中國大陸自一九七○年代末期以來所展開之經濟體制改革，不僅經濟體制本身受到關注，其法制建設亦逐步恢復。由於大陸長期以來實行高度集中之計劃經濟體制，使得行政許可之運用極度膨脹，已滲透到經濟、社會各個領域，幾乎到了動輒要許可、步步要審批的地步，嚴重影響大陸當前正著力推行之企業經營機制的轉換與經濟效益的提高。有鑑於此，大陸乃在一九九六年著手行政許可法之調查研究及起草工作，嗣經進一步反覆研究、修改及意見徵詢，再予增減損益後，終於在二○○三年八月二十七日第十屆全國人大常委會第四次會議通過《中華人民共和國行政許可法》，內容計八章八十三條，舉凡行政許可設定權、行政許可之實施機關及程序、行政許可之收費、監督與檢查、違反本法規定之行政許可機關及其工作人員與被許可人之法律責任等，均在本法規範調整之列，並預定於二○○四年七月一日施行。惟本法就行政許可制度之基本程序設計是否完備，使得行政許可制度既能發揮行政規制之功能，又能適當調節人民權利之行使與公益的衝突；在大陸加入WTO後，既應接受WTO規則之約束，本法之相關規定是否符合WTO規則關於非歧視、透明化、自由貿易、公平競爭等原則之要求，均有待進一步檢討。 / The reform of the economic structure since the late 1970s in the People's Republic of China （PRC）has made a gradual recovery of the legal system.Due to the planned economy structure for a long time, the system of administrative license abused in the field of society and economics had severely done harm to the transformation of enterprise management mechanism and the enhancement of economic efficiency.According to this, the PRC government began to research and draft the administrative license law since 1996 .After unceasing investigation、amendment and opinion collecting，the Administrative License Law of The People's Republic of China has been adopted at the 4th session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on August 27, 2003 and shall be implemented as of July 1, 2004.The law including 8 chapters and 83 articles stipulates the establishment of an administrative license、the executive organ for administrative license、the procedures for administrative license、the expenses of administrative license、the supervision and check、legal liabilities and so on.But is the basic procedure design of the system of administrative license stipulated by the law perfect so that it could manage administration and adjust the conflict between people exercising right and public benefit？and do the stipulations of the law correspod with the requirements of WTO rules which include non-discriminatory、transparency、free trade、fair competition principles and so on？all of them need further discussion.

My thesis contains essays on voting theory, market structures and fiscal federalism: (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation, (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser, (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics, and (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance. (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira) In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence. (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences. (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving. The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality. In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due. (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi) From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.

ABB is a global leader in Power and Automation Technologies. This Theses Work has been carried out at ABB FACTS R&D Department in Västerås. ABB FACTS intend to develop new Product Platforms that is partly accomplished with new methods and processes. This Master Thesis concerns the development of a generic Review and Approval Process for these R&D Projects. The development of the generic Review and Approval process is mostly founded on several interviews of employees at ABB FACTS. The respondents are employees from several departments with different amount of experiences and background. In addition to the interviews a Literature Study focused on Roles and Responsibilities, Document Management and R&D Processes was performed. Information in connection to the problem statements concerning Responsibility- and Project Roles in R&D projects and Review and Approval Execution was collected and analyzed during the project. Information regarding how to demonstrate Roles and Responsibilities in relation to the project participants was also considered. The result of this project consists of a Responsibility Chart where all R&D Project related Document Types are listed in relation to the defined Project Roles. This Responsibility Chart also display what responsibility every Project Role has regarding review and approval related to the Document Types. Besides the Responsibility Chart also other objects were developed, such as a Review Record, a Process Description and a User Guide. The above mentioned results are developed in close cooperation with several R&D Project Managers. Furthermore the expectations are that the developed result will be taken in usage and thereby continuously be revised and improved in order to suit the organization to maximum extent.

