foi verificar até que ponto o padrão de resultados de Desejabilidade Social (DS) replicaria o padrão de resultados obtido para a PANAS através da aplicação da Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Crowne e Marlowe (1960) a uma amostra de participantes (N = 115) com distribuição por sexo e idade semelhante a do primeiro estudo. Foi encontrado efeito principal significativo de idade, com os idosos apresentando escores mais elevados de DS que pessoas mais jovens, mas não foi encontrada diferença significativa de gênero para os escores de DS. Estes dados indicam que os resultados do Estudo 1 não podem ser inteiramente atribuídos à influência de DS. O objetivo do Estudo 3 foi comparar auto-relatos de Afetos Positivos e Negativos de pacientes deprimidos e de pessoas sem depressão. A amostra clínica foi constituída por homens e mulheres de meia-idade (14 homens e 27 mulheres), diagnosticados com Transtorno Depressivo Maior, provenientes do Instituto de Psiquiatria de um hospital público. A amostra não clínica foi a mesma utilizada no Estudo 1, constituída por homens e mulheres também de meia-idade, habitantes da cidade de São Paulo. O grupo com depressão apresentou escores de afetos negativos mais altos e de afetos positivos mais baixos em comparação com o grupo controle. Concluímos que a PANAS é um instrumento sensível para a diferenciação de estados de ânimo patológicos e não patológicos. / The objective of Study 1 is the comparison of reports of positive and negative affects presented by men and women belonging different age groups (young, adult, middle-aged and elderly) and different locations. People from four brazilian cities were subjected to a questionnaire – the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) – and the results were analyzed through ANOVA. The resulting sample is composed of a mixture of questionnaires answered by 84 people from São Paulo-SP, 80 people from João Pessoa-PB, 85 people from Socorro-SP, and 82 people from Salvador-BA. We have found city and age to be of high relevance to both positive and negative affect levels. The inhabitants of São Paulo scored lower with respect to positive affects than the inhabitants of the other three cities. The inhabitants of São Paulo also scored higher in negative affects than the inhabitants of Socorro. Elderly people scored higher in positive affects and lower in negative affects than both adults and young people. Lastly, we found an interaction between sex and age. Adult women reported larger quantities of negative affects than men of the same age. Elderly women, on the other hand, scored higher with respect to positive affects than men at that same age. The observed results are in accordance with what is predicted by the socioemotional selectivity theory, which dictates that well-being increases with age due to changes that favor emotional stability. Our research shows that the effects of gender on positive and relative affect reports are also related to age. The maternity vs. job conflict represents an important source of stress that may have contributed to these results. The objective of Study 2 is to check whether Social Desirability (SD) can replicate the patterns of results that we obtained for PANAS in Study 1. To that extent, we applied the Social Desirability Scale of Crowne and Marlowe (1960) to a randomly selected sample of 115 individuals with sex and age distributions that resembled the distributions of our first study. We found evidence that SD scores were related to age, with elderly people reporting higher scores of SD than younger people. However, we found no statistically relevant evidence that gender could influence SD scores. This data points toward the fact that the results we observed in Study 1 cannot be completely explained by SD influence. The objective of Study 3 is to compare reports of positive and negative affects in depressive and non-depressive individuals. The clinical sample is composed of middle-aged men and women (14 men and 27 women) who had been previously diagnosed with Major Depression. The non-clinical sample was the same we used in Study 1, which is also composed of middle-aged men and women who reside in the city of São Paulo. Individuals belonging to the depression group scored higher and lower with respect to negative and positive affects, respectively, than the individuals belonging to the non-depressive group. We were able to establish that PANAS is indeed an adequate instrument for distinguishing between depressive and non-depressive emotional states.
78

A efetividade da informação na etapa pós-aprovação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos / The effectiveness of the information produced in the post-approval of hydropower projects