It always has been a need for the abiltiy to create color proofs. When an error occurs late in the production process, itis allways complicated and difficult to correct the error. In this project, digital proofs been made and discussions havebeen held with several people in the printing industry, in order to examine how well excisting digital proofs, meet thedemand of the market. And how close the digital proofs can come to the actual printsheat from the press. The study hasbeen shown that the one thing that has had the most influence on the outcome for the quality of a digital proof, is theprintshop operator’s knowledge about color management and proofing systems. Many advertising agencies in the graphicindustry think rasterised proofs are not necessesary and expensive. Therefor they prefer a cheaper alternative, whichdoesn’t show colors as well as the rasterised proof, but well enough to be content with it. There are a good awarenessconcerning lack of communication between printshop, reproduction and advertising agency. Advertising agencies thinkthat printshop rarely listen to what they have to say, while the printshop think that the advertising agency doesn’t understandwhat they are trying to tell them. The outcome of the printed proofs in this study can’t be representive for howgood digital proofs are conducted in regular basis in the industry. The divergence between the print press sheat and thedigital proof that was made was bigger than expected. This shows that implementation of ICC profiles in a color managementflow, not alone is the answer to making perfect digital proofs. There are so many other issues that has to be examined,like color management software, measure tools and correct color management module. In order to make a perfectproof, you have to look at the whole picture. In the end, the human eye finally has the last word on wheather theproof is good or not.

In this work there has been analyzed the States expression to be bound by a treaty as one of the treaty making process stages. A detailed study of the means of the expression to be bound by a treaty provided in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the domestic law of the Republic of Lithuania was accomplished: signature, ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, exchange of instruments. The misalignments of the international law and the domestic law of the Republic of Lithuania in the field of expression to be bound by a treaty and a legal impact of them were highlighted. The treaties were divided from the administrative agreements as well. At the end of the work a repeated expression to be bound by a treaty was discussed, some adjustments for the domestic legal acts were proposed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 113-119.

A travers de la cristallisation du droit d’ingérence et la responsabilité de protéger la Communauté internationale tente de combler l'écart entre la moralité et la légalité de l’ingérence à des fins de protection de droits humains. Car l’ingérence à des fins de protection humaine, depuis de la fin de la guerre froide, a trouvé une base juridique coutumière et ne correspond plus à un acte exceptionnel susceptible de se justifier dans certaines hypothèses. Dans cette démarche, en cas d’échec du Conseil de sécurité à la mise en œuvre d’une ingérence militaire, les organisations régionales pourraient sans autorisation « préalable » et « précise » du Conseil de sécurité, engager une ingérence armée. L’étude de la valeur juridique de l’ONU et les pratiques depuis de la fin de la guerre froide, permet de constater que si le droit d’ingérence et la responsabilité de protéger n’ont pas encore trouvé un fondement « direct » dans les conventions internationales, ils peuvent cependant trouver un socle juridique dans la coutume internationale. En effet, l’analyse de la valeur des résolutions de l’ONU et des éléments coutumiers du droit d’ingérence et de la responsabilité de protéger montrent comment les résolutions 43/131 et 45/100 de l’Assemblée générale ont inauguré le processus du droit d’ingérence et la responsabilité de protéger. Et depuis les années 1990, la pratique du Conseil de sécurité, illustrée par un nombre important de résolutions ayant donné lieu à la mise en œuvre d’opérations tout aussi nombreuses, ainsi que la pratique des Etats et les organisations régionales donnent un corps juridique à l’ingérence à des fins de protection humaine et ne laissent aucun doute sur la nature juridique de celle-ci. / Through crystallization of the right and responsibility to intervene to protect the international community tries to bridge the gap between morality and legality of the interference for the protection of human rights. As interference in human protection purposes, since the end of the Cold War, found a legal basis for customary and does not correspond to an exceptional act may be justified in certain circumstances. With this approach, in case of failure of the Security Council in the implementation of military interference, regional organizations could without authorization "prior" and "precise" Security Council, commit armed interference. The study of the legal status of the UN and practices since the end of the Cold War, shows that if the right of intervention and the responsibility to protect has not yet found a foundation "live" in international conventions, however, they can find a legal basis in customary international law. Indeed, analysis of the value of UN resolutions and customary law elements of interference and the responsibility to protect demonstrate how resolutions 43/131 and 45/100 of the General Assembly inaugurated the process the right of intervention and the responsibility to protect. And since the 1990s, the practice of the Security Council, illustrated by a large number of resolutions that led to the implementation of operations just as many, and the practice of States and regional organizations to provide a legal body interference for human protection and leave no doubt about the legal nature of the latter.

Submitted by FABIO MESQUITA RIBEIRO (fabio@mesquitaribeiro.com.br) on 2017-10-10T18:14:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado - FGV.pdf: 1129098 bytes, checksum: 7b2c4b642acd5d7e8632c8d56dae0185 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-10-10T18:41:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado - FGV.pdf: 1129098 bytes, checksum: 7b2c4b642acd5d7e8632c8d56dae0185 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T12:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado - FGV.pdf: 1129098 bytes, checksum: 7b2c4b642acd5d7e8632c8d56dae0185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-21 / This paper aims to study in detail the invalidity regime, applicable to corporate law and, in particular, to the approval of accounts, making it possible to file a claim of liability against the trustee who acts guilty or willful misconduct in the performance of his duties. The choice of topic came after an analysis of a court decision that seems to be unfair and inappropriate. Hence, when we study the subject more often, we come to the conclusion that the question has been very little explored in our doctrine and, indeed, applied by our jurisprudence without the care and depth that we understand it should be, thus, arising the motivation for the choice of the theme. The study seeks to demonstrate that, in relation to the invalidity regime, it is not possible to speak of a modern and fairer corporate law, following the current dictates of objective good faith, without considering the application of the nullity regime, when the concrete case demand. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo aprofundado do regime de invalidades, aplicável ao direito societário e, em especial, à deliberação de aprovação de contas, viabilizando propositura de ação de responsabilidade contra o administrador que age com culpa ou dolo no exercício de suas funções. A escolha do tema se deu após a análise de uma decisão judicial que nos pareceu injusta e descabida. Daí, ao estudar o assunto mais amiúde, chegamos à conclusão de que a questão tem sido muito pouco explorada em nossa doutrina e, deveras, aplicada por nossa jurisprudência sem o cuidado e profundidade que entendemos devida, surgindo, então, a motivação para a escolha do tema. O estudo realizado procura demonstrar que, em relação ao regime de invalidades, não é possível se falar num direito societário moderno e mais justo, seguindo os atuais ditames da boa-fé objetiva, sem pensar na aplicação do regime de nulidades, quando o caso concreto o exigir.