Kakinami, Sueli Harumi 16 September 2010 (has links)
A fase pós-aprovação caracteriza-se como a etapa do sistema de avaliação de impacto ambiental iniciada após a emissão da licença prévia. A etapa caracteriza-se pela produção de documentos de acompanhamento e pela gestão e tomada de novas decisões. No Brasil, esse processo caracteriza-se pela apresentação e execução dos Projetos Básicos Ambientais (PBA), que devem ser descritos e executados, pelo empreendedor, com a aprovação, o acompanhamento e a gestão dos órgãos ambientais. Na prática, tem-se a produção de muitos dados socioambientais, que são fundamentais para permitir a gestão no sistema de AIA. Por meio de análises documentais das licenças ambientais emitidas, dos relatórios decorrente do PBA e da aplicação de entrevistas com os gestores do processo de AIA, analisou-se o uso desses dados nos processos de gestões privada e pública. Com vistas aos programas de monitoramento de qualidade da água, o estudo foi aplicado para os empreendimentos hidrelétricos instalados na bacia do rio Corumbá. Verificou-se que: a maioria das licenças ambientais traz condicionantes e recomendações para a execução do programa de monitoramento de qualidade da água, indicando ser importante, na gestão da AIA; que os PBAs apresentam descrição do processo de coleta de dados, métodos de análise, distribuição espacial, cronograma de execução e processo de análise, mas tais projetos são alterados ao longo de sua execução. Os dados apresentam, muitas vezes, métodos adequados, mas carecem de certificações e responsabilidade técnica que confeririam maior confiabilidade aos dados. Por outro lado, na entrevista com os gestores do processo de AIA, todos consideram que o processo pós-aprovação é importante, e a maioria considera que a qualidade dos dados é boa. Nas entrevistas, constatou-se, também, indicativos da gestão desse processo de qualidade, como a devolução de relatórios; por outro lado, nem empreendedores nem os órgãos ambientais realizam gestão desses dados além do próprio processo de licenciamento. Mas acreditam ser possível dar publicidade aos dados para promover uma gestão mais ampla. Para que o sistema de AIA, na fase pós- aprovação, seja mais bem aplicado, é importante que se padronizem as solicitações dos programas ambientais, de modo que empreendimentos licenciados pelos estados ou pela federação tenham o mesmo padrão de detalhamento de dados e métodos, permitindo-se, com isso, uma futura integração de dados; que seja implantada uma ferramenta eletrônica de gestão da informação - preferencialmente com SIG -, o que permitiria maior publicidade; que os dados produzidos sejam adequadamente analisados; e que as atividades de ajustes e melhoras sejam implantadas. / The post-approval phase ls characterized as the environmental impact assessment system\'s stage which began after the issuance of the previous license. The stage is characterized by the production of documents, monitoring, management and making new decisions. In Brazil, this process is characterized by the presentation and implementation of the Basic Environmental Projects (PBA), which should be described and implemented by the entrepreneur, with the approval, monitoring and management of environmental agencies. In the practice, it has been the production of many social and environmental data, which are crucial to allow the management system of Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA). Through documents reviews related to issued environmental permits and reports resulting from the PBA and the application of the interviews with manegers of the AIA process, we analyzed the use of such data in the public and private process managements. With a close approach of water quality monitoring programs, the study was implemented for the hydroelectric plants installed in the Corumbá river. It was found that the majority of environmental licenses conditions provides recommendations for implementing the program of water quality monitoring, showing that the following tasks s in should be performed in the AIA process: PBAs should present description of the process of data collection, analysis methods, spatial distribution, timing of application and review process, but such projects are constantly changed thorough its execution. The data have often appropriate methods, but lack the certifications and technical responsibility that would give more reliability to the data presented. Moreover, in an interview with the managers of the AIA process, they consider that the post-approval process is important, and most of them think that data quality is good. In the interviews, there were also indicators of the quality management of this process, as the return of reports on the other hand, neither entrepreneurs nor the management of environmental agencies hold data beyond the actual licensing process. But all the actors involved believe it is possible to publicize the data in order to promote a more broad diffusion. For a better application of the AIA system in post-approval, it is imperative to standardize the demands of environmental programs, so that enterprises licensed by the states or the federation have the same standard of detail data and methods, allowing themselves, thereby further integration of data, which is implanted an electronic tool for managing information - preferably with GIS - which would allow more publicity, that the data produced are properly analyzed, and the activities of adjustments and improvements are implemented.
79

Estudo comparativo dos aspectos regulatórios nacionais e internacionais aplicados a protocolos de pesquisa clínica / Comparative study of the national and international regulatory aspects applied to clinical trials protocols.

Barbosa, Fernanda Rocha 19 January 2010 (has links)
O constante crescimento mundial da Pesquisa Clínica no desenvolvimento de novas drogas foi responsável pelo aumento do interesse em traçar as atividades desenvolvidas pelas Autoridades Regulatórias. Os dados foram obtidos através de revisão bibliográfica sistemática, destacando o tempo de aprovação dos protocolos clínicos e as normatizações vigentes: no Brasil, Estados Unidos da América, União Europeia, Canadá e Japão. Além disso, observou-se a atuação de profissionais experientes na realização de atividades no Comitê de Ética para Análise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Com isso, foi possível identificar as diferenças significantes em relação à legislação e ao sistema regulatório dos países em questão. Deficiências no sistema regulatório brasileiro responsáveis pela demora no tempo de aprovação foram constatadas. Com a identificação destes fatores, foram elaboradas sugestões relacionadas à qualificação dos profissionais atuantes, organização das atividades desempenhadas pelas Autoridades Regulatórias e possíveis alterações administrativas. A diferente atuação das autoridades analisadas pode servir como fonte de aprimoramento do sistema regulatório nacional e, consequentemente, aprimorar o processo para aprovação e realização de protocolos clínicos com medicamentos testados no Brasil. / The world-wide Clinical Research for new drug development growth was responsible for the increase of interest in following the regulatory authorities activities. Data were collected through a systematic literature review.The main facts observed were clinical protocols time approval and guidelines in Brazil, United States of America, European Union, Canada and Japan. In addition, it was observed the activities realized by experienced professionals of the IRB of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. Significant legislation and regulatory system differences between the countries were identified. Some deficiencies at Brazilian regulatory system, suggestions regarding the acting professionals qualification, organization of the regulatory authorities activities and possible administrative changes were discussed. The different performance of the regulatory authorities can serve as a source to upgrade the national regulatory system and consequently lead to improvements in process of approval and realization of clinical protocol with drugs tested in Brazil.
80

Bem-estar subjetivo: influência de variáveis pessoais e situacionais em auto-relato de afetos positivos e negativos / Subjective well-being: the influence of personal and environmental factors in reports of positive and negative affects