Le régime d'autorisation est traditionnellement présenté comme un instrument depolice institué dans le but d'éviter que l'exercice de certaines libertés ne trouble l'ordre public. De cette fonction du régime d'autorisation se déduisent les principaux caractères de l'acte d'autorisation, acte unilatéral de police, précaire et incessible. Chacun de ces caractères se trouve cependant partiellement démenti par certaines évolutions du droit positif, en particulier par le phénomène de patrimonialisation qui touche un nombre croissant d'autorisations. Jusqu'à présent, ces évolutions n'ont été appréhendées que comme des exceptions à des principes dont la prétention à la généralité valait encore. L'ampleur de ces évolutions invite cependant à douter de la pérennité d'une telle présentation. L'objet de cette recherche est de montrer que ces évolutions sont la conséquence de ladiversité fonctionnelle du régime d'autorisation. En effet, le régime d'autorisation n'est pas nécessairement un instrument de police. Il est également utilisé comme un moyen soit de répartir l'accès à une ressource rare, soit d'organiser l'exercice d'une activité d'intérêt général. Cette diversité fonctionnelle du régime d'autorisation donne naissance à des catégories d'autorisations, catégories qui, une fois ordonnées, forment une typologie. Cette approche plurielle permet de comprendre pourquoi les autorisations répondent à des régimes juridiquesdifférents. / The authorisation scheme is traditionally presented as a policing system. From thisfunction of the authorisation scheme one can deduce the principal characteristics of the authorisation, unilateral police decision, precarious and untransferable. However, each of these characteristics is refuted by certain developments of substantive law, particularly by the phenomenon of patrimonialisation which affects an increasing number of authorisations. Until now, these developments have only been understood as exceptions to well-established principles. However, the scope of these developments casts doubt on the durability of such a way of seeing.The objective of this research is to show that these developments are the consequence of the functional diversity of the authorisation scheme. The authorisation scheme is not necessarily a policing system. It is also used as a means to allocate resources or to organise an activity of general interest. The functional diversity of the authorisation scheme gives rise to several categories of authorisations, categories that once organised form a typology. This pluralapproach makes it possible to understand why the authorisations operate under different legal frameworks.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-03-18T19:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Neri, Andréia Almeida.pdf: 8000683 bytes, checksum: b24caee9be94eb35acb6d60d95be080a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-03-22T19:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Neri, Andréia Almeida.pdf: 8000683 bytes, checksum: b24caee9be94eb35acb6d60d95be080a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T19:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neri, Andréia Almeida.pdf: 8000683 bytes, checksum: b24caee9be94eb35acb6d60d95be080a (MD5) / O presente estudo avalia os resultados das ações empreendidas por Barrocas, município situado no Semiárido baiano, no fomento à participação de adolescentes no Selo Unicef Município Aprovado Edição 2009-2012. O trabalho descreve o modelo de gestão adotado para alcançar os objetivos do Selo e checa o cumprimento das etapas e a eficácia dos resultados gerados pela metodologia. Ele também verifica a concepção da participação cidadã de adolescentes na visão dos sujeitos da pesquisa e o grau de engajamento de meninas e meninos de 12 a 17 anos na iniciativa. Ainda identifica a natureza dos benefícios obtidos por adolescentes, famílias, escolas e município, e apresenta recomendações para a iniciativa do Unicef. O referencial teórico aborda o paradigma de desenvolvimento da convivência com o Semiárido e os princípios da educação contextualizada com a realidade do campo; o conceito de participação cidadã de adolescentes adotado para o estudo, a partir de um debate sobre as dimensões teórica, prática e institucional da participação política; teorias, abordagens e tipologias da avaliação de programas. As limitações do Selo na promoção, monitoramento e avaliação da participação cidadã de adolescentes, e suas consequências na efetividade da metodologia do Unicef, constituem o problema do estudo. Os efeitos do engajamento dos adolescentes em termos do empoderamento, organização e influência dos mesmos na gestão municipal são o foco da pesquisa. A proposta é contribuir para qualificar a iniciativa do Unicef, fortalecer o compromisso com a garantia do direito de crianças e adolescentes de participar de debates e decisões que afetam as suas vidas, bem como melhorar os resultados do envolvimento deste grupo etário na gestão municipal. A análise dos resultados revela que Barrocas realizou plenamente apenas uma das oito atividades definidas na metodologia que demandavam o engajamento de adolescentes: os projetos de educação, cultura e esporte do eixo de Participação Social, que promoveram ampla mobilização de escolas, famílias e comunidades. Outras cinco atividades foram realizadas parcialmente, considerando a fragilidade/limitação do engajamento de adolescentes em termos qualitativos e/ou quantitativos. Duas ações não foram realizadas, nem substituídas por outras equivalentes. Barrocas buscou sinergias entre o Selo e outras iniciativas locais que potencializaram os resultados da iniciativa, no entanto, não promoveu a participação cidadã de adolescentes na acepção adotada por este estudo. Segundo ele, o engajamento de adolescentes em debates sobre questões que afetam as suas vidas deve considerar cinco requisitos: 1) formação continuada para o exercício autônomo da cidadania; 2) acesso à informação, metodologias e ambientes amigáveis; 3) suporte à organização dos estudantes para a construção de suas próprias agendas e intervenções; 4) qualidade do diálogo intergeracional; e 5) capacidade das jovens lideranças de influenciar a gestão municipal em processos de políticas públicas. A Edição 2009-2012 promoveu uma corrida pelo cumprimento de tarefas para o alcance da pontuação mínima necessária à certificação de Barrocas pelo Unicef. Após três edições do Selo e três aprovações do município, ainda não há um alinhamento de informação entre os atores locais sobre o que é, como deve ser e para quê a participação de adolescentes. Somente qualificando insumos do Selo, o Unicef contribuirá efetivamente para que adolescentes tenham voz, sejam ouvidos e influenciem decisões em suas famílias, escolas, comunidades e municípios; para que eles se organizem e atuem coletivamente como agentes de transformação de suas realidades, fortalecendo a sociedade civil e tomando posição sobre o jogo político de forma qualificada e sem manipulação. This dissertation assesses the results of actions undertaken by the city of Barrocas, Bahia, fostering the participation of adolescents in the Unicef Municipal Seal of Approval 2009-2012 Edition. The paper describes the management model adopted by the municipality to achieve Seal’s objectives. It verifies compliance and effectiveness of the results generated by the methodology; the meaning of adolescents’ participation in the research subjects’ view; and the degree of engagement of girls and boys aged 12-17 years in the initiative. It also identifies the nature of the benefits obtained by teenagers, families, schools, and municipality; and makes recommendations to the initiative of Unicef. The theoretical framework addresses the development paradigm of coexistence with Semi-arid conditions and the principles of contextualized education with the reality of the field. It also addresses the concept of participation of adolescents adopted for the study, from a discussion of the theoretical, practical and institutional dimensions of the political participation. It still includes theories, approaches and types of program evaluation. The problem of the study is related to the Seal’s limitations in promoting, monitoring, and evaluating adolescents’ participation; and their consequences on the effectiveness of Unicef’s methodology. The research focuses on the effects of adolescents’ engagement in terms of their empowerment, organization and influence in the municipal management. The proposal is to contribute to qualify Unicef’s initiative and strengthen the commitment with the guarantee of children and adolescents’ right to participate in discussions and decisions affecting their lives. The dissertation also aims to contribute to improve the results of the involvement of this age group in municipal management. Analysis of the results reveals that Barrocas fully accomplished only one of the eight steps that required the engagement of adolescents: the education, culture and sports projects of Social Participation. Such projects promoted broad mobilization of schools, families and communities. Five other activities were carried out partially, considering the fragility/limiting engagement of adolescents in qualitative and/or quantitative terms. Two actions were not carried out or replaced by equivalent. Barrocas sought synergies between the Seal and other local initiatives, which have improved the results of the Seal. However, the municipality did not promote participation of adolescents within the meaning adopted by this study. According to it, the engagement in debates on issues affecting their lives should consider five requirements: 1) continuing education for the autonomous exerci se of citizenship; 2) access to information and friendly methodologies and environments; 3) support the organization of adolescents to build their own agendas and interventions; 4) quality of intergenerational dialogue; and 5) capacity of youth leaders to influence municipal management in public policy processes. The 2009-2012 Edition promoted a race for the fulfillment of tasks to achieve the minimum score required for the city of Barrocas certification by Unicef. After three Seal editions and municipality approvals, there is still no alignment of information between local stakeholders about what it is, how it should be and why to promote adolescents’ participation. Only qualifying the Seal’s inputs, Unicef will contribute effectively to give voice to teenagers and help them to be heard and to influence decisions in their families, schools, communities and municipalities. In this way, Unicef will support better their organization and collective action to transform their realities, strengthening civil society and taking part on the political game in a qualified manner and without manipulation.