Juliana Teixeira Fiquer 31 July 2006 (has links)
O objetivo do Estudo 1 foi comparar auto-relatos de afetos positivos e negativos de homens e mulheres de diferentes grupos etários (jovens, adultos, meia-idade e idosos), habitantes de quatro cidades brasileiras. Aplicou-se a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) a uma amostra composta por habitantes de São Paulo/capital (N = 84), de Socorro-SP (N = 85), de João Pessoa-PB (N = 80) e de Salvador-BA (N = 82). Os resultados foram analisados através de ANOVA. Encontrou-se efeito principal significativo de cidade e idade para afetos positivos e negativos. Habitantes de São Paulo apresentaram escores mais baixos de afetos positivos em comparação com habitantes das demais cidades e escores mais elevados de afetos negativos em comparação com habitantes de Socorro. Os idosos apresentaram escores mais elevados de afetos positivos e mais baixos de afetos negativos que os adultos e os jovens. Finalmente, foi encontrado efeito de interação sexo x idade. Mulheres adultas relataram mais afetos negativos que homens adultos, enquanto na velhice as mulheres ultrapassaram os homens quanto aos escores de afetos positivos. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com as previsões feitas pela teoria da seletividade socioemocional, segundo a qual o bem-estar aumenta com a idade em função de uma melhor regulação de emoções. A presente pesquisa mostra que relatos de afetos positivos e negativos podem ser modulados por gênero em faixas etárias específicas. O conflito maternidade x emprego é um grande fator de estresse e pode contribuir para os resultados obtidos. O objetivo do Estudo 2 foi verificar até que ponto o padrão de resultados de Desejabilidade Social (DS) replicaria o padrão de resultados obtido para a PANAS através da aplicação da Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Crowne e Marlowe (1960) a uma amostra de participantes (N = 115) com distribuição por sexo e idade semelhante a do primeiro estudo. Foi encontrado efeito principal significativo de idade, com os idosos apresentando escores mais elevados de DS que pessoas mais jovens, mas não foi encontrada diferença significativa de gênero para os escores de DS. Estes dados indicam que os resultados do Estudo 1 não podem ser inteiramente atribuídos à influência de DS. O objetivo do Estudo 3 foi comparar auto-relatos de Afetos Positivos e Negativos de pacientes deprimidos e de pessoas sem depressão. A amostra clínica foi constituída por homens e mulheres de meia-idade (14 homens e 27 mulheres), diagnosticados com Transtorno Depressivo Maior, provenientes do Instituto de Psiquiatria de um hospital público. A amostra não clínica foi a mesma utilizada no Estudo 1, constituída por homens e mulheres também de meia-idade, habitantes da cidade de São Paulo. O grupo com depressão apresentou escores de afetos negativos mais altos e de afetos positivos mais baixos em comparação com o grupo controle. Concluímos que a PANAS é um instrumento sensível para a diferenciação de estados de ânimo patológicos e não patológicos. / The objective of Study 1 is the comparison of reports of positive and negative affects presented by men and women belonging different age groups (young, adult, middle-aged and elderly) and different locations. People from four brazilian cities were subjected to a questionnaire – the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) – and the results were analyzed through ANOVA. The resulting sample is composed of a mixture of questionnaires answered by 84 people from São Paulo-SP, 80 people from João Pessoa-PB, 85 people from Socorro-SP, and 82 people from Salvador-BA. We have found city and age to be of high relevance to both positive and negative affect levels. The inhabitants of São Paulo scored lower with respect to positive affects than the inhabitants of the other three cities. The inhabitants of São Paulo also scored higher in negative affects than the inhabitants of Socorro. Elderly people scored higher in positive affects and lower in negative affects than both adults and young people. Lastly, we found an interaction between sex and age. Adult women reported larger quantities of negative affects than men of the same age. Elderly women, on the other hand, scored higher with respect to positive affects than men at that same age. The observed results are in accordance with what is predicted by the socioemotional selectivity theory, which dictates that well-being increases with age due to changes that favor emotional stability. Our research shows that the effects of gender on positive and relative affect reports are also related to age. The maternity vs. job conflict represents an important source of stress that may have contributed to these results. The objective of Study 2 is to check whether Social Desirability (SD) can replicate the patterns of results that we obtained for PANAS in Study 1. To that extent, we applied the Social Desirability Scale of Crowne and Marlowe (1960) to a randomly selected sample of 115 individuals with sex and age distributions that resembled the distributions of our first study. We found evidence that SD scores were related to age, with elderly people reporting higher scores of SD than younger people. However, we found no statistically relevant evidence that gender could influence SD scores. This data points toward the fact that the results we observed in Study 1 cannot be completely explained by SD influence. The objective of Study 3 is to compare reports of positive and negative affects in depressive and non-depressive individuals. The clinical sample is composed of middle-aged men and women (14 men and 27 women) who had been previously diagnosed with Major Depression. The non-clinical sample was the same we used in Study 1, which is also composed of middle-aged men and women who reside in the city of São Paulo. Individuals belonging to the depression group scored higher and lower with respect to negative and positive affects, respectively, than the individuals belonging to the non-depressive group. We were able to establish that PANAS is indeed an adequate instrument for distinguishing between depressive and non-depressive emotional states.

